Introduction to UAV Systems

Transcription

1 Red box rules are for proof stage only. Delete before final printing. Paul Gerin Fahlstrom UAV Manager US Army Material Command (ret) Thomas James Gleason Gleason Research Associates, Inc Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been widely adopted in the military world over the last decade and the success of these military applications is increasingly driving efforts to establish unmanned aircraft in non-military roles. Introduction to UAV Systems, Fourth Edition provides a comprehensive introduction to all of the elements of a complete Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). It addresses the air vehicle, mission planning and control, several types of mission payloads, data links and how they interact with mission performance, and launch and recovery concepts. This book provides enough information to encourage a student to learn more; to provide a specialist with a basic appreciation of the technical issues that drive other parts of the system and interact with their specialty; or to help a program manager understand system-level tradeoffs and know what questions to ask. Key features: Comprehensive overview of all elements of a UAS and of how they interact. Introduces the underlying concepts of key subsystems. Emphasizes system-integration issues and how they relate to subsystem design choices. Practical discussion of issues informed by lessons learned in UAV programs. Introduction to UAV Systems, Fourth Edition is written both for newcomers to the subject and for experienced members of the UAV community who desire a comprehensive overview at the system level. As well as being a primary text for an introductory course on UAS or a supplementary text in a course that goes into more depth in one of the individual technologies involved in a UAS, this book is a useful overview for practicing engineers, researchers, managers, and consultants interested in UAV systems. Introduction to UAV Systems Fourth Edition Fahlstrom Gleason Introduction to UAV Systems Fourth Edition Paul Gerin Fahlstrom and Thomas James Gleason Introduction to UAV Systems Fourth Edition Aerospace Series Editors Peter Belobaba, Jonathan Cooper, Roy Langton and Allan Seabridge

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3 INTRODUCTION TO UAV SYSTEMS

4 Aerospace Series List Theory of Lift: Introductory Computational McBain August 2012 Aerodynamics with MATLAB R /Octave Sense and Avoid in UAS: Research and Angelov April 2012 Applications Morphing Aerospace Vehicles and Structures Valasek April 2012 Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems MacIsaac and Langton July 2011 Basic Helicopter Aerodynamics, Third Edition Seddon and Newman July 2011 Advanced Control of Aircraft, Spacecraft and Tewari July 2011 Rockets Cooperative Path Planning of Unmanned Aerial Tsourdos et al. November 2010 Vehicles Principles of Flight for Pilots Swatton October 2010 Air Travel and Health: A Systems Perspective Seabridge et al. September 2010 Design and Analysis of Composite Structures: Kassapoglou September 2010 With applications to Aerospace Structures Unmanned Aircraft Systems: UAVS Design, Austin April 2010 Development, and Deployment Introduction to Antenna Placement and Macnamara April 2010 Installations Principles of Flight Simulation Allerton October 2009 Aircraft Fuel Systems Langton et al. May 2009 The Global Airline Industry Belobaba April 2009 Computational Modelling and Simulation of Aircraft and the Environment: Volume 1 Platform Kinematics and Synthetic Environment Diston April 2009 Handbook of Space Technology Aircraft Performance Theory and Practice for Pilots Surrogate Modelling in Engineering Design: A Practical Guide Ley, Wittmann, and Hallmann April 2009 Swatton August 2008 Forrester, Sobester, and Keane August 2008 Aircraft Systems, Third Edition Moir and Seabridge March 2008 Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity And Loads Wright and Cooper December 2007 Stability and Control of Aircraft Systems Langton September 2006 Military Avionics Systems Moir and Seabridge February 2006 Design and Development of Aircraft Systems Moir and Seabridge June 2004 Aircraft Loading and Structural Layout Howe May 2004 Aircraft Display Systems Jukes December 2003 Civil Avionics Systems Moir and Seabridge December 2002

5 INTRODUCTION TO UAV SYSTEMS FOURTH EDITION Paul Gerin Fahlstrom UAV Manager US Army Material Command (ret) Thomas James Gleason Gleason Research Associates, Inc A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

6 This edition first published 2012 C 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fahlstrom, Paul Gerin. Introduction to UAV systems / Paul Gerin Fahlstrom, Thomas James Gleason. 4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (cloth) 1. Drone aircraft. 2. Cruise missiles. I. Gleason, Thomas J. II. Title. UG1242.D7.F dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India

7 This book is dedicated to our wives, Beverly Ann Evans Fahlstrom and Archodessia Glyphis Gleason, who have provided support and encouragement throughout the process of its preparation.

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9 Contents Preface Series Preface Acknowledgments List of Acronyms xv xix xxi xxiii Part One Introduction 1 History and Overview Overview History Early History The Vietnam War Resurgence Joint Operations Desert Storm Bosnia Afghanistan and Iraq Overview of UAV Systems Air Vehicle Mission Planning and Control Station Launch and Recovery Equipment Payloads Data Links Ground Support Equipment The Aquila Aquila Mission and Requirements Air Vehicle Ground Control Station Launch and Recovery Payload Other Equipment Summary 14 References 15

10 viii Contents 2 Classes and Missions of UAVs Overview Examples of UAV Systems Very Small UAVs Small UAVs Medium UAVs Large UAVs Expendable UAVs Classes of UAV Systems Classification by Range and Endurance Informal Categories of Small UAV Systems by Size The Tier System Another Classification Change Missions 28 Reference 31 Part Two The Air Vehicle 3 Basic Aerodynamics Overview Basic Aerodynamic Equations Aircraft Polar The Real Wing and Airplane Induced Drag The Boundary Layer Flapping Wings Total Air-Vehicle Drag Summary 48 References 49 Bibliography 49 4 Performance Overview Climbing Flight Range Range for a Propeller-Driven Aircraft Range for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft Endurance Endurance for a Propeller-Driven Aircraft Endurance for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft Gliding Flight Summary 59 5 Stability and Control Overview Stability 61

11 Contents ix Longitudinal Stability Lateral Stability Dynamic Stability Summary Control Aerodynamic Control Pitch Control Lateral Control Autopilots Sensor Controller Actuator Airframe Control Inner and Outer Loops Flight-Control Classification Overall Modes of Operation Sensors Supporting the Autopilot 70 6 Propulsion Overview Thrust Generation Powered Lift Sources of Power The Two-Cycle Engine The Rotary Engine The Gas Turbine Electric Motors Sources of Electrical Power 84 7 Loads and Structures Overview Loads Dynamic Loads Materials Sandwich Construction Skin or Reinforcing Materials Resin Materials Core Materials Construction Techniques 98 Part Three Mission Planning and Control 8 Mission Planning and Control Station Oerview MPCS Architecture 105

12 x Contents Local Area Networks Elements of a LAN Levels of Communication Bridges and Gateways Physical Configuration Planning and Navigation Planning Navigation and Target Location MPCS Interfaces Air Vehicle and Payload Control Overview Modes of Control Piloting the Air Vehicle Remote Piloting Autopilot-Assisted Control Complete Automation Summary Controlling Payloads Signal Relay Payloads Atmospheric, Radiological, and Environmental Monitoring Imaging and Pseudo-Imaging Payloads Controlling the Mission Autonomy 128 Part Four Payloads 10 Reconnaissance/Surveillance Payloads Overview Imaging Sensors Target Detection, Recognition, and Identification The Search Process Other Considerations Stabilization of the Line of Sight 152 References 156 Bibliography Weapon Payloads Overview History of Lethal Unmanned Aircraft Mission Requirements for Armed Utility UAVs Design Issues Related to Carriage and Delivery of Weapons Payload Capacity Structural Issues Electrical Interfaces Electromagnetic Interference 165

13 Contents xi Launch Constraints for Legacy Weapons Safe Separation Data Links Other Issues Related to Combat Operations Signature Reduction Autonomy 176 Reference Other Payloads Overview Radar General Radar Considerations Synthetic Aperture Radar Electronic Warfare Chemical Detection Nuclear Radiation Sensors Meteorological Sensors Pseudo-Satellites 186 Part Five Data Links 13 Data-Link Functions and Attributes Overview Background Data-Link Functions Desirable Data-Link Attributes Worldwide Availability Resistance to Unintentional Interference Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Security Resistance to Deception Anti-ARM Anti-Jam Digital Data Links System Interface Issues Mechanical and Electrical Data-Rate Restrictions Control-Loop Delays Interoperability, Interchangeability, and Commonality 202 Reference Data-Link Margin Overview Sources of Data-Link Margin Transmitter Power Antenna Gain Processing Gain 213

14 xii Contents 14.3 Definition of AJ Margin Jammer Geometry System Implications of AJ Capability Anti-Jam Uplinks Propagation Obstruction of the Propagation Path Atmospheric Absorption Precipitation Losses Data-Link Signal-to-Noise Budget 227 References Data-Rate Reduction Overview Compression Versus Truncation Video Data Non-Video Data Location of the Data-Rate Reduction Function 240 References Data-Link Tradeoffs Overview Basic Tradeoffs Pitfalls of Putting Off Data-Link Issues Future Technology 246 Part Six Launch and Recovery 17 Launch Systems Overview Basic Considerations UAV Launch Methods for Fixed-Wing Vehicles Rail Launchers Pneumatic Launchers Hydraulic/Pneumatic Launchers Zero Length RATO Launch of UAVs Vertical Takeoff and Landing UAV Launch Recovery Systems Overview Conventional Landings Vertical Net Systems Parachute Recovery VTOL UAVs Mid-Air Retrieval Shipboard Recovery 269

15 Contents xiii 19 Launch and Recovery Tradeoffs UAV Launch Method Tradeoffs Recovery Method Tradeoffs Overall Conclusions 276 Index 277