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1 Populations in non-democratic states will increasingly employ social media tools in pursuit of democratic agendas. However, these governments are and will continue to develop more nuanced, insidious and effective mechanisms for exploiting social media while maintaining already pervasive control over traditional media sources. For these reasons, this analysis recommends that the Intelligence Community increase its attention to developing tools to observe, measure and report on the complex and evolving use of social media both by citizens and governments in largely closed societies. [1]

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3 The main challenge posed by content in social media sites is the fact that the distribution of quality has high variance: from very high-quality items to low-quality, sometimes abusive content. This makes the tasks of filtering and ranking in such systems more complex than in other domains. However, for information-retrieval tasks, social media systems present inherent advantages over traditional collections of documents: their rich structure offers more available data than in other domains. In addition to document content and link structure, social media exhibit a wide variety of user-to-document relation types, and userto-user interactions.

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6 taskable Requestable

7 Be your own Sherlock Holmes ( For what is it used?

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11 Social UnrestStrike

12 Inflammatory content is shared via Social Media Inflammatory content and the amount of Social Media. Interactions (retweets etc.) are rapidly increasing Planning directions are shared via Social Media Social groups are created online to facilitate communication Encrypted communication means are used Steganography is being used to transfer messages (Preparations for) life casting are in place/being made. Calls for action are posted on Social Media Based on J. Wevers MSc./Dr. B. van der Vecht, Dr. A.C. van den Broek [TNO 2016 R10171)], with key sources: Thomas D. Mayfield III, The impact of social media on the nature of conflict, and a commander s strategy for social media (2010); - Dr. B. Forrester, Social Media Exploitation Tools: Understanding Where and How to Look, NATO, RTO-MP-HFM-201

13 Stop looking for the Next Twitter Revolution Technical Activity Proposal - Intelligence Exploitation of Social Media Opening Closed Regimes What Was the Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring? Freedom of the Press: in the Middle East, widely curtailed and often violated Social Media Defining the Problem: A Research PerspectiveHFM-201 Specialist Meeting on Social Media: Risks and Opportunities in Military Applications Study of Social Networking Exploitation Tools A Balanced Survey on Election Prediction using Twitter Data. US Presidential Election 2012 Prediction using Census Corrected Twitter Model A Survey of Prediction Using Social Media The Influentials: New Approaches for Analyzing Influence on TwitterWeb Ecology Project Want to be Retweeted? Large Scale Analytics on Factors Impacting Retweet in Twitter NetworkProceedings of the 2010 IEEE Second International Conference on Social Computing %@

14 TwitterRank: finding topic-sensitive influential twitterers Proceedings of the third ACM international conference on Web search and data mining Identifying Communicator Roles in Twitter WWW MSND'12 Workshop Large Social Networks can be Targeted for Viral Marketing with Small Seed Sets 2012 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM- 2012) Twitter Under Crisis: Can we trust what we RT?1st Workshop on Social Media Analytics (SOMA'10) Evaluating Social Media as a Source of Public Opinion in the Developing WorldHFM-201 Specialist Meeting on Social Media: Risks and Opportunities in Military Applications What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web %@ Why we twitter: understanding microblogging usage and communitiesproceedings of the 9th WebKDD and 1st SNA-KDD 2007 workshop on Web mining and social network analysis Predicting the Future with Social Media Detecting Latent User Properties in Social Media The Next Generation in Open Source Intelligence Open Source Intelligence Gathering Handbook Social Media and Social Reality Theory, Evidence and ValidationISI 2010, Netlingo Finding high-quality content in social media Proceedings of the international conference on Web search and web data mining The Evolution of Russian Cyber Influence Activity: A Comparison of Russian Cyber Ops in Georgia (2008) and Ukraine (2014) Russia's new generation warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian defense policy Social media a key element for terror groups: study Social media and ICT during the Arab Spring The impact of social media on social unrest in the Arab spring Understanding the Role of Social Media in a Counter-Insurgency ContextNATO IST-099 RSY-024 Emerged/Emerging Disruptive Technologies