Simulation of Hot Extrusion of an Aluminum Alloy with Modeling of Microstructure
|
|
- Phillip Lynch
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Simulation of Hot Extrusion of an Aluminum Alloy with Modeling of Microstructure A. Ockewitz, a, D.-Z. Sun,b, F. Andrieux,c and S. Mueller 2,d Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Woehlerstrasse, 798 Freiburg, Germany 2 Extrusion Research and Development Center FZS TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 2, 33 Berlin, Germany a andrea.ockewitz@iwm.fraunhofer.de, b dong-zhi.sun@iwm.fraunhofer.de, c florence.andrieux@iwm.fraunhofer.de, d soeren.mueller@tu-berlin.de Keywords: aluminum extrusion, simulation, microstructure, recrystallization, friction test Abstract. In this work a numerical method for the simulation of extrusion processes with modeling of microstructure is presented. Extensive testing was done to provide a basis for the verification of simulation results. Circular rods of AA6A were extruded by backward and forward extrusion with different extrusion ratios, billet temperatures and product velocities. The extruded rods were cooled either by water or at air to distinguish between dynamic and static recrystallization. Temperature and strain-rate dependent yield stresses were determined from hot compression tests. Special friction tests on cylindrical specimens under high hydrostatic stresses at high temperatures have been performed and the parameters of a friction model were identified from the experiments. The recrystallized volume fraction and grain sizes in the extruded rods were analyzed by means of optical micrographs. The obtained results were used to determine the parameters of a recrystallization model which was implemented in the FE code HyperXtrude. The transferability of the numerical model was checked by simulating forward extrusion tests using the model parameters obtained from backward extrusion tests. Introduction Extruded aluminum components are widely used in vehicle constructions due to light weight and manufacturing considerations. The analysis of the crash behavior of extruded components is very complex, since local mechanical properties in the components are inhomogeneous as a consequence of the spatial distribution of microstructure which is influenced by numerous factors like material composition, temperature, tool design, friction, extrusion ratio and speed during the extrusion process. For the optimization of the extrusion process with regard to all these factors numerical simulation can be an essential tool. Based on results of finite element simulations of the extrusion process the microstructure in the extruded components can be predicted and then the resulting mechanical properties can be numerically determined instead of by costly trial and error methods. The aim of the work presented in this paper is the development of a numerical method for the simulation of extrusion processes with modeling of microstructure. During the thermo-mechanical processes in hot extrusion different recrystallization mechanisms like static or dynamic recrystallization or grain growth can take place []. Empirical and physical models for the description of these mechanisms have already been developed and verified by experimental and numerical investigations [2-]. A problem is that the contribution of each mechanism to the final microstructure cannot be easily determined. The occurrence of static recrystallization can however be suppressed by cooling the extrudate immediately after deformation. By comparison of the microstructure in extrudates with and without additional cooling at least the effects of static and dynamic recrystallization can be distinguished. The extrusion tests performed in this work for the validation of simulation results were designed to produce static as well as dynamic recrystallization and varying local distributions of strain, strain rate and temperature in the extruded parts.
2 Extrusion processes are essentially influenced by friction between billet and extrusion tools. Not only process parameters but also the microstructure and mechanical properties of extrudates depend strongly on friction effects. A reliable determination of friction behavior is important for the construction of extrusion tools and optimization of whole extrusion processes. The problems for characterization of friction effects in extrusion processes are that common friction tests like pin-ondisk don t give relevant information about friction in extrusion situations due to lower hydrostatic stresses. There are few results about influence of normal stress, temperature and velocity on friction [6,7]. In this work a two-step friction test was developed to achieve a loading condition with high hydrostatic stress like in extrusion processes. Experimental Investigations Extrusion Tests. For the analysis of the microstructure of AA6A and the verification of simulation results circular rods were extruded at FZS Berlin by backward as well as forward extrusion for two extrusion ratios (3: and 6:), billet temperatures of 42, 46 and ºC and different product velocities. The product velocities for the smaller extrusion ratio were 2, 8 and m/min and for the larger ratio 4, 8, and 3 m/min. The billet diameter was 2 mm, thus the rod diameter for extrusion ratio 3: is 23 mm and for 6: 6 mm. In one series of tests the rods were water-cooled immediately behind the die exit, in order to prevent the possible occurrence of static recrystallization. Recrystallization observed in these rods should be attributed to dynamic recrystallization processes. In a second series of tests the rods cooled down at air. During the extrusion tests force vs. punch displacement curves were recorded and the dies were equipped with two thermocouples for temperature measurements. The evaluated force resp. temperature vs. punch displacement curves are shown for one example in the section on simulations (Figure 9). water-cooled C 46 C 42 C air-cooled C 46 C 42 C 4 m/min 8 m/min m/min 3 m/min Figure : Micrographs of extruded rods (diameter: 6 mm) in longitudinal and transverse direction for backward extrusion, extrusion ratio 6: in dependence of billet temperature, product velocity and cooling conditions
3 The recrystallized volume fraction and grain sizes in the extruded rods were analyzed by means of optical micrographs. Figure shows micrographs taken in longitudinal and transverse directions of rods from backward extrusion, extrusion ratio 6: for different billet temperatures, product velocities and cooling conditions. In all cases recrystallization with varying extent can be observed. For the water-cooled rods only the outer rim is affected, where for higher velocities there are larger (partially) recrystallized seams. Due to the deformation gradient recrystallization decreases towards the center of the rods where no recrystallization occurred. The recrystallized fraction increases with temperature and extrusion ratio. For the air-cooled rods recrystallization comprises the whole crosssection. Only for the lowest velocity a non-recrystallized area remains in the rod center. High temperatures and low product velocities lead to very large grain sizes which increase from rim to center. Hot Compression Tests. Hot compression tests were performed at the FZS Berlin and Fraunhofer IWM Freiburg to determine the temperature and strain-rate dependence of the flow curve of AA6A for the extrusion simulations and the evaluation of friction tests. The temperature for hot compression tests was varied between 4 C and 4 C and the strain rate was changed between. /s and 2/s. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the measured temperature and strainrate dependence of the flow curve of AA6A from selected hot compression tests. d/dt=./s T=4 C True Stress [MPa] T=4 C T=4 C T= C True stress [MPa] d/dt=.43/s d/dt=.9/s d/dt=./s True Strain Figure 2: Temperature dependence of the true stress vs. true strain curve of AA6A at strain rate of./s True strain Figure 3: Strain-rate dependence of the true stress vs. true strain curve of AA6A at temperature of 4 C The material model in the FE program HyperXtrude for the temperature and strain-rate dependence of flow behavior is based on the Zener-Hollomon parameter Z. The results of the hot compression tests were used to fit the corresponding parameters of the material model. Figure 4 shows the determined model parameters and the good agreement between the measured flow stresses at a strain of % and the calculations. The Zener-Hollomon model does not take into account the strain-hardening effects. However, the material AA6A shows a small dependence of flow stress on strain (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Since the results of compression tests at large strains are influenced by friction and change of specimen shape, more experimental and numerical investigations are required to determine the real strain hardening behavior relevant for extrusion processes.
4 Figure 4: Measured temperature and strain-rate dependence of the flow stress at strain of % from hot compression tests in comparison with the results calculated with the Zener- Hollomon model: Z Sinh A Z exp( H / RT) / n, [MPa] [ s ] Symbols: experiments Curves: model H = 77 J/mol n = A = 7.44 s - α = Pa Temperature [ C] Friction Tests. To further investigate the frictional behavior of AA6A during an extrusion process special friction tests on cylindrical specimens under high hydrostatic stresses at high temperatures have been performed (Figure ). In the first step an aluminum cylindrical specimen is placed in a ring-shaped steel die between two punches and compressed to a certain stress state chosen according to different extrusion situations. In the second step the force of one punch (F ) is kept constant while the other punch (F 2 ) is moved by controlled displacement to shift the specimen (Figure 6). This experimental method enables a systematic change of normal stress, temperature and velocity. The diameter and the height of the aluminum specimen are 8 mm and mm, respectively. The two cylindrical steel disks have a conic form to reduce the friction between disks and die. F 2, u 2 2 Ring-shaped steel die Punch F 2 Cylindrical steel disk 2 Cylindrical Alspecimen Force [kn] Punch F F, u Cylindrical steel disk F Fric F2 F Time [s] Figure : Set up of the high pressure friction test at Fraunhofer IWM Figure 6: Development of force of two punches during a high pressure friction test The friction stress was calculated from the difference of both punch forces and the contact area A between the aluminum specimen and the steel die ( = (F 2 -F )/A). The stress normal to the contact surface 22 was determined by inserting the axial stress =4F /D 2 and shear stress into the von Mises flow condition: y 3 y : flow stress. ()
5 Figure 7 shows the measured friction stress as function of punch displacement for three compression forces (F ) and three sliding velocities. The compression force was changed from 3 kn over kn to 8kN at the constant sliding velocity of. mm/s. It corresponds to a variation of the ratio of normal stress to flow stress 22 / y from.34 over 2.4 to 4.36 (Figure 8). While the influence of compression force on friction behavior is very small, the increase of sliding velocity results in a pronounced rising of the friction stress. [MPa] a kn kn 3 kn mm/s, kn mm/s, kn. mm/s, kn Punch displacement [mm] Figure 7: Influence of compression force and sliding velocity on friction stress [MPa] a V rel = mm/s V rel = mm/s V rel =. mm/s Curves: friction model Symbols: experiments Figure 8: Influence of normal stress and sliding velocity on friction stress from experiments and the friction model based on [6] Figure 8 shows the friction stress at beginning of sliding as function of normalized normal stress for three different sliding velocities. The experimental data in the elastic region (yellow points) were determined with another friction experiment which enables a loading with low hydrostatic stress. In this experiment two aluminum cubes were pushed onto a steel bar lying between both cubes and the friction process starts when the steel bar was drawn away from the aluminum cubes perpendicular to the push direction. A theoretical model from [6] with slight modifications was applied to describe the influence of normal stress and sliding velocity on friction stress. The following equation was used to fit the experimental data: d V rel n exp N V Vrel a. bc, (2) V with : flow stress, : shear flow stress, V rel : sliding velocity, V : reference sliding velocity. The parameters a=., b=c=, d=.7 and n=. were determined by fitting the results of the friction tests. Figure 8 shows that the friction stress vs. normal stress curves calculated with the friction model agree well with the experimental data presented with symbols. Since this friction model has not been implemented in a FE-code for extrusion simulation, the friction tests were only simulated with a standard friction model to analyze the loading situations in this type of friction test. Numerical Simulations of Extrusion Tests The extrusion tests were simulated with the FE code HyperXtrude [8]. HyperXtrude calculates material flow and heat transfer by solving the Eulerian form of the governing equations. A 3D model with quarter symmetry was used for the simulations. The die, container and punch were modeled as rigid bodies. The temperature and strain rate dependent flow stresses for the simulations were determined from the results of hot compression tests as described above. Friction was assumed as sticking. The heat transfer coefficient between billet and tools was set as 7 Wm -2 K -. For the backward extrusion tests the influences of extrusion ratio, billet temperature and product velocity
6 on punch force and temperature were calculated in good agreement with the measurements, as shown for one example in Figure 9 left. Extrusion force [MN] Backward extrusion Temperature inside bearing Temperature at die front surface Extrusion force 2 2 Black lines: Simulation Ram displacement [mm] Experiment Temperature [ C ] Extrusion force [MN] Forward extrusion Extrusion force Temperature inside bearing Temperature at die front surface 2 2 Black lines: Simulation Ram displacement [mm] Experiment Figure 9: Comparison of simulation results with measured forces and temperatures for extrusion ratio 3:, billet temperature 46 ºC, product velocity 8 m/min, left: backward extrusion, right: forward extrusion. In the simulations of the forward extrusion tests with the same model parameters the calculated forces and temperatures are too high compared with the measurements (Figure 9 right). This is attributed to the fact that the additional friction between billet and container in forward extrusion is overestimated by the assumption of sticking friction. In simulations with other friction models available in HyperXtrude (e.g. Coulomb or viscoplastic friction models) no general improvement of the numerical results could be obtained. To achieve a better agreement between experiments and simulation results the friction model given in Eq. 2 with the corresponding parameters would have to be implemented in HyperXtrude. Modeling of Microstructure Empirical and physical models for the description of microstructure evolution during extrusion have already been reported in the literature [2-]. As a first step in the modeling of microstructure evolution the dynamic recrystallization (drx) model from [4,] was chosen. According to this model dynamic recrystallization occurs when the strain exceeds a critical strain c : Q RT. n m a d exp c c (3) An Avrami equation is used to describe the relationship between the recrystallized volume fraction and the effective strain: k a d p X (4) drx exp d. where. is the strain for % recrystallization: Q RT. n m. a d exp c () The grain size is expressed as: h (6) 8 exp 8 8 n8 m8 d a d Q RT c drx 8. In the above equations d is the initial grain size, the strain, the strain rate and T the temperature. R is the universal gas constant. All other unknown variables in Eqs. 3-6 are material parameters which have to be fitted to experimental results Temperature [ C ]
7 The parameters were determined for selected backward extrusion tests from the water-cooled test series with extrusion ratio 6:. The distributions of temperatures, strain rates and strains through the cross-sections of the rods from the simulations were related to the microstructure of corresponding extrusion tests through Eqs For c (Eq. 3) the following parameters were obtained: a d n = 2.66E-, m = -6.2E-3, Q = 8332 Jmol - and c =. Figure shows the radial distribution of the computed strain, which is independent of temperature and velocity (black line), and of the critical strain c for four selected tests. Dynamic recrystallization is activated where > c. The strain for % recrystallization. in Eq. was set to a constant value of. as in [4]. For the recrystallized volume fraction (Eq. 4) the remaining parameters are: ß d = k d = a =. The parameters determined for the grain size (Eq. 6) are: a 8 d h8 = 4.E+6, n 8 =, m 8 = -.3, Q 8 = -624 Jmol - and c 8 =. The model was implemented as a user function in HyperXtrude. The influences of product velocity and billet temperature on dynamic recrystallization can be well predicted with the determined model parameters (Figure ) and the calculated recrystallized volume fraction and grain size agrees as well with the experimental results for extrusion ratio 3: (Figure 2) and forward extrusion (Figure 3). Further investigations will deal with the modeling of static recystallization where the cooling down at air of the extruded rods has to be simulated to account for the time dependence of the activation criteria for static recrystallization C 4m/min c Grain size [µm] 42 C 3m/min C 4m/min C 3m/min Cent er c c r [mm] c Surf ace Figure : Radial distribution of strain and critical strain c for activation of drx for selected backward extrusion tests, extrusion ratio 6: Grain size [µm] 42 C 4m/min C 3m/min Figure : Calculated distributions of grain size due to drx through the cross-section for selected backward extrusion tests, ratio 6: C 2m/min Grain size [µm] 42 C 2m/min C 8m/min C m/min Figure 2: Calculated distributions of grain size due to drx through the cross-section for selected backward extrusion tests, ratio 3: Figure 3: Calculated distributions of grain size due to drx through the cross-section for selected forward extrusion tests, ratio 3:
8 Summary and Conclusions A numerical method for the simulation of extrusion processes with modeling of microstructure was developed. For the verification of simulation results circular rods of AA6A were extruded by backward and forward extrusion with different extrusion ratios, billet temperatures, product velocities and cooling conditions to provide a wide range of microstructure evolution. The recrystallized volume fraction and grain sizes in the extruded rods were determined and correlated with the computed local distributions of strain, strain rate and temperature for selected backward extrusion tests thus identifying the parameters of a recrystallization model. The model was implemented in the FE code HyperXtrude and then used for simulations of forward extrusion tests. The computed microstructure is in good agreement with the experimental results. A two-step friction test was developed which makes it possible to examine friction effects under high hydrostatic stresses characteristic for extrusion processes. This experimental method enables a systematic change of normal stress, temperature and velocity. A theoretical model was applied to describe the influence of normal stress and sliding velocity on friction stress. An application of this friction model for simulation of forward extrusion tests would result in a better prediction of extrusion forces and distributions of local strains and temperatures in the aluminum rods. Acknowledgements This work has been funded with budget funds of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) via the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations Otto von Guericke e.v. (AiF) (IGF-Nr.: 8 N) and supported by the Association of Metals (WVM). The authors would like to thank all parties involved for the funding and the support. References [] G. Gottstein: Physikalische Grundlagen der Materialkunde, Springer, Berlin, 27 [2] T. Sheppard, X. Duan: Journal of Materials Science, vol. 38 (23) pp [3] X. Duan, T. Sheppard: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. A3 (23) pp [4] M. Schikorra, L. Donati, L. Tomesani, A.E. Tekkaya: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 2 (28) pp [] DEFORM 3D Version. User s Manual, Scientific Forming Technologies Corporation, 29 [6] B.-A. Behrens, M. Alasti, A. Bouguecha, T. Hadifi, J. Mielke, F. Schäfer, in: Proceedings of the 2th ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming, Enschede (Netherlands), April 29 (edited by A.H. van den Boogaard and R. Akkermann, University of Twente) [7] C. Karadogan, a, R. Grueebler, b and P. Hora: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 424 (2) pp 6-66 [8] HyperXtrude. User s Guide, Altair Engineering Inc.
Fundamental Course in Mechanical Processing of Materials. Exercises
Fundamental Course in Mechanical Processing of Materials Exercises 2017 3.2 Consider a material point subject to a plane stress state represented by the following stress tensor, Determine the principal
More informationScienceDirect. Simulation of composite hot extrusion with high reinforcing volumes
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 81 (2014 ) 1265 1270 11th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, ICTP 2014, 19-24 October 2014, Nagoya Congress
More informationA CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE DOUBLE CUP EXTRUSION TEST FOR SELECTION OF COLD FORGING LUBRICANTS
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE DOUBLE CUP EXTRUSION TEST FOR SELECTION OF COLD FORGING LUBRICANTS Timothy Schrader, Manas Shirgaokar, Taylan Altan ERC for Net Shape Manufacturing, the Ohio State University,
More informationExtrusion of complex shapes
Extrusion of complex shapes 1 Hot extrusion Hot extrusion is the process of forcing a heated billet to flow through a shaped die opening It is used to produce long, strait metal products of constant cross
More informationSimulation of microstructures for Alloy 718 blade forging using 3D FEM simulator
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 141 (2003) 337 342 Simulation of microstructures for Alloy 718 blade forging using 3D FEM simulator Young-Sang Na a,, Jong-Taek Yeom a, Nho-Kwang Park a, Jai-Young
More informationEXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ASPECTS REGARDING LEAD ALLOY PLASTIC DEFORMATION
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ASPECTS REGARDING LEAD ALLOY PLASTIC DEFORMATION MARIANA POP *, DAN FRUNZA *, ADRIANA NEAG * Abstract. The aim of this paper is to present an experimental and finite element
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 81 (2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 81 (2014 ) 628 633 11th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, ICTP 2014, 19-24 October 2014, Nagoya Congress
More informationMANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY UNIT II Hot & Cold Working - Drawing & Extrusion Drawing Drawing is an operation in which the cross-section of solid rod, wire or tubing is reduced or changed in shape by pulling
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 81 (2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 81 (2014 ) 658 663 11th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, ICTP 2014, 19-24 October 2014, Nagoya Congress
More informationSectional Shape Analysis of Aluminum Alloy Seat Tube of Bicycle
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys, September 5-9, 2010, Yokohama, Japan 2010 The Japan Institute of Light Metals pp. 1990-1995 1990 Sectional Shape Analysis of Aluminum
More informationWarm Deep Drawing of Aluminium Sheet. Abstract. P.J. Bolt 1, R.J. Werkhoven 1, A.H. van den Boogaard 2. 1 Introduction
Warm Deep Drawing of Aluminium Sheet P.J. Bolt 1, R.J. Werkhoven 1, A.H. van den Boogaard 2 1 TNO Industrial Technology, The Netherlands, 2 University of Twente, The Netherlands Abstract Aluminium sheet
More informationBending of Extruded Profiles during Extrusion Process
MATERIALS FORUM VOLUME 28 - Published 2004 264 Edited by J.F. Nie, A.J. Morton and B.C. Muddle Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd Bending of Extruded Profiles during Extrusion Process K.B.
More informationNUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FRICTION INFLUENCE ON THE TRANSVERSE WELDING PHENOMENON IN THE FORWARD EXTRUSION PROCESS
JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS 52, 2, pp. 547-555, Warsaw 2014 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FRICTION INFLUENCE ON THE TRANSVERSE WELDING PHENOMENON IN THE FORWARD EXTRUSION PROCESS Jan Piwnik, Krzysztof
More informationAdvances in Engineering Research (AER), volume 102 Second International Conference on Mechanics, Materials and Structural Engineering (ICMMSE 2017)
Second International Conference on Mechanics, Materials and Structural Engineering (ICMMSE 2017) Modelling the influence of friction coefficient on materials process by Equal Channel Angular Press technique
More information(IJAER) 2012, Vol. No. 3, Issue No. VI, June ISSN:
EFFECT ON ROD AND TUBE EXTRUSION CONSIDERING VARIOUS DIE ANGLES USING PLASTICINES & NUMERICAL VALIDATION OF EXTRUSION EXPERIMENT RESULTS USING FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION Anbesh Saxena 1, Prof. Ashish Saxena
More informationINVERSE ANALYSIS OF PLANE STRAIN AND UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS PERFORMED ON GLEEBLE
INVERSE ANALYSIS OF PLANE STRAIN AND UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS PERFORMED ON GLEEBLE AKSENOV Sergey 1, PUZINO Yuriy 1, MAZUR Igor 2 1 National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian
More informationThe Relationship between Constant Friction Factor and Coefficient of Friction in Metal Forming Using Finite Element Analysis
IJMF, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 14-22 Printed in The Islamic Republic of Iran, 2014 Shiraz University The Relationship between Constant Friction Factor and Coefficient of
More informationNumerical investigation of manufacturing hollow preforms by combining the processes backward cup extrusion and piercing
MATEC Web of Conferences 80, Numerical investigation of manufacturing hollow preforms by combining the processes backward cup extrusion and piercing Robinson Henry 1,a and Mathias Liewald 1 1 Institute
More informationSimulation of microstructure development and formation of mechanical properties in metal forming technology.
Simulation of microstructure development and formation of mechanical properties in metal forming technology. Dr. Nikolay Biba, QuantorForm Ltd. Abstract. The paper presents an approach that combines the
More informationFrictional Condition Evaluation in Hot Magnesium Forming Using T- Shape and Ring Compression Tests
College of Engineering Society of Manufacturing University of Tehran Engineering of Iran 3 rd International Conference on Manufacturing Engineering ICME211, Tehran, Iran 27-29 December 211 Frictional Condition
More informationOn the formation of a sticking layer on the bearing during thin section aluminium extrusion
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference 9 Milan On the formation of a sticking layer on the bearing during thin section aluminium extrusion X. Ma 1*, M.B. de Rooij and D.J.Schipper 3 1 Materials
More informationFINITE ELEMENTS METHOD (FEM) SIMULATION OF BAR ROLLING IN OVAL - CIRCLE PASS SCHEDULE
FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD (FEM) SIMULATION OF BAR ROLLING IN OVAL - CIRCLE PASS SCHEDULE Milan KOTAS a, Richard FABÍK b, Tomáš GAJDZICA a, Jiří KLIBER b a TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a. s., Průmyslová 1000, 73970
More informationEFFECT OF EXTRUSION PARAMETERS AND DIE GEOMETRY ON THE PRODUCED BILLET QUALITY USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
EFFECT OF EXTRUSION PARAMETERS AND DIE GEOMETRY ON THE PRODUCED BILLET QUALITY USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD A.Ε. Lontos 1, F.A. Soukatzidis 2, D.A. Demosthenous 1, A.K. Baldoukas 2 1. Mechanical Engineering
More informationThermal effects and friction in forming
Thermal effects and friction in forming R. Chandramouli Associate Dean-Research SASTRA University, Thanjavur-613 401 Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc Funded by MHRD Page 1 of 10 Table of Contents 1.Thermal
More informationChapter 15 Extrusion and Drawing of Metals
Introduction Chapter 15 Extrusion and Drawing of Metals Alexandra Schönning, Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering University of North Florida Figures by Manufacturing Engineering and Technology Kalpakijan and
More informationExample 8 - Hopkinson Bar
Example 8 - Hopkinson Bar Summary Precise data for high strain rate materials is necessary to enable the accurate modeling of high-speed impacts. The high strain rate characterization of materials is usually
More information1. Consider the following stress-strain responses of metallic materials:
TECNOLOGIA MECÂNICA Mestrado em Engenharia de Materiais January 3, 2015 Number: Name: 1. Consider the following stress-strain responses of metallic materials: Y Load Unload Y E Load E Unload Y (1) (2)
More informationMaterial flow analysis for hot-forming of 20MnCr5 gear wheel blanks
IDE 2008, Bremen, Germany, September 17 th 19 th, 2008 77 Material flow analysis for hot-forming of 20MnCr5 gear wheel blanks Rüdiger Rentsch Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Badgasteinerstr.
More informationChapter 2: Mechanical Behavior of Materials
Chapter : Mechanical Behavior of Materials Definition Mechanical behavior of a material relationship - its response (deformation) to an applied load or force Examples: strength, hardness, ductility, stiffness
More informationHot Deformation Behavior of Ni80A Superalloy During Non-Isothermal Side Pressing
IJMF, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp 18-29 Printed in The Islamic Republic of Iran, 2015 Shiraz University Hot Deformation Behavior of Ni80A Superalloy During Non-Isothermal Side
More informationNUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FORGING PROCESS OF A CV JOINT OUTER RACE
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FORGING PROCESS OF A CV JOINT OUTER RACE 1 M.M. MOHAMMADI and 2 M.H.SADEGHI. 1 CAD/CAM Laboratory, Manufacturing Engineering Division, School of Engineering,
More informationInvestigations on longitudinal fillet welded lap joints of HSS
Investigations on longitudinal fillet welded lap joints of HSS C. Rasche 1 & U. Kuhlmann 1 1 Institute of Structural Design, University of Stuttgart, Germany NSCC29 ABSTRACT: The developments of steel
More informationFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FRICTION PARAMETERS ON 6060 ALUMINIUM ALLOY IMPRESSION DIE COLD FORGING PROCESS
STUDIA UBB PHYSICA, Vol. 61 (LXI), 1, 2016, pp. 35-46 (RECOMMENDED CITATION) Dedicated to Professor Dr. Cozar Onuc on His 70 th Anniversary FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FRICTION PARAMETERS ON 6060 ALUMINIUM
More informationNew Extrusion Method for Changing Wall Thickness of Circular Tube
Proceedings of the 9 th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys (4) 963 Edited by J.F. Nie, A.J. Morton and B.C. Muddle Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd New Extrusion Method for
More informationStudy of flow balance over a press cycle with HyperXtrude
Study of flow balance over a press cycle with HyperXtrude Amin Farjad Bastani ¹, Trond Aukrust ², Inge Skauvik ³ ¹ SINTEF materials and chemistry, POBox 124 Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway, amin.farjad@sintef.no
More informationA New Less-Loading Extrusion Technology of Mg Alloy Tube Workpiece
2nd International Forum on Electrical Engineering and Automation (IFEEA 215) A New Less-Loading Extrusion Technology of Mg Alloy Tube Workpiece Qiang Wang1,a, Zhimin Zhang2,b, Yong Xue1,Jianmin Yu2 1 Dept.
More informationBulk Deformation Processes
Bulk Deformation Processes Bachelor of Industrial Technology Management with Honours Semester I Session 2013/2014 TOPIC OUTLINE What is Bulk Deformation? Classification of Bulk Deformation Processes Types
More informationDYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE (HAZ) IN RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING
International Journal of Modern Physics B Vol. 22, Nos. 31 & 32 (28) 58 586 World Scientific Publishing Company DYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE (HAZ) IN RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING JI-WOONG
More informationPress Forging of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Sheets
Materials Science Forum Online: 2007-03-15 ISSN: 1662-9752, Vols. 539-543, pp 1753-1758 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1753 2007 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Press Forging of Magnesium
More informationMicrostructure modeling of the dynamic recrystallization kinetics during turbine disc forging of the nickel based superalloy Allvac 718Plus T M
Microstructure modeling of the dynamic recrystallization kinetics during turbine disc forging of the nickel based superalloy Allvac 718Plus T M D. Huber 1, C. Stotter 1, C. Sommitsch 1,2, S. Mitsche 3,
More informationFinite Element Simulation of Flashless Radial Extrusion Process
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-issn: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 14, Issue 4 Ver. III (Jul. Aug. 2017), PP 79-83 www.iosrjournals.org Finite Element Simulation of
More informationADVANCED NUMERICAL AND PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF THE RING ROLLING PROCESS
ADVANCED NUMERICAL AND PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF THE RING ROLLING PROCESS S. Andrietti 1, J.-L. Chenot 1,2, P. Lasne 1, 1 Transvalor SA, France 2 CEMEF - Mines ParisTech, France 1 Outline Introduction Thermo-mechanical
More informationTypes of Strain. Engineering Strain: e = l l o. Shear Strain: γ = a b
Types of Strain l a g Engineering Strain: l o l o l b e = l l o l o (a) (b) (c) Shear Strain: FIGURE 2.1 Types of strain. (a) Tensile. (b) Compressive. (c) Shear. All deformation processes in manufacturing
More informationFundamentals of Metal Forming
Fundamentals of Metal Forming Chapter 15 15.1 Introduction Deformation processes have been designed to exploit the plasticity of engineering materials Plasticity is the ability of a material to flow as
More informationFinite Element Investigation of Friction Condition in a Backward Extrusion of Aluminum Alloy
Yong-Taek Im Professor, Fellow ASME E-mail: ytim@mail.kaist.ac.kr Seong-Hoon Kang Jae-Seung Cheon Computer Aided Materials Processing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, ME3227, Korea Advanced
More informationPrediction of charge welds in hollow profiles extrusion by FEM simulations and experimental validation
DOI 10.1007/s00170-013-5143-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Prediction of charge welds in hollow profiles extrusion by FEM simulations and experimental validation Barbara Reggiani Antonio Segatori Lorenzo Donati Luca
More informationUNIT III BULK DEFORMATION PROCESS
Hot Working of Metals UNIT III BULK DEFORMATION PROCESS Hot working is defined as the process of altering the shape or size of a metal by plastic deformation with the temperature above the recrystallisation
More informationME 333 Manufacturing Processes II
ME 333 Manufacturing Processes II Chapter 5 Metal Working Processes Mechanical Engineering University of Gaziantep Dr. A. Tolga Bozdana www.gantep.edu.tr/~bozdana Introduction Metal forming involves large
More informationStudy on hot extrusion of large-diameter magnesium alloy thin tubes
Study on hot extrusion of large-diameter magnesium alloy thin tubes *Yeong-Maw Hwang 1) and Chia-Ming Hsu 2) 1), 2) Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat- Sen University,
More informationApplication of The Finite Volume Method to Upset Forging of Cylinders. Introduction. Nomenclature. Arjaan J. Buijk
Arjaan J. Buijk Manufacturing Division MSC.Software Corporation arjaan.buijk@mscsoftware.com Presented at: Forging Fair 2000 April 13, 2000 Columbus, Ohio Application of The Finite Volume Method to Upset
More informationEffect of die coating on Forming of Micro-parts by Forward-Backward Extrusion of 6063 Aluminum Alloy
IWMF214, 9 th INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON MICROFACTORIES OCTOBER -8, 214, HONOLULU, U.S.A. / 1 Effect of die coating on Forming of Micro-parts by Forward-Backward Extrusion of 663 Aluminum Alloy Norio Takatsuji
More informationForging Dr. B Gharaibeh Production Processes 1
Forging Dr. B Gharaibeh Production 1 Deformation Operations that induce shape changes on the workpiece by plastic deformation under forces applied by various tools and dies - Primary working processes
More informationExperimental and theoretical investigation of the microstructural evolution in aluminium alloys during extrusion
Computational Methods and Experiments in Materials Characterisation IV 209 Experimental and theoretical investigation of the microstructural evolution in aluminium alloys during extrusion T. Kayser, F.
More informationFinite element simulation of magnesium alloy sheet forming at elevated temperatures
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 146 (2004) 52 60 Finite element simulation of magnesium alloy sheet forming at elevated temperatures Hariharasudhan Palaniswamy, Gracious Ngaile, Taylan Altan
More informationCHAPTER 3 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF WELDING
47 CHAPTER 3 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF WELDING 3.1 INTRODUCTION Though welding process has many distinct advantages over other joining processes, it suffers from some major disadvantages like the evolution
More informationA method for evaluating friction using a backward extrusion-type forging
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 33 (1992) 19-123 Elsevier 13-9';)- J/ 19 A method for evaluating friction using a backward extrusion-type forging G. Shen Department of ndustrial and Systems
More informationMANUFACTURING SCIENCE-I Time: 1 hour (EME-402) Max. marks:30
B.Tech. [SEM-IV (ME-41,42,43 & 44] QUIZ TEST-1 (Session: 2010-11) MANUFACTURING SCIENCE-I Time: 1 hour (EME-402) Max. marks:30 Note: All questions are compulsory. Q-1). Why there is no material wastage
More informationAnalysis of the energy absorption of aluminium tubes for crash boxes
Analysis of the energy absorption of aluminium tubes for crash boxes 2nd Workshop on Structural Analysis of Lightweight Structures Natters, May 30-2012 F.O. Riemelmoser (FH Kärnten) M. Kotnik (SZ Oprema
More informationTHE ANALYSIS OF FORGING INCONEL 718 ALLOY. Aneta ŁUKASZEK-SOŁEK, Janusz KRAWCZYK, Piotr BAŁA, Marek WOJTASZEK
THE ANALYSIS OF FORGING INCONEL 718 ALLOY Aneta ŁUKASZEK-SOŁEK, Janusz KRAWCZYK, Piotr BAŁA, Marek WOJTASZEK AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza Av., e-mail address:
More informationCAE Analysis of Crankshaft for Testing Dynamic Loads for Reducing Cost & Weight
2303-2307 CAE Analysis of Crankshaft for Testing Dynamic Loads for Reducing Cost & Weight Salim Ahmed, Tasmeem Ahmad Khan Abstract This study was conducted on a single cylinder four stroke cycle engine.
More informationA given material (shapeless or a simple geometry) Rolling, extrusion, forging, bending, drawing (plastic deformation)
A given material (shapeless or a simple geometry) Primary shaping processes Metal forming processes Metal cutting processes Metal treatment processes A complex geometry (shape, size, accuracy, tolerances,
More informationMechanical and Forming Properties of AA6xxx Sheet from Room to Warm Temperatures
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys, September 5-9, 21, Yokohama, Japan 21 The Japan Institute of Light Metals pp. 1243-1248 1243 Mechanical and Forming Properties of AA6xxx
More informationMicrostructure Evolution of Polycrystalline Pure Nickel during Static Recrystallization 1
Materials Transactions, Vol. 43, No. 9 (2002) pp. 2243 to 2248 c 2002 The Japan Institute of Metals Microstructure Evolution of Polycrystalline Pure Nickel during Static Recrystallization 1 Makoto Hasegawa
More informationSTUDY ON CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION OF ALLOY IN718 IN HAMMER FORGING PROCESS
STUDY ON CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION OF ALLOY IN718 IN HAMMER FORGING PROCESS J.P. HU*, J.Y. Zhuang**, Z.Y. zhongt* *Rolling Department, Chongqing Iron and Steel Designing Research Institute, YuZhongQu, Chongqing
More informationISOTHERMAL FORGING OF P/M FeAl ALLOYS. T. ŚLEBOD, S. BEDNAREK, A. Łukaszek-SOLEK
ISOTHERMAL FORGING OF P/M FeAl ALLOYS T. ŚLEBOD, S. BEDNAREK, A. Łukaszek-SOLEK AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza
More informationFORMING BEHAVIOR OF MANGANESE-BORON STEEL 22MNB5 WHILE COOLING ACCORDING TO ITS MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Abstract FORMING BEHAVIOR OF MANGANESE-BORON STEEL 22MNB5 WHILE COOLING ACCORDING TO ITS MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT BIRNBAUM, Peter; KRAEUSEL, Verena; LANDGREBE, Dirk Institute of Machine Tools and Production
More information2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Direct -Straightforward steady forward force by hydraulic ram Indirect -Has the advantage that there is no friction between billet and chamber (no movement) -Note dummy block at face of ram
More informationwhere n is known as strain hardening exponent.
5.1 Flow stress: Flow stress is the stress required to sustain a certain plastic strain on the material. Flow stress can be determined form simple uniaxial tensile test, homogeneous compression test, plane
More informationTHERMO-MECHANICAL FATIGUE ANALYSIS ON FORGING TOOLS
THERMO-MECHANICAL FATIGUE ANALYSIS ON FORGING TOOLS STÉPHANE ANDRIETTI DIRECTOR OF SOFTWARE PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT TRANSVALOR SA - FRANCE OUTLINE INTRODUCTION DIE WEAR MODELING CASE STUDY#1 : CONSTANT VELOCITY
More informationInvestigation of Geometry under Different Lubrication Conditions in Cold Upset Forging of Solid Aluminium Rings
Investigation of Geometry under Different Lubrication Conditions in Cold Upset Forging of Solid Aluminium Rings A.Sathish 1, P.Pramod Kumar 2 PG Student (AMS), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malla
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 71 ( 2014 ) 16 21 Experimental Study on Temperature Distribution of Concrete Filled Steel Tube Reinforced Concrete Square Short
More informationArch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 2B,
Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 2B, 1319-1323 DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0201 C.K. LEE*, Y.C. KIM** # A STUDY ON CHANGES IN THICKNESS OF STS304 MATERIAL IN THE PROGRESSIVE DRAWING PROCESS In the drawing process,
More informationCasting. Forming. Sheet metal processing. Powder- and Ceramics Processing. Plastics processing. Cutting. Joining.
Traditional Manufacturing Processes Casting Forming Sheet metal processing Powder- and Ceramics Processing Plastics processing Cutting Joining Surface treatment FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL FORMING Overview of
More informationStrain Capacities Limits of Wrought Magnesium Alloys: Tension vs. Expansion
Materials Sciences and Applications, 213, 4, 768-772 Published Online December 213 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/msa) http://dx.doi.org/1.4236/msa.213.41297 Strain Capacities Limits of Wrought Magnesium
More informationINDEX. forging Axisymmetric isothermal forging, cabbaging, compression of cylinders,
INDEX Accuracy of simulation, 333 Air bending, 21, 141-147 Air rounding, 21 ALPID program, 136 Analysis in metal forming, 26-52 closed-die forging, 34, 35-36, 37 cold extrusion, 39-41 cold forging, 39-41
More informationA study of barreling profile and effect of aspect ratio on material flow in lateral extrusion of gear-like forms
Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences Vol. 14, June 2007, pp. 184-192 A study of barreling profile and effect of aspect ratio on material flow in lateral extrusion of gear-like forms Tahir
More informationNumerical Modeling of Cross - Wedge Rolling of Hollowed Shafts
Numerical Modeling of Cross - Wedge Rolling of Hollowed Shafts =ELJQLHZ3DWHU-DURVáDZ%DUWQLFNL$QGU]HM*RQWDU]and:LHVáDZ6:HUR VNL Mechanical Department, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36,
More informationAnalysis of metal extrusion by the Finite Volume Method
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 207 (2017) 425 430 International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity, ICTP 2017, 17-22 September 2017, Cambridge, United
More informationMANUFACTURING PROCESSES
1 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES - AMEM 201 Lecture 8: Forming Processes (Rolling, Extrusion, Forging, Drawing) DR. SOTIRIS L. OMIROU Forming Processes - Definition & Types - Forming processes are those in which
More informationThe Impacting Dynamic Response of Energetic Materials PTFE/Al
2016 International Conference on Materials, Information, Mechanical, Electronic and Computer Engineering (MIMECE 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-420-2 The Impacting Dynamic Response of Energetic Materials PTFE/Al
More informationMATERIAL FORMING SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT BASED ON QFORM3D SOFTWARE SYSTEM
MATERIAL FORMING SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT BASED ON QFORM3D SOFTWARE SYSTEM Nikolay Biba 1, Sergey Stebunov 1, Alexey Vlasov 2 1 QuantorForm Ltd., Moscow, Russia 2 Moscow State Industrial University, Moscow,
More informationTensile Flow Behavior in Inconel 600 Alloy Sheet at Elevated Temperatures
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 36 (212 ) 114 12 IUMRS-ICA 211 Tensile Flow Behavior in Inconel 6 Alloy Sheet at Elevated Temperatures Horng-Yu Wu a, Pin-Hou Sun b, Feng-Jun
More informationInternational Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science (IJSEAS) Volume-2, Issue-2, February 2016 ISSN:
High Temperature and High Strain Rate Superplastic Deep Drawing Process for AA2618 Alloy Cylindrical Cups Chennakesava R Alavala Department of mechanical Engineering, JNT University, Hyderabad, India Abstract
More informationHOT DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF SUPERALLOY 718. C.I. Garcia, G.D. Wang, D.E. Camus, E.A. Loria and A.J. DeArdo
HOT DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF SUPERALLOY 718 C.I. Garcia, G.D. Wang, D.E. Camus, E.A. Loria and A.J. DeArdo Basic Metals Processing Research Institute Department of Materials Science and Engineering University
More informationTHE COMPUTER SIMULATION AND THE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE STRESS FORCES OF THE COMBINED EXTRUSION OF DIFFERENT SIZED ALUMINUM STAMPINGS
THE COMPUTER SIMULATION AND THE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE STRESS FORCES OF THE COMBINED EXTRUSION OF DIFFERENT SIZED ALUMINUM STAMPINGS Piotr THOMAS Kielce University of Technology, Al. 0-lecia P.P.
More informationRecrystallization behaviour of AA6063 extrusions
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Recrystallization behaviour of AA6063 extrusions To cite this article: K Zhang et al 2015 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 89
More informationManufacturing Process - I
Manufacturing Process - I UNIT II Metal Forming Processes Prepared By Prof. Shinde Vishal Vasant Assistant Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engg. NDMVP S Karmaveer Baburao Thakare College of Engg. Nashik
More informationNumerical simulation of wood filled impact limiter with LS-DYNA
Numerical simulation of wood filled impact limiter with LS-DYNA Karl Klein*, Johannes Will**, Thomas Seider** * Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service mbh, 45127 Essen, Germany ** dynardo GmbH, 99423 Weimar,
More informationDetermination of Optimal Preform Part for Hot Forging Process of the Manufacture Axle Shaft by Finite Element Method
AIJSTPME (2013) 6(1): 35-42 Determination of Optimal Preform Part for Hot Forging Process of the Manufacture Axle Shaft by Finite Element Method Sukjantha V. Department of Production Engineering, the Sirindhorn
More informationINVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION ON THE ROOT SIDE OF FSW JOINTS
MultiScience - XXX. microcad International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference University of Miskolc, Hungary, 21-22 April 2016, ISBN 978-963-358-113-1 INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION ON
More informationHot Deformation Behavior of High Strength Low Alloy Steel by Thermo Mechanical Simulator and Finite Element Method
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Hot Deformation Behavior of High Strength Low Alloy Steel by Thermo Mechanical Simulator and Finite Element Method To cite this
More informationHot Extrusion of Thin-Wall Multichannel Copper Profiles
Frank F. Kraft 1 Associate Professor Mem. ASME e-mail: kraftf@ohio.edu Jonathan Kochis e-mail: kochisj@gmail.com Mechanical Engineering Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 Hot Extrusion of Thin-Wall
More informationNumerical analysis of wrinkling phenomenon in hydroforming deep drawing with hemispherical punch
Numerical analysis of wrinkling phenomenon in hydroforming deep drawing with hemispherical punch H. Ziaeipoor, S. Jamshidifard, H. Moosavi, H.Khademizadeh Department of mechanical engineering, Room:55
More informationMagnesium Sheet Metal production today
Magnesium Metal production today Production of Magnesium Metal through rolling or strip casting Advantages High productivity Good quality / reproducibility Large sheet width Disadvantages High invest High
More informationParameters estimation of Drucker-Prager plasticity criteria for steel confined circular concrete columns in compression
Parameters estimation of Drucker-Prager plasticity criteria for steel confined circular concrete columns in compression Walid A. Al-Kutti Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, College of Engineering,
More informationModelling of the failure behaviour of windscreens and component tests
5 th European LS-DYNA Users Conference Methods and Techniques (4) Modelling of the failure behaviour of windscreens and component tests Authors: D.-Z. Sun, Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials
More informationERC/NSM Activities. Research for Industry and Government
/ Activities Research for Industry and Government Stamping Hydroforming Machining Forging / Activities in Tube Hydroforming 1. Materials Determination of material flow stress data for tubular materials
More informationSTUDY OF THE KINETICS OF STATIC RECRYSTALLIZATION USING AVRAMI EQUATION AND STRESS RELAXATION METHOD
23. - 25. 5. 212, Brno, Czech Republic, EU STUDY OF THE KINETICS OF STATIC RECRYSTALLIZATION USING AVRAMI EQUATION AND STRESS RELAXATION METHOD Jaromír HORSINKA a), Jiří KLIBER a), Marcin KNAPINSKI b),
More informationIntelligent Virtual Design of Precision Forging Processes in Consideration of Microstructure Evolution
Intelligent Virtual Design of Precision Forging Processes in Consideration of Microstructure Evolution Prof. Dr.-Ing. E. Doege, Dr.-Ing. J. Dittmann and Dipl.-Ing. C. Silbernagel Institute for Metal Forming
More information