Part 1: Products applied. in landfills. Geosynthetic [GSY] Functions 10/09/2016 ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS

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Training Course September 2016 C FAMILIES OF GEOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTS AND ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS Part 1: Products applied in landfills Part 2: Properties and durability Part 3: Time behavior and Design

1 Training Course September 2016 C FAMILIES OF GEOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTS AND ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS Part 1: Products applied in landfills Part 2: Properties and durability Part 3: Time behavior and Design Emeritus Prof.Jean-Pierre Gourc jean-pierre.gourc@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr LTHE - Université Grenoble Alpes France UMR 5564 CNRS,INPG,IRD,UJF Prof.Delma Vidal delma@ita.br Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica - Brasil C FAMILIES -C- LANDFILLS OF GEOSYNTHETIC CONCEPTS PRODUCTS AND ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS Part 1: Products applied in landfills FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS Geosynthetic [GSY] Generic term describing a product, at least one of whose components is made from a synthetic or natural polymer, in the form of a sheet, a strip or a three-dimensional structure, used in contact with soil and/or other materials in geotechnical and civil engineering applications (ISO 10318) PERFORMING DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS IN SEVERAL APPLICATIONS GSY FUNCTIONS FAMILIES AND APPLICATIONS SEVEN DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS ARE RELEVANT FOR LANDFILL APPLICATION REINFORCEMENT SEPARATION FILTRATION Functions DRAINAGE Sinthetic products versatility Manufactured products Quality control Quality assurance Reliable properties Specially important for environmental protection works PROTECTION SURFACE EROSION CONTROL BARRIER 1

FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS BARRIER DRAINAGE FILTRATION PROTECTION use of a GSY to prevent or limit the migration of fluids collecting and transporting of precipitation, ground water and/or other

2 FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS BARRIER DRAINAGE FILTRATION PROTECTION use of a GSY to prevent or limit the migration of fluids collecting and transporting of precipitation, ground water and/or other fluids in the plane of a GSY material restraining of uncontrolled passage of particles subjected to hydrodynamic forces, while allowing the passage of fluids into or across a GSY material preventing or limiting of local damage to a given element or material by the use of a GSY material SURFACE EROSION CONTROL SEPARATION REINFORCEMENT ISO use of a GSY material to prevent or limit particle movements at the surface prevention from intermixing of adjacent dissimilar soils and/or fill materials by the use of a GSY material use of the stress-strain behavior of a GSY material to improve the mechanical properties of soil or other construction materials FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS SOLID WASTE LIQUID WASTE RELATED APPLICATIONS DRAINAGE SYSTEMS RESERVOIRS AND DAMS FOUNDATIONS AND RETAINING WALLS SURFACE EROSION CONTROL SYSTEMS FAMILIES OF PRODUCTS GEOTEXTILES AND RELATED PRODUCTS WOVEN [GTX-W] GEOTEXTILE AND GEOTEXTILE- RELATED PRODUCTS [GTX & GTP] GEOTEXTILES [GTX] NONWOVEN [GTX-NW] permeables GEOSYNTHETIC BARRIERS [GBR] very low permeability Filtration Separation Protection Reinforcement mechanically bonded thermally bonded chemically bonded GEOCOMPOSITES [GCO] KNITTED [GTX-k] at least one GSY product 2

Drainage DRAINAGE LAYER ACTIVE BARRIER IN

3 GEOTEXTILES AND RELATED PRODUCTS GEOTEXTILES AND RELATED PRODUCTS GEOTEXTILES [GTX] EXAMPLES GEOGRIDS [GGR] WOVEN EXTRUDED BONDED Reinforcement geomallas GEOMEMBRANE PROTECTION PUNCTURE AND TENSILE techabindia.com FILTRE GEOTEXTILES AND RELATED PRODUCTS GEOTEXTILES AND RELATED PRODUCTS GEOGRIDS [GGR] GEONET [GNT] Reinforcement Drainage REINFORCED STRUCTURE georred BASAL REINFORCEMENT GEOMEMBRANE PROTECTION AGAINST TENSILE SOLLICITATIONS (SLOPES) GEOSPACER [GSP] Drainage DRAINAGE LAYER ACTIVE BARRIER IN SLOPE 3

4 GEOTEXTILES AND RELATED PRODUCTS GEOTEXTILES AND RELATED PRODUCTS GEOMAT BIOMAT [GMA] Surface erosion control geoestera TOP COVER EROSION CONTROL GEOCELL [GCE] Confinement Surface erosion control Reinforcement geocelula RUN-OFF WATER CONDUCTION TOP COVER EROSION CONTROL GEOSYNTHETIC BARRIER PRODUCTS Barrier GEOSYNTHETIC BARRIER PRODUCTS Barrier POLIMERIC BARRIER [GBR-P] POLIMERIC BARRIER [GBR-P] geomembrana geomembrana Extrusion PONDS, CANALS BOTTOM AND TOP BARRIERS 4

BARRIER BOTTOM BARRIERS BETUMINOUS BARRIER

confinement structure including mineral /

.. PET, PP, PE, PVA, AR 95 to 98% resin 2

additives MAIN POLYMERS Polyethilene - PE

5 GEOSYNTHETIC BARRIER PRODUCTS Barrier GEOCOMPOSITES [GCO] CLAY BARRIER [GBR-C] Geotextiles + bentonite Needle punched Stitched Bonded DRAINAGE REINFORCEMENT BARRIER BOTTOM BARRIERS BETUMINOUS BARRIER [GBR-B] PROTECTION/ EROSION CONTROL Waste confinement structure including mineral / geosynthetic barriers geocomposite drain geopipe geopipe COMPONENTS RAW MATERIAL POLYMER ADDITIVES CARBON BLACK... PET, PP, PE, PVA, AR 95 to 98% resin 2 to 3 % carbon black 0,5 to 2% other additives MAIN POLYMERS Polyethilene - PE Polypropylene - PP Polyvinyl chloride- PVC Polyvinyl alcohol - PVA Aramid - AR Polyester - PET PVCp 35% resin 5 to 10 % carbon black 2 to 3% additives 30 to 35% plasticizers 25% filling 5

PROPERTIES INFLUENCE FACTORS COMPOSITION MANUFACTURE PROCESS FABRIC polymer and additives (type and quality) control of temperature,

.. Properties of the product obtained in standard conditions For quality control and comparative analysis BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES Site

LANDFILLS GEOSYNTHETIC CONCEPTS PRODUCTS AND ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS Part 2: Properties and durability PHYSICAL PROPERTIES THICKNESS

6 PROPERTIES INFLUENCE FACTORS COMPOSITION MANUFACTURE PROCESS FABRIC polymer and additives (type and quality) control of temperature, procedures, components,.. deformability, filtration behavior,... Properties of the product obtained in standard conditions For quality control and comparative analysis BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES Site conditions are not considered Properties of the product or soil/product systems obtained under specific conditions C FAMILIES -C- OF LANDFILLS GEOSYNTHETIC CONCEPTS PRODUCTS AND ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS Part 2: Properties and durability PHYSICAL PROPERTIES THICKNESS [mm,-mm] (ISO *) GSY UNIFORM THICKNESS GSYNON UNIFORM THICKNESS BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES DURABILITY MANUFACTURE QUALITY CONTROL MASS PER UNIT AREA [g/m 2, -g/m 2 ] GTX&GTP + GBR-P (ISO 9862*) GBR-C (EN 14196) 6

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES GBR-P DENSITY (ISO 1163-1) THERMAL EXPANSION(ASTM D696) CARBON BLACK CONTENT(ASTM D4218) CARBON BLACK DSPERSION ( ISO 18553*) GBR-C SWELL INDEX (ASTM D 5890) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

7 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES GBR-P DENSITY (ISO ) THERMAL EXPANSION(ASTM D696) CARBON BLACK CONTENT(ASTM D4218) CARBON BLACK DSPERSION ( ISO 18553*) GBR-C SWELL INDEX (ASTM D 5890) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES GTX & GTP e GBR-C [kn,-kn] e [%, +/-%] ( ISO 10319* ) 200mm WIDE-WIDTH STRIP Geofabrics.com TENSILE STRENGTH H B/H B (Andrawes, McGown e Kabir, 1984) Jsec x% def J tan max MECHANICAL PROPERTIES GBR-P [N/mm2, -N/mm2] e [%, +/-%] (ISO 527, NBR 15856) Tension TENSILE STRENGTH GBR-P TENSILE TEST MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -25 o C HDPE TENSILE STRENGTH 20 o C Tension 50 o C PVC PVC PP PE Deformation PVC PP PE Deformation Tear resistance (ASTM D1004) Burst strength (EN 14151) Tear resistance (ASTM D1004) Burst strength (EN 14151) 7

Força (kn) 10/09/2016 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES STATIC

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DYNAMIC PERFORATION TEST

Resistência ao Puncionamento CBR 2,50 2,00 1,50

40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 100,00

PROPERTIES COMPRESSION STRENGTH ( ISO 25619-2) *

thermally bonded GTX-T MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

thickness of a thin lead plate lying between the

8 Força (kn) 10/09/2016 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES STATIC PUNCTURE STRENGTH (CBR) [kn,-kn] ( ISO )* MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DYNAMIC PERFORATION TEST (CONE DROP TEST[mm,-mm] (ISO )* Force Resistência ao Puncionamento CBR 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 *NBR ISO 0,00 0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 100,00 deslocamento (mm) penetration *NBR ISO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPRESSION STRENGTH ( ISO ) * Geonets and geospacers Normal stress(kpa) GTX-NW thermally bonded GTX-T MECHANICAL PROPERTIES PROTECTION EFFICIENCY [%,+%] (ISO 13428)* change in thickness of a thin lead plate lying between the GSY and a rigid support. GTX-NW needle punched (mm) DIAMETRAL COMPRESSION (ISO 21138) pipes 8

Passing % 10/09/2016 HYDRAULICAL PROPERTIES GTX & GTP

HYDRAULICAL PROPERTIES NORMAL PERMEABILITY v H50 [mm/s,

maximum particle size passing through the geotextile d(mm)

FLOW CAPACITY [m 2 /s, -m 2 /s] ( ISO 12958*) HYDRAULICAL

/m 2 )/s,+(m 3 /m 2 )/s] (ASTM D 5887) GAS PERMEABILITY

hydraulic gradient 0,1 and 1 Pipes FLOW CAPACITY FLUX (l/s.

9 Passing % 10/09/2016 HYDRAULICAL PROPERTIES GTX & GTP CHARACTERISTIC OPENING SIZE [mm,+/-mm] ( ISO 12956*) HYDRAULICAL PROPERTIES NORMAL PERMEABILITY v H50 [mm/s, -mm/s] ( ISO 11058)* GTX & GTP HEAD (mm) O O 90 = maximum particle size passing through the geotextile d(mm) VELOCITY INDEXv H50 HYDRAULICAL PROPERTIES GTX & GTP IN-PLANE FLOW CAPACITY [m 2 /s, -m 2 /s] ( ISO 12958*) HYDRAULICAL PROPERTIES BARRIERS- GBR INDEX FLUX (SATURATED) GBR-C [(m 3 /m 2 )/s,+(m 3 /m 2 )/s] (ASTM D 5887) GAS PERMEABILITY (GBR-P ) (ASTM D1434) Normal stress: 20, 100 and 200 kpa hydraulic gradient 0,1 and 1 Pipes FLOW CAPACITY FLUX (l/s.m) FLUX(l/s) PERMEABILITY TO LIQUIDS GBR-P [(m 3 /m 2 )/d,+(m 3 /m 2 )/d] (EN 14150) GAS ASTM D 1434 GBR-P 9

Shear tensão strength cisalhante (kn/m2) 10/09/2016 BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES SOIL/GEOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS interface

SOIL/GEOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS interface properties DIRECT SHEAR TEST ( ISO 12957-1*) cisalhamento direto - brita 120

(kn/m2) brita br/op20 br/op30 br/op60 (Gomes, 1994) Direct shear test Gravel/GTX-NW mechanically bonded STANDARD

PROPERTIES PULL OUT TEST SOIL/GEOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS interface properties ASTM D 6706 EN 13738 BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES

10 Shear tensão strength cisalhante (kn/m2) 10/09/2016 BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES SOIL/GEOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS interface properties INCLINED PLAN TEST (NBR ISO *) DIRECT SHEAR TEST ( ISO *) BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES SOIL/GEOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS interface properties DIRECT SHEAR TEST ( ISO *) cisalhamento direto - brita LOW NORMAL STRESS TESTED AREA > 900 cm 2 BOX 30x30cm Normal tensão normal stress (kn/m2) brita br/op20 br/op30 br/op60 (Gomes, 1994) Direct shear test Gravel/GTX-NW mechanically bonded STANDARD SOIL-> INDEX TEST SITE SOIL-> BEHAVIOR TEST STANDARD SOIL-> INDEX TEST SITE SOIL-> BEHAVIOR TEST BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES PULL OUT TEST SOIL/GEOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS interface properties ASTM D 6706 EN BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES CREEP BEHAVIOR TENSILE (ISO 13431) L N T Rigity products specialy geogrids COMPRESSION (ISO *) T = f (N, L, soil,...) Or compression + shear 10

BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES TENSILE TEST FOR JOINT/SEAMS GTX&GTP (ISO 10321*) shear DURABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION FACTORS UV all polymers GBR-P several standards DAMAGE Long term protection

13438) Stress cracking resistance (ASTM D 5397).

DURABILITY DURABILITY ISO TS 13434 Weathering resistance Geotextiles and related products not tested -> immediatly covered Geomembranes polymerics not tested -> covered in 3 days To evaluate the

11 BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES TENSILE TEST FOR JOINT/SEAMS GTX&GTP (ISO 10321*) shear DURABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION FACTORS UV all polymers GBR-P several standards DAMAGE Long term protection efficiency(iso 13719) Mechanical damage under repeated load (ISO ) Abrasion (slide block) (ISO 13427) pell DURABILITY Resistance to weathering (EN 12224) Resistence to oxidation (EN 14575, EN 13438) Stress cracking resistance (ASTM D 5397)... GTX & GRP Hydrolise (PET, PA and AR) Oxidation (PP, PE, EPDM, PA, PVA and AR) GBR - P Oxidation (PP, PE, EPDM) Stress cracking (PE) Leaching, microbiological resistance, volatile loss (PVCp) DURABILITY DURABILITY ISO TS Weathering resistance Geotextiles and related products not tested -> immediatly covered Geomembranes polymerics not tested -> covered in 3 days To evaluate the exposition time -> accelerated testes (see ISO TS ) GTX & GTP Maximal exposition time 50 MJ/m2 EN GBR P Maximal exposition time Geomembranes could be exposed for an equivalente energy time if the retained strength after exposition > 75% (ISO indicates 50MJ/m2 for 30 days and 350 MJ/m2 for 1 year ) The maximum exposition time must be clearly indicated in the documents accompanying the product 11

durability 10/09/2016 DURABILITY ISO TS 13434 IGSBrasil 002 Solar radiation UV ~7,5% of total radiation Evaluate local conditions 30 summer days in Brazil~= 30 sumer days in Europe

DURABILITY ISO TS 13434 For applications where the geosynthetic has a design life of less than five years in natural soils and the consequences of failure are low, only tests for

less than 25 C and for PE, PP and PA 6 and 6,6, durability can be assured on the basis of screening tests For all situations other than those make an assessment of long-term durability

12 durability 10/09/2016 DURABILITY ISO TS IGSBrasil 002 Solar radiation UV ~7,5% of total radiation Evaluate local conditions 30 summer days in Brazil~= 30 sumer days in Europe (ISO) (50 MJ/m2) 1 year in Brazil (495 MJ/m2) x 1 year in Europe (350 MJ/m2) CHILE? DURABILITY ISO TS For applications where the geosynthetic has a design life of less than five years in natural soils and the consequences of failure are low, only tests for weathering and, if relevant, mechanical damage are necessary For applications with design lives up to 25 years in natural soils, with ph values between 4 and 9, and at temperatures less than 25 C and for PE, PP and PA 6 and 6,6, durability can be assured on the basis of screening tests For all situations other than those make an assessment of long-term durability MANUFACTURE QUALITY CONTROL FACTORY PRODUCTON CONTROL RELIABLE PRODUCT PROPERTIES MANUFACTURE QUALITY CONTROL FACTORY PRODUCTON CONTROL Raw material control khator.com Properties and durability control Marking ISO 10320* Certification Manufacture process control Index properties Intended uses 12

MANUFACTURE QUALITY CONTROL PROPERTIES TO CONTROL -> H C FAMILIES -C- OF LANDFILLS GEOSYNTHETIC CONCEPTS PRODUCTS AND ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS Part 3: Time behavior and design (EN 13492,13493, IGSBrasil

13 MANUFACTURE QUALITY CONTROL PROPERTIES TO CONTROL -> H C FAMILIES -C- OF LANDFILLS GEOSYNTHETIC CONCEPTS PRODUCTS AND ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS Part 3: Time behavior and design (EN 13492,13493, IGSBrasil 002) TIME BEHAVIOR DESIGN BY FUNCTION TIME BEHAVIOR Several sollicitations could change the product properties during Transportation Storage Installation Service life TIME BEHAVIOR ISO TS Index property Reduction Factor Required property 13

14 TIME BEHAVIOR TIME BEHAVIOR ISO TS e ISO TR REQUIRED PROPERTY ADOPTED OR CALCULATED IN DESIGN INDEX PROPERTY STANDARD PRODUCT PROPERTY -> without site consideratiions or TOTAL REDUCTION FACTOR - RF T RF T = RF xx x SF FR RF XX = (index property/retained property) Ex.: reinforcement tensile sollicitation RF T = RF F T x RF DI x RF MA x RF EM x SF FR AVAIABLE PROPERTY Product property after sollicitations Mandatory for Reinforcement and Drainage AVAIABLE PROPERTY = INDEX PROPERTY RF T DESIGN GEOSYNTHETIC DESIGN STAGES CONCEPTION General aspects GSY service life Application GSY functions Properties to specificate Sollcitation to connsider FUNCTION DESIGNING Required properties determination By calculation By reccomendation SPECIFICATION FOR SELECTION DESIGN Specification for product selection Must allow verify the product adequablity properties to satisfy installation sollicitations Service life sollicitations (long time behavior and durability) SPECIFICATION FOR CONSTRUCTION 14

15 DESIGN Specification for contruction Quality control Receipt, storage and acceptation criteria Installation procedure Constrution procedure and cautions Eventual monitoring during service life 15

Geosynthetics. Nanjundaswamy P. Dept. of Civil Engineering S J C E, Mysore

Geosynthetics. Nanjundaswamy P. Dept. of Civil Engineering S J C E, Mysore Geosynthetics Nanjundaswamy P. Dept. of Civil Engineering S J C E, Mysore What are Geosynthetics? GEO Soil, Rock or other Geotechnical material SYNTHETIC Man made Polymeric material Used to enhance, augment