Safety Risk Identification and Assessment for Beijing Olympic Venues Construction

Transcription

1 Safety Rsk Identfcaton and Assessment for Bejng Olympc Venues Constructon Yu Sun 1 ; Dongpng Fang 2 ; Shouqng Wang 3 ; Mengdong Da 4 ; and Xaoquan Lv 5 Abstract: New technologes, new materals, and nnovatve desgns have been extensvely adopted n Bejng Olympc venues constructon. The extreme requrements for tme deadlne and competton functon expose the venues constructon to hgh rsks. These rsks would potentally brng negatve mpacts on the ste safety performance. Meanwhle, there s a lack of systematc management for safety rsks n Chna s constructon ndustry, especally for large projects such as the Bejng Olympc venues constructon. Ths paper dentfes and assesses safety rsk factors nherent n Bejng Olympc venues constructon wth the nvolvement of 27 experenced and hghly respected experts from government agences, the constructon ndustry, and academe through branstormng, workshop dscussons, and questonnare surveys. The fndng reveals that more than half of the crtcal safety rsk factors are from contractors and subcontractors such as: lack of emergency response plan and measures; workers unsafe operaton, and contractors gnorng safety under schedule pressure. Based on these crtcal safety rsks, a rsk regster s composed and a model s developed n applcaton of the analytc herarchy process to assess the status of rsks on ste safety. The model has been attempted n two Olympc venue projects under constructon and the valdty has been approved. The rsk checklst, regster, and assessment model developed n the paper were ntegrated nto the rsk management system that has been used for Bejng Olympc venues constructon. DOI: / ASCE X :1 40 CE Database subject headngs: Constructon management; Safety; Rsk management; Assessments; Chna. Introducton 1 Ph.D. Canddate, Dept. of Constructon Management, Tsnghua- Gammon Constructon Safety Research Center, School of Cvl Engneerng, Tsnghua Unv., Bejng , Chna. 2 Professor, Dept. of Constructon Management, Tsnghua-Gammon Constructon Safety Research Center, School of Cvl Engneerng, Tsnghua Unv., Bejng , Chna correspondng author. E-mal: fangdp@tsnghua.edu.cn 3 Professor, Dept. of Constructon Management, School of Cvl Engneerng, Tsnghua Unv., Bejng , Chna. 4 Deputy Drector, Bejng 2008 Project Constructon Headquarters Offce, Bejng, Chna. 5 Dvson Chef, Bejng Organzng Commttee for the Games of the XXIX Olympad, Bejng, Chna. Note. Dscusson open untl June 1, Separate dscussons must be submtted for ndvdual papers. To extend the closng date by one month, a wrtten request must be fled wth the ASCE Managng Edtor. The manuscrpt for ths paper was submtted for revew and possble publcaton on May 26, 2006; approved on May 11, Ths paper s part of the Journal of Management n Engneerng, Vol. 24, No. 1, January 1, ASCE, ISSN X/2008/ /$ The constructon of competton venues for the Bejng Olympc games, n whch new technologes, new materals, and nnovatve desgn are extensvely adopted, s a vast and complex program. Precse tme deadlne and competton functon are requred n ths complex program and consequently expose the venues constructon to hgh rsks. These rsks would potentally brng a negatve mpact on the ste safety performance whch s the hghest prorty of the Olympc venues constructon objectves. Moreover, rsk assessment on venue constructon projects has been offcally requested by the Internatonal Olympc Commttee IOC for the frst tme n the Olympc hstory. The Bejng Organzng Commttee for the 29th Olympc Games BOCOG s requred to report the rsk level hgh/medum/low of each venue constructon project every 3 months to the IOC. A rsk assessment model s therefore demanded by BOCOG, whch would also be a tool to montor and control the rsks. Wth applcaton of the model to the 30 competton venue constructon projects for the Bejng Olympc games, BOCOG should be able to dentfy not only whch venue projects are more rsky but also whch rsk factors are crtcal for all the competton venue constructon projects. A team was then set up to develop the tools for BOCOG, whch comprses professors and Ph.D. students on project management and constructon safety management from Tsnghua Unversty, senor offcals and engneers from the Constructon Department of BOCOG, the authorty n charge of the Bejng Olympc venues constructon, respectvely, and the Chef Desgners and General Managers of several venue constructon projects. Rsks are those that wll negatvely affect objectves of a project or a program n every aspect, such as cost overrun, schedule delay, and poor safety performance. Mller and Lessard 2001 nvestgated 60 large nternatonal engneerng projects and found that the methodology of rsk management s wdely used n a creatve way n project management. Kangar 1995 revealed that safety problems toward personnel are the most crtcal rsk factor when executng contracts n the Amercan constructon market. In prevous safety studes, rsk management s usually used as a three-stage process from a techncal perspectve Holmes et al. 1999; Trethewy et al : dentfyng hazards n the work envronment, assessng the rsks posed by these hazards, and selectng approprate controls for the rsks. However, many rsk factors from a manageral perspectve have been pad less attenton both n safety rsk research and practce, especally n the constructon ndustry. At the same tme, much research has dentfed a number of causes nfluencng project safety performance n the constructon ndustry from a manageral perspectve, such as workers 40 / JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING ASCE / JANUARY 2008

2 Table 1. Objectve on Ste Safety of Bejng Olympc Venues Constructon Objectve Defnton Crteron Safe constructon To be concerned about lves and take any means to reduce the negatve nfluence on the ste safety durng the executon of Bejng Olympc venues constructon Workng condton and lvng crcumstance must be mantaned at or above a certan level n accordance wth the related law and regulaton of P.R. Chna. Rate of casualty must be lower than the former Olympc venues constructon. Note: The statstcs of Labor Councl of NSW reveals that the rate of casualty n Sydney Olympc venues constructon s only half the average rate of constructon enterprses n New South Wales n Australa between 1991 and 2000, and there was only one lfe lost n Sydney Olympc venues constructon. atttudes, safety polcy, project coordnaton, economc pressure Hnze and Raboud 1988, and management tranng Gun 1993; Jaselsks and Suazo These researchers have lad a foundaton for further research on safety rsks from a manageral perspectve and ther conclusons have been appled n the safety management of many ndvdual constructon projects and acheved excellent performance Hnze and Wlson Focusng on safety rsks ncludng both techncal and manageral ssues for a large constructon program, ths study s used to dentfy and assess safety rsk factors nherent n Bejng Olympc venues constructon projects and develop a systematc method and tools for safety rsk management for Olympc venues constructon through a structured questonnare survey, workshops, and ntervews. The challenges of ths study are to defne the objectve for safety rsk management; dentfy safety rsks nherent n Bejng Olympc venues constructon and rank ther prortes, develop a safety rsk assessment model, and test and valdate the model. Defnng Safety Objectve for Bejng Olympc Venues Constructon Rsks are those that wll negatvely affect a task s objectves. A clearly defned objectve s crucal for rsk dentfcaton and assessment. Ths paper studes the safety rsks from the perspectve of the venue constructon program, whch focuses on the common rsk factors faced by all 30 competton venue constructon projects for the Bejng Olympc games. The objectve should therefore reflect the characterstcs of the whole venues constructon program and the expectaton of the authorty n charge of Bejng Olympc venues constructon and other stakeholders such as clents, contractors, and desgners nvolved n the process of the venue constructon plannng and executon. Accordngly, the objectve of ste safety of venues constructon should be establshed on the bass of consultaton wth each stakeholder nvolved n the venues constructon. Through documentaton, lterature revews Jaselsks 1988; Shenhar et al. 2001, and n-depth ntervews wth experts from BOCOG and the authorty n charge of Bejng Olympc venues constructon, a draft of the objectves on ste safety s presented ncludng ts defnton and crteron. Then t s revsed by a round of consultatons wth related departments of BOCOG such as the project management department, sports department, venue plannng and constructon departments and envronmental department, the authorty n charge of the Bejng Olympc venues constructon, and related departments of the metropoltan government such as Muncpal Commsson of Develop and Reform, Muncpal Commsson of Urban Plannng, and Muncpal Commsson of Constructon. Consequently, the objectve of ste safety of the Bejng Olympc venues constructon s defned as shown n Table 1. Identfyng and Prortzng Safety Rsks Identfyng Safety Rsks The rsk dentfcaton s the foundaton for settng up a rsk regster and rsk assessment model. The rsk checklst s a smple but vald method to dentfy rsks n foregong studes Fang et al. 2004b, and t has been selected as the method for rsk dentfcaton n ths study and the establshment of the checklst s through four steps shown as follows: 1. A framework for the checklst was developed accordng to sources of rsk factors on ste safety. The rsk factors were dvded nto external and nternal ones. The external rsks refer to the factors that are beyond the drect control of project manageral personnel and organzaton such as government nspecton and terror attack. The nternal rsks refer to those that wll produce a drect nfluence on the ste safety of a specfc project. They are further classfed as safety rsks caused by the authorty n charge of Bejng Olympc venues constructon, clents, desgners, contractors, subcontractors, supervsors, and workers. 2. Through comprehensve and rgorous lterature revews Fang et al. 2004a,b; 2001; L 2002; Lee and Halpn 2003; Tam et al. 2004; Trethewy et al. 2003; Wang et al and branstormng wthn the research team, 113 safety rsks were dentfed n accordance wth the objectve Table 1 and categorzed nto the framework. The descrpton of these rsks s refned one by one through several rounds of dscussons wthn the research team to ensure explct and concse statements. On the bass of the above work, a draft safety rsk checklst was establshed. 3. In-depth ntervews wth ndustry experts, whch consst of senor managers from the owner of the Natonal Grand Theater, desgners and project managers of competton venues under constructon, senor offcals from departments of BOCOG relatve to venue constructon, and top manageral personnel from the authorty n charge of the Bejng Olympc venues constructon, are carred out n order to make necessary revsons to the draft checklst. By consultng these experts, several new safety rsks are dentfed whle the number of rsks on the checklst s reduced as some smlar rsks were merged and some rsks of whch the probablty and mpact are both low were removed wth the suggestons of the experts ntervewed. 4. Three rounds of nvestgatons on the Bejng Shootng Range Hall Project, one of the 30 competton venue constructon projects for the Bejng Olympc games, are also mplemented so the checklst corresponds to the framework of safety management n the executon of venue constructon. Durng the nvestgatons, the rsks n the checklst are dscussed n detal one by one wth the top manageral team of each stakeholder, such as the clent, contractor, sub- JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING ASCE / JANUARY 2008 / 41

3 Table 2. Lkert Scales for Rsk Occurrence Possblty Number symbol Occurrence probablty level Defnton Probablty reference % 1 Impossble It may occur only n very exceptonal crcumstances. 1 2 Hardly It s unlkely to occur n most crcumstances Possble It may occur sometmes Very possble It may occur n most crcumstances Almost defnte It s almost certan and expected to occur n most crcumstances. 85 contractor, and supervsor, nvolved n the executon of the Bejng Shootng Range Hall Project. Ther valuable suggestons are ntegrated nto the checklst and fnally t s confrmed that the checklst conssts of 57 safety rsk factors dentfed. Prortzng Safety Rsks The rsk mportance evaluaton ndex Shen et al. 2001; Fang et al. 2004b has been used to prortze the rsks and extract the crtcal rsks from the 57 rsks dentfed on the checklst. Formulas 1 and 2 show how an mportance ndex of a rsk factor s calculated S j = j j 1 n S j R j=1 = 2 n where n=number of people surveyed; S j =evaluaton of rsk mportance by the jth person surveyed; j =evaluaton of rsk occurrence probablty by the jth person surveyed; j =evaluaton of rsk mpact resultng from the th rsk factor by the jth person surveyed; and R =mportance ndex of the th rsk factor. The questonnare survey, a research method wdely used n socal scence, s now beng adopted n other research felds. Specfcally for constructon safety and project rsk management, t s also wdely used n the foregong studes Shen et al. 2001; Tam et al. 2004; Fang et al. 2004b. Consequently, the data for prortzng the safety rsks n ths study are gathered through a questonnare survey. The questonnare was desgned for collectng the percepton of experts on the rsks n the checklst. It s based on the 57 rsk factors n the rsk checklst and the respondents need to gve ther judgments on the rsk occurrence probablty and rsk mpact n accordance wth ther knowledge and experence. The Lkert scales of rsk occurrence probablty and rsk mpact are both dvded nto fve levels and the defnton of each level s presented through several rounds of dscussons wthn the research team Tables 2 and 3 Kangar and Rggs 1989; Zhu A workshop was held to promote the questonnare and conduct the questonnare survey wth the attendance of 27 experts from the authorty n charge of the Bejng Olympc venues constructon, BOCOG, Olympc venue projects under constructon, and the constructon ndustry. The experts are all experenced and well respected. Moreover, they are all famlar wth Olympc venue constructon projects under constructon. Durng the workshop, more rsk factors had been added to the questonnare and revsons on the rsk factors n the questonnare had been conducted by a round of dscussons wth the experts. The experts were requested to make ther choces concernng the occurrence probablty and mpact of safety rsks at the end of the workshop. Statstcs are then carred out accordng to formulas 1 and 2, and the prorty rankng of rsks n accordance wth the mportance ndex value s obtaned. Based on the followng reasons, the mportance ndex value 3 3=9 s selected as the crteron for extractng crtcal safety rsk factors: 1. The rsks, wth mportance ndex value at or above 9, could cover almost 40% of rsk factors on the checklst, whch are all at or above the medum level n the qualtatve rsk analyss matrx L 2002; Zhu 2007 Table 4 ; 2. Through n-depth ntervews wth constructon experts on safety management, senor managers from venue constructon projects and manageral personnel from BOCOG and the authorty n charge of Bejng Olympc venues constructon, t s confrmed that the rsks wth an mportance ndex value at or above 9 could reasonably represent the safety related characterstcs of venue constructon projects; and 3. The order of prorty rankng n accordance wth the mportance ndex value remans unchanged even f the scales n Tables 2 and 3 are changed for example, changng the scales from 1 5 to , and ths proves that the statstc results Table 3. Lkert Scales for Rsk Impact Number symbol Impact level Defnton 1 Very small The occurrence of rsk has neglgble nfluence on ste safety. Very lttle njury results from the occurrence of rsk. The occurrence of rsk has a slght nfluence on ste safety. 2 Small On-ste frst ad s necessary for the njures resultng from the occurrence of rsk. The occurrence of rsk has some nfluences on ste safety. 3 Medum The njures resultng from the occurrence of rsk need to be sent to the hosptal for necessary treatment. The occurrence of rsk has a sgnfcant nfluence on ste safety. 4 Large The njures resultng from the occurrence of rsk would lead workers to lose ther ablty of work. 5 Severe The occurrence of rsk has an extreme nfluence on ste safety. Serous accdent and death would result from the occurrence of rsk. 42 / JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING ASCE / JANUARY 2008

4 Table 4. Qualtatve Rsk Analyss Matrx Probablty P R= P I 5 M M H H H 4 L M M H H 3 L M M H H 2 L L M M H 1 L L L L M Impact level I Note: M=medum; L=low; H=hgh. are stable. Besdes, because the occurrence of rsk wth low probablty and severe mpact would have an extremely negatve nfluence on ste safety of the Olympc venues constructon Wllams 1996; Ward 1999, the mpact level 3 s also chosen as another crteron for extractng crtcal safety rsk factors. On the bass of the above work, 25 crtcal safety rsks are extracted from the rsk checklst, from whch a rsk regster s set up Table 5. The fndng reveals that more than half of the crtcal safety rsk factors are from contractors and subcontractors, such as lack of emergency response plan and measures, workers unsafe operaton, contractors gnorng safety under schedule pressure, and so on. Developng Safety Rsk Assessment Model An assessment model has been developed, on the bass of crtcal safety rsk factors n the rsk regster Table 5, as a tool to montor and control safety rsks and to dentfy whch venue constructon project s more rsky on ste safety and whch rsk factors are crtcal for all the 30 competton venue constructon projects for the Bejng Olympc games. The analytc herarchy process AHP s a multcrtera decson-makng technque suggested by Saaty n It assumes a undrectonal herarchcal relatonshp among decson levels. The top element of the herarchy s the overall goal, whch decomposes to more specfc attrbutes untl a level of manageable decson crtera s met. It s a dscrete measurement theory that derves scales of values from parwse comparsons and from ratngs Saaty AHP combnes the advantage of both subjectve and objectve evaluaton methods and s easy to use. A ratng method of AHP s adopted to buld the model n three steps: establshment of the evaluaton herarchy, desgn of questons for measurng the attrbutes at the lowest level n each category, and calculaton of the attrbutes weghts. The frst step s to establsh the evaluaton herarchy. Through a rgorous lterature revew and n-depth ntervew wth experts on constructon safety management, a draft of herarchy wth two levels s establshed. The 25 rsk factors n the rsk regster are then categorzed nto Level 2 as the lowest level wth several rounds of dscussons wthn the research team. Durng the process, necessary revsons are made to both the herarchy and rsk factors. For example, f a rsk factor doesn t belong to any category n the drafted herarchy, a new category should be created, such as the category of Problem resultng from desgn, and f a rsk factor could not be evaluated by manageral personnel, t would not be categorzed nto the herarchy of the model. In the fnal evaluaton herarchy Fg. 1, there are n total 16 attrbutes Table 5. Rsk Regster Number Rsk factors 1 Lack of emergency response plan and measures of authorty n charge of Bejng Olympc venues constructon 2 Lack of emergency response plan and measures of contractor 3 Workers unsafe operaton 4 Contractor gnorng safety under schedule pressure 5 Contractor s nadequate mplementaton of measures on ste safety 6 Contractor s lackng experence on safety management when new technologes, new materals, and nnovatve structure s adopted n desgn scheme 7 Insuffcent money nput on safety by clent, contractor, or subcontractor 8 Schedule pressure from clent 9 Unqualfed personal protecton equpment provded by subcontractor 10 Bad safety and relablty performance of equpment and facltes on ste 11 Foregn desgner beng unfamlar wth local standard and constructon technque level 12 Dffculty n safety management resultng from the large scale of project 13 Contractor s poor safety management system 14 Lack of contractors safety manageral personnel 15 Subcontractor s gnorng safety when recevng schedule pressure from contractor 16 Contractor s nsuffcent supervson toward subcontractor 17 Project manager s gnorng safety 18 Subcontractor s poor safety management 19 Unforeseeable underground condton 20 Hdden safety troubles resultng from desgn scheme nconvenent for executon of constructon 21 Problem n contractors plan of safety management 22 Inexperenced safety manageral personnel of contractors 23 Desgner s gnorng safety when applyng new technologes, new materals, and nnovatve structure n desgn scheme 24 Problem n clent s organzaton such as mproper decson makng 25 Insuffcent communcaton between contractor and other stakeholders n the project at the lowest level n each category. Ffteen attrbutes are located at Level 3 and one s at Level 2. Because the attrbute Techncal measures on ste safety could not be further broken down to attrbutes at the lower level, t becomes the only attrbute of the lowest level located n Level 2. The second step s to desgn questons for measurng the attrbutes at the lowest level and the questons produced are shown n Table 6. Generally, a standardzed ratng system s adopted n the answers to these questons so that the same evaluaton standards could be kept when makng comparsons between dfferent Olympc venue constructon projects. In ths ratng system, the scores of the answers to a queston are n fve or three scales, n whch 100 stands for the hghest rsk crtcalty whle 0 for the lowest rsk crtcalty Zhu Besdes, all questons are desgned to be dynamc so as to reflect the varaton n rsk crtcalty along wth the executon of constructon. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING ASCE / JANUARY 2008 / 43

5 Fg. 1. Herarchy of safety rsk assessment model The thrd step s to determne the weghts of attrbutes. The weghts of the herarchy s attrbutes are determned through ndepth ntervews wth 13 experenced experts, who are from BOCOG, the authorty n charge of Bejng Olympc venues constructon, Olympc venue projects under constructon, and the constructon ndustry n Bejng and Hong Kong. Durng the ntervews, these experts dd parwse comparsons between the attrbutes under the same node n the herarchy. It s hard to keep the respondents concentrated all the tme f the parwse comparsons are n such a number. Ths would negatvely nfluence the accuracy of comparson results. To resolve ths problem, the research team desgned a fgure-based method to do parwse comparsons. The herarchy was drawn as a fgure, and the questons and Lkert scales for parwse comparsons were prnted n addton to the attrbutes that need to be compared n the fgure Fg. 2. In ths way, the respondents could have an overvew of the herarchy and a better understandng of the meanng of attrbutes and steps for parwse comparson. It could help the respondents make ther judgments more accurately. Based on the result of parwse comparson, the weghts were calculated wth the comparson matrx accordng to AHP theory. The weghts of attrbutes of the lowest levels are also shown n Table 6. The weghted summaton of all the attrbutes at the lowest level s the overall rsk score for the objectve of safe constructon, whch reflects the general rsk crtcalty on ste safety. It ranges between 0 and 100, where 100 stands for the hghest rsk crtcalty on ste safety for an ndvdual project and 0 shows the lowest. In accordance wth ths score, the authorty n charge of venue constructon could montor the rsk status on ste safety for the 30 competton venue constructon projects. The formula of the model for calculatng the overall rsk score of a project s shown as follows R = w V 3 where R = overall rsk score of a venue constructon project; w =weght of a lowest-level attrbute n a herarchy for a sngle objectve; and V =value of a lowest-level attrbute of a venue constructon project. Dscusson Two Olympc venue constructon projects, whch have both been under constructon snce 2003,.e., the Bejng Shootng Range Hall BSRH and Natonal Swmmng Center H 2 O 3, are selected to test the assessment model. The rsk assessment forms were handed out to both project teams and explaned face to face, and have been returned n tme as requred. The rsk scores of the attrbutes at the top two levels are shown n Table 7. Through n-depth ntervews wth experts from the authorty n charge of the Bejng Olympc venues constructon and a round of nvestgatons on the two selected venue constructon projects, the results and ther reasons are summarzed as follows: 1. The overall rsk sores of BSHR and H 2 O 3 are and 18.26, respectvely. They are farly low n a ratng system wth 100 as the hghest rsk score. For ndvdual attrbutes, most of the weghted rsk scores are also very low and at the lowest level n the ratng scale. These rsk scores, both for overall objectve and ndvdual attrbutes, llustrate that the constructon safety of the BSHR and H 2 O 3 projects has been well managed and the safety rsks have been under control; 2. H 2 O 3 s one of masterpeces of the Bejng Olympc venues 44 / JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING ASCE / JANUARY 2008

6 Table 6. Weghts of Attrbutes of Lowest Levels Number Attrbute Weght Questons for measurng attrbutes T.1 Techncal measures on ste safety Whether there are safety protecton measures n constructon technque and organzaton plan; T.2.1 Utlzaton of equpments for ste safety Whether contractor are safety equpment; whether the safety equpment s utlzed effectvely. T.2.2 Safety and relablty performance of equpment and facltes on ste Safety accessores of equpment; safety tranng of operators and equpment mantenance. T.3.1 T.3.2 M.1.1 M.1.2 M.1.3 New technologes, new materals and nnovatve structure n desgn scheme Hdden safety troubles resultng from desgn scheme nconvenent for executon of constructon Safety manageral personnel and organzaton of clent Safety manageral personnel and organzaton of contractor The atttude of contractor project manager towards safety Quantty of new technology, materal and nnovatve desgn; whether safety measures are provded by desgner to elmnate these ssues Quantty of hdden safety troubles n desgn scheme; whether safety measures are provded by desgner to elmnate these ssues Quantty, qualfcaton, experence, and responsblty of safety manageral personnel and organzaton of clent Quantty, qualfcaton, experence, and responsblty of safety manageral personnel and organzaton of contractor Safety responsblty and communcaton system set up by project manager; whether the project manager takes charge safety meetng; whether the project manager attends safety nspecton. M.1.4 Workers unsafe operaton Rato of unsafe operaton found durng daly safety nspecton. M.2.1 Plan of contractor on safety management Whether there s a safety plan; whether there are nsurance systems and measures to execute the plan; whether there s a feedback system n safety plan; M.2.2 Implementaton of measures on ste safety.e. tranng towards workers Whether there s effectve safety tranng; whether there are enough and qualfed PPE; whether the safety nstruments are enough and clear. M.2.3 Safety Supervson toward subcontractor Whether there are clear clauses on safety responsblty n the subcontract agreement; whether the general contractor nspects the safety work of subcontractor regularly. M.3.1 M.3.2 Emergency response plan and measures of admnstratve department Emergency response plan and measures of contractor Whether the admnstratve departments establsh emergency response plan and measures; whether the functon, responsblty, and leadershp are clearly defned n the emergency response plan; whether an nformaton report system s establshed; Whether the contractor establshes emergency response plan and measures; whether enough personnel, equpment and facltes are prepared for emergency response; whether there s practce n daly work; whether the equpment and facltes used for emergency response are n good mantenance. M.4.1 Money nput on safety by clent Whether there are clear clauses on safety fee from clent n the contract agreement; whether the money nput on safety by clent could meet the project safety requrement; whether the safety fee from clent could be transferred to contractor n tme. M.4.2 Money nput on safety by contractor Whether the contractor could nsure money nput on safety accordng to laws, regulatons and contract; whether enough safety equpment and facltes are purchased by contractor; whether the contractor could nsure enough money nput on mantenance of safety equpment and facltes. wth nnovatve desgn and hgh techncal complexty, whle BSRH s only a normal venue constructon project desgned n renforced concrete structure and much smaller than H 2 O 3 n sze and nvestment. As a result, the rsk score of the H 2 O 3 project on techncal ssues s hgher than BSRH; 3. The executon of H 2 O 3 constructon s managed by the Chna Three Gorges Project Corporaton wth a hgh level of project management sklls and experenced manageral personnel. In addton, through an nvestgaton of the two projects durng model valdaton, t s found that the clent of H 2 O 3 gave more management commtments to ste safety than BSRH s. Therefore, as a result, H 2 O 3 s rsk score of manageral ssues s lower than BSRH. On the bass of the above dscussons, the results of the assessment model are consstent wth the actual condtons and could reflect the dfference and characterstcs of the two venue constructon projects. Ths study was conducted from the whole Olympc venue constructon program s perspectve, whch focuses on the common safety rsk factors faced by all 30 competton venue constructon projects, not those partcular n ndvdual projects. The tools developed n ths study are also desgned to manage the common JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING ASCE / JANUARY 2008 / 45

7 Table 7. Rsk Scores of BSRH and H 2 O 3 Items Level Weghted scores of attrbutes on H 2 O 3 Weghted scores of attrbutes on BSRH T.1 Level T.2.1 Level T.2.2 Level T.3.1 Level T.3.2 Level Techncal ssues Level M.1.1 Level M.1.2 Level M.1.3 Level M.1.4 Level M.2.1 Level M.2.2 Level M.2.3 Level M.3.1 Level M.3.2 Level M.4.1 Level M.4.2 Level Manageral ssues Level Safe constructon Overall objectve safety rsk factors as well. To construct a systematc methodology of safety rsk management for both programs and ndvdual projects, we are now helpng wth ndvdual projects to manage ther safety rsk as the extenson of ths study Conclusons Fg. 2. Demonstraton for parwse comparson Wth the nvolvement of 27 experenced and hghly respected experts from government agences, the constructon ndustry, and academe, ths paper has developed a framework and systematc tools to manage the common safety rsk factors nherent n the program of Bejng Olympc venues constructon, whch s composed of all 30 competton venue constructon projects. The tools have been ntegrated nto the management nformaton system for BOCOG to meet the demand of Olympc venues constructon. The procedures and outcome of ths paper could be used n managng safety rsks nherent n constructon programs. The detaled outcome of ths paper s summarzed as follows: 1. Through branstormng, workshop dscussons, and questonnare surveys, the objectve of on ste safety of the Olympc venues constructon has been defned. In accordance wth the objectve, the safety rsk factors nherent n the Bejng Olympc venues constructon program are dentfed based on lterature revews, ntervews and nvestgatons of several man competton venue constructon projects for the Bejng Olympc games. As a result, 57 rsk factors are dentfed from whch a rsk checklst s establshed; 2. The probablty and mpact of the dentfed rsk factors are assessed to prortze the rsk factors and extract crtcal rsk factors through a workshop wth the partcpaton of 27 experenced experts. The fndng reveals that more than half of crtcal safety rsk factors are from contractors and subcontractors, such as lack of an emergency response plan and measures, workers unsafe operaton, contractors gnorng safety under schedule pressure, and so on; 3. Wth the crtcal safety rsk factors a rsk regster Table 5 has been set up, whch could provde the program management wth a profound understandng of the common safety rsks faced by all 30 competton venue constructon projects for the Bejng Olympc games; and 4. On the bass of the above work, a rsk assessment model has been developed to evaluate the status of rsks on ste safety through a ratngs method of the AHP. It was tested n two Olympc venue projects under constructon and the results are proved acceptable. Acknowledgments Apprecaton s gven to the Program for Key Internatonal S&T Cooperaton Projects of Mnstry of Scence and Technology, Chna Project No. 2003DFB The wrters also gratefully acknowledge the Bejng Organzng Commttee for the 29th Olympc Games and the Natural Scence Foundaton of Chna Grant Nos , , and for provdng fundng for ths research project. Notaton The followng symbols are used n ths paper: n number of people nvestgated; R overall rsk score of venue constructon project; R mportance ndex of th rsk factor; 46 / JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING ASCE / JANUARY 2008

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