CITY RESILIENCE REVIEW
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1 CITY RESILIENCE REVIEW (Identification of Human & Economic Resilience Indicators) Fanni Harliani Program Officer - ACCCRN Indonesia
2 ACCCRN IN INDONESIA Tarakan, Medium-Island, Pop 239,787 Palembang, Metropolitan-Inland Pop million Bandar Lampung Large-Coastal Pop 881,801 Cirebon, Medium-Coastal Pop 296,389 Pekalongan, Medium-Coastal Pop 281,434 Probolinggo, Medium-Coastal, Pop 217,062 Semarang, Metropolitan-Coastal Pop million Blitar, Medium-Inland City, Pop 131,968 Bangkok Pop 8,5 million (2014)
3 TOWARDS RESILIENCE CITIES Climate Change Working Group Accessing Funding Opportunity Climate Risk Assessment City Resilience Strategy Intervention Project(s) Monitoring and Evaluation, Dissemination, Public Consultation Capacity Building
4 CITY RESILIENCE REVIEW
5 CITY RESILIENCE REVIEW PURPOSES 1. To compare the gap and track progress in particular city and other cities so it can be used to assist city in targeting efficiency of resources as needed. This method is more common, standardized, simplified, and must be easy to applied by city. 2. To measure city progress and as self-assessment tools in order to identify what the city should do in building resilience. This method is more specific and more detail. CRR provides various common indicators that are generic enough to be compared in the use of national level, but also provides flexibility that allows users at the city level to adjust the indicators according to their needs and availability of data.
6 CITY RESILIENCE REVIEW APPROACH Inductive or deductive? CRR provides series of indicators that are considered relevant to resilience and trying to measure it; also provides flexibility to adjust indicators based on the availability of data and local condition Quantitative or qualitative? We used quantitative assessment to simplify the complexity and diversity of the data We used qualitative assessment to show the relationship, correlation, and the influence of one component to another component in building urban resilience
7 Understanding what is resilience is necessary in order to develop suitable resilience measurement method. Although the science of resilience is still in its infancy (Cutter, 2011), resilience has already been defined by researchers and practitioners. Resilience originates from the Latin resilire means to leap back. From climate change context, resilience has been defined by the IPCC (2013) as the ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a potentially hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner, including through ensuring the preservation, restoration, or improvement of its essential basic structures and functions. In the mean time, the definition of resilience as adopted under the ACCCRN program is...the ability to absorb disturbances, to be changed and then to reorganise and still have the same identity developed by Resilience Alliance (2012). Mercy Corps as an organization also defines resilience 1. WHAT IS RESILIENCE?
8 URBAN RESILIENCE SYSTEMS Institutional Resilience Key to improve urban resilience. It is the main system that will enable city s environment to create HUMAN effective condition to RESILIENCE achieve resilience in other systems, this system as the foundation of city resilience INSTITUTIONAL RESILIENCE SOCIAL RESILIENCE contributes to every other resilience system. ECONOMIC RESILIENCE ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE PHYSICAL RESILIENCE
9 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
10 HUMAN RESILIENCE This system is sum of skills, knowledge, good health and food security that together enable people to meet their basic needs that will allow people to overcome unexpected circumstances (adapted from UNDP, 2013; ARUP, 2014). This includes health, food, and education sector.
11 HUMAN RESILIENCE (1) SERVICE (Proxy Indicator 1) Service related to availability of education facility in quantity and quality. Human resilience can be achieved if urban area has public education service that can be accessed by its residents. Coverage related to how education facilities can be affordable to all resident. COVERAGE (Proxy Indicator 2) KNOWLEDGE (Sub System 1) KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT (Proxy Indicator 3) Knowledge Management related to mechanism that manage knowledge related about climate change and disaster risk reduction.
12 HUMAN RESILIENCE (2) PRODUCTION (Proxy Indicator 1) Production related to level of food productivity in urban area and level of achievement to fulfill food demand. Distribution related to accessibility condition to distribute and supply food. FOOD (Sub System 2) Consumption related to level of urban consumption dan existing condition about food demand. DISTRIBUTION (Proxy Indicator 2) CONSUMPTION (Proxy Indicator 3)
13 HUMAN RESILIENCE (3) SERVICE (Proxy Indicator 1) Service related to availability of health facilities (quantity and quality) in urban area Coverage related to how health facilities can be affordable to all resident. COVERAGE (Proxy Indicator 2) HEALTH (Sub System 3) HEALTH RATE (Proxy Indicator 3) Health rate related to how residents can be resistant to diseases caused by climate change (vector disease, waterborne disease, etc)
14 HUMAN RESILIENCE SUB SYSTEMS PROXY INDICATORS 1 PROXY INDICATORS 2 PROXY INDICATORS 3 Knowledge Service Coverage Knowledge Management Food Production Distribution Consumption Health Service Coverage Health Rate
15 ECONOMIC RESILIENCE This system measures the economic vitality of cities that enables people to adopt different livelihood strategies and contribute to their ability to increase financial capital (adapted from Cutter, 2011; UNDP, 2013). This system is facilitated by economic profile, mechanism, and livelihood.
16 ECONOMIC RESILIENCE (2) MARKET (Proxy Indicator 1) Market related to urban economic activites and condition Structure related to dominant sectors that contribute to urban economic growth STRUCTURE (Proxy Indicator 2) PROFILE (Sub System 1) BUSINESS (Proxy Indicator 3) Business related to SME s productivity condition
17 ECONOMIC RESILIENCE (1) Risk Management related to disaster risk management mechanism for SME s to withstand from shock and stresses. RISK MANAGEMENT (Proxy Indicator 1) MECHANISM (Sub System 2) BUDGETING (Proxy Indicator 2) Budgeting related to city government budget for disaster risk reduction.
18 ECONOMIC RESILIENCE (3) DEPENDENCY/ DIVERSITY (Proxy Indicator 1) Dependency/Diversity related to diversity of local livelihood condition in city Labor Opportunity related to urban employment capacity and opportunity LIVELIHOOD (Sub System 3) Policy & Practices related to local government policy to increase local labor absorption LABOR OPPORTUNITY (Proxy Indicator 2) POLICY & PRACTICES (Proxy Indicator 3)
19 ECONOMIC RESILIENCE SUB SYSTEMS PROXY INDICATORS 1 PROXY INDICATORS 2 PROXY INDICATORS 3 Mechanism Risk Management Budgeting Profile Market Business Structure Livelihood Dependency/ Diversity Labour Opportunity Policy & Practices
20 CITY RESILIENCE MEASUREMENT PROCESS - Literature Review - Expert Meeting Draft City Resilience Review Guideline : System Sub system Proxy Indicators Ideal Indicators Workshop with Cirebon City Team 1: Fixed proxy indicators Fixed indicators CIREBON CITY One of Replication City in ACCCRN Workshop with Cirebon City Team 2 : Qualitative Approach of City Resilience Review City Resilience Review Part 1: Collecting Data Processing Data Analyzing Data Quantitative Resilience Review Output Jan April, 2016
21 HUMAN RESILIENCE INDICATORS Sub System Proxy Indicator Indicator Status Knowledge Food Health Service Coverage Knowledge Management Production Distribution Consumption Service Coverage Health rate Ratio of the education facilities number to the population Level of education Structural safety of education facilities CCA & DRR materials in formal education curriculum School enrollment rate Free educational facilities policy Dropout rates of elementary school Emergency response training Availability of local public policy about climate change and disaster risk reduction Emergency school facilities policy Information dissemination mechanism about disaster risk reduction Availability public information about climate change (precipitation, weather forecast) Level of food production Self supplying capacity Level of fulfillment rice production Inovation to increase level of food production Level of food price stability Availability of supply information, price and food accessibility Level of food distribution (from where, partnership condition) Malnutrition children rate Life expectancy rate Number of underweight children The nutritional adequacy rate The level of safe food consumption Availability of health facilities Structural safety of health facilities Level of health basic services Affordability of health services for vulnerable group Number of people who covered by insurance Decline rate of disease caused by climate change Infant mortality rate Data not available Proposed indicators Ideal indicators Matched indicators 31 indicators : 3 indicators drop out, 3 indicators added 15 ideal indicators 10 matched indicators Total = 28 indicators for Human Resilience System
22 ECONOMIC RESILIENCE INDICATORS Sub System Proxy Indicator Indicator Status Local policy related SME's protection in post disaster Number of SME's covered by insurance Risk Management Informal mechanism to protect public assets Mechanism Donors and private involvement on helping SME's to access the insurance Profile Livelihood Budgeting Market Business Structure Availability of local budget for disaster risk reduction Level of emergency funds utilization for disaster risk reduction Availability of market and shopping center Personal Consumption Expenditure Supply chain local market products Rate of SME's growth Rate of investment growth Rate of informal sector scaling up to formal sector Availability of government grants to SME SME's internal condition (capital grants, bad debts) Dominant sector in urban economic Level of comparative advantages in urban economics Human Development Index Level of local gov't financial autonomy Level of local gov't financial dependency Level of local fiscal capacity Dependency/Diversity Percent population not employed in farming, fishing, forestry and extractive industries Labour Opportunity Policy & Practices Level of job seeker capacity (skill, education) Unemployment rate Labor force participation rate Employment opportunity rate Effective mechanism to matching skills to employment marketplace Local labour absorption policies Inclusive labour policies and standards Data not available Proposed indicators Ideal indicators Matched indicators 28 indicators : 3 indicators drop out, 4 proposed indicators 8 ideal indicators 13 matched indicators Total = 25 indicators for Economic Resilience System
23 INDICATOR INFORMATION SHEET There are 3 different data source type : we can calculate the data first, we can collect primary data, or we can only used the existing indicator in government standard policy
24 THANK YOU
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