Chapter 3 The Biosphere. Essential Question: How are ecosystems organized for energy transfer?

Transcription

1 Chapter 3 The Biosphere Essential Question: How are ecosystems organized for energy transfer?

2 Sec. 3-1 THE BIOSPHERE

3 eco = house logy = the study of Ecology is the study of ecosystems and the interactions that occur within them scientists who study ecology are called ecologists

4 What are Ecosystems? Biotic + Community Abiotic Conditions = Ecosystem Living + Things Non-living Things = Ecosystem

5 Biotic Factors Levels of Organization: - Earth + atmosphere group of similar ecosystems - living and nonliving - all the populations in an area - same species in same area - of a species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

6 Organized into 6 different levels Individual Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere Biotic Communities *KEY POINT* All are connected to one another

7 Individual all the members of a specific species one individual = one organism

8 all the members of a single species that occupy a given area population

9 community All the different populations of plants, animals, and microbes in a given area

10 ecosystem species Interactions between the biotic community and the non-living parts of the area moisture abiotic temperature species light soil wind

11 biome Similar or related ecosystems that are joined together Generally defined by the prevailing climate and vegetation

12 biosphere All the biomes functioning together in one giant ecosystem The part of the Earth that living organisms occupy

13 What are Ecosystems? Biotic + Community Abiotic Conditions = Ecosystem Living + Things Non-living Things = Ecosystem

14 Abiotic Factors a = non biotic = living all the non-living parts of an ecosystem that influence the living organisms

15 Air and Wind Chemical Composition oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, other gases Physical Movement shapes landforms creates waves stirs up water

16 Water and Rainfall Chemical Composition salt, fresh, hard, soft, ph, nitrogen, phosphorus Amount of Moisture / Water rainfall: amount per year distribution around globe amount of water in the ground vernal (temporary) pool vs. lakes/ponds

17 Soil, Bedrock and Minerals Physical / Chemical Composition clay, sandy, cobble, boulders calcium, phosphates, etc. Amount of Nutrients / Condition rich or poor soil ability to retain water

18 extremes of heat and cold average yearly temp Temperature

19 Fire helps open new areas recycles some minerals

20 Sec. 3-2 ENERGY FLOW

21 Categorizing Living Organisms Two Major Types of Organisms based on how they obtain energy to survive Autotrophs auto = self, troph = feeding Heterotrophs hetero = other, troph = feeding

22 Modes of Feeding Autotrophs = Producers make their own food from raw materials and an energy source do not need other organisms to survive Heterotrophs = Consumers cannot make their own food, must consume other organisms need other organisms to survive together they create food for all parts of an ecosystem pass food along food chains return materials to the abiotic parts of the environment

23 Autotrophs and Heterotrophs these two types of organisms can be further divided into different categories based on the specific ways they make or obtain food

24 Types of Autotrophs basis of ALL ecosystems Photosynthetic Plants, Protists, Bacteria Chemosynthetic Bacteria Use sunlight for energy Use chemicals for energy

25 Photosynthetic Plants

26 Photosynthetic Protists & Bacteria

27 Chemosynthetic Bacteria

28 Types of Consumers (Heterotrophs) Consumers Primary (1 ) Secondary (2 ) Tertiary (3 ) Omnivores all depend on Producers Parasites / Scavengers Detritus Feeders / Decomposers

29 (1 )Primary Consumers known as herbivores only eat autotrophs (producers)

30 (2 ) Secondary Consumers known as carnivores feed on consumers ONLY

31 Omnivore Consumers feed on both plants (producers) and animals (consumers)

32 (3 ) Tertiary Consumers feeds on other carnivores sometimes referred to as higher order consumers

33 Specialized Consumers

34 Parasites dependent on other organisms for food AND shelter

35 Detritus Feeders detritus is dead plant material fecal waste (poop, marine snow) dead organisms (animals, insects, etc) many organisms are specialized to feed on detritus

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37 Detritus Feeders consume detritus include earthworms, millipedes, crabs, vultures

38 Decomposers cause the rotting of dead organisms include bacteria & fungus

39 Scavengers special type of consumer that also acts as a detritus feeder

40 Chapter 3.2 Food Webs and Energy Transfer

41 How is energy transferred? What paths does it take?

42 Food Chains one way flow of energy Orca Sea Otters Kelp Urchins

43 Energy Flow / Nutrient Cycling

44 Foodwebs linked food chains 3 o Consumers fourth trophic level - are carnivores - eat 2 o consumers 2 o Consumers third trophic level - are carnivores eat 1 o consumers 1 o Consumers second trophic level - are herbivores - eat producers Producers first trophic level - make own food

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46 Food Webs Are Complex!

47 Community Interactions Type of Interaction Symbol mutualism +/+ commensalism +/0 predation, parasitism, herbivory competition -/- +/- Effects both species benefit from interaction one species benefits, one unaffected each species affected negatively one species benefits, one is disadvantaged

48 Biological Magnification Certain chemicals tend to become more concentrated as they travel along the food chain & can reach toxic levels

49 Ex. Ospreys and the chemical DDT a pesticide used to control malaria. Caused thinning of their egg shells broke during nesting = loss of generations

50 Energy Transfer up Trophic Levels - Each step transfers energy/biomass to another trophic level 10% rule only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level Energy is lost as heat during each transfer means less energy/biomass for organisms in next level

51 10% Rule = loss of 90% of energy from the trophic level below

52 Energy Pyramid: Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 % of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat. Pyramid of Numbers: Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level. Biomass Pyramid: Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.

53 3-3 CYCLES OF MATTER

54 Recycling in the Biosphere RECALL Energy moves in a one-way flow through an ecosystem from organism to organism until it is all lost as heat Matter (atoms) are constantly being recycled within and between ecosystems Recycling loops in the ecosystem are called biogeochemical cycles

55 The Water Cycle Starts with evaporation or transpiration Ends with precipitation Important for all living organisms as it provides the environment for almost all the chemical reactions in living things Not considered a nutrient cycle by these authors because water is not used to build the cells and tissues that make up organisms

56 Condensation Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration Runoff Seepage Root uptake The Water Cycle

57 Nutrient Cycles Nutrients are chemicals the body needs to build cellular components and tissues The three most important cycles are the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle and the phosphorus cycle Carbon and nitrogen both involve an atmospheric component Phosphorus is strictly a geochemical cycle

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61 Primary productivity is a measure of the amount of photosynthesis that occurs in any ecosystem Since producers are responsible for fixing energy in the form of glucose, and other macromolecules, that can be transferred to other trophic levels, any nutrient that would PREVENT this from happening is called a limiting nutrient The most common are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (the common ingredients in fertilizer) Limiting Nutrients