Essential Concepts of Bearing Technology

Transcription

1 Rolling Bearing Analysis FIFTH EDITION Essential Concepts of Bearing Technology Tedric A. Harris Michael N. Kotzalas ( C\ Taylor & Francis \0t*' ) Taylors«.Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Rolling Bearing Types and Applications Introduction to Rolling Bearings Ball Bearings Radial Ball Bearings Single-Row Deep-Groove Conrad-Assembly Ball Bearing Single-Row Deep-Groove Filling-Slot Assembly Ball Bearings Double-Row Deep-Groove Ball Bearings Instrument Ball Bearings Angular-Contact Ball Bearings Single-Row Angular-Contact Ball Bearings Double-Row Angular-Contact Ball Bearings Self-Aligning Double-Row Ball Bearings Split Inner-Ring Ball Bearings Thrust Ball Bearings Roller Bearings General Radial Roller Bearings Cylindrical Roller Bearings Needle Roller Bearings Tapered Roller Bearings Spherical Roller Bearings Thrust Roller Bearings Spherical Roller Thrust Bearings Cylindrical Roller Thrust Bearings Tapered Roller Thrust Bearings Needle Roller Thrust Bearings Linear Motion Bearings Bearings for Special Applications Automotive Wheel Bearings Cam Follower Bearings Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine and Power Transmission Bearings Closure 40 References 40 Chapter 2 Rolling Bearing Macrogeometry General Ball Bearings Osculation Contact Angle and Endplay Free Angle of Misalignment Curvature and Relative Curvature 50

3 2.3 Spherical Roller Bearings Pitch Diameter and Diametral Play Contact Angle and Free Endplay Osculation Curvature Radial Cylindrical Roller Bearings Pitch Diameter, Diametral Clearance, and Endplay Curvature Tapered Roller Bearings Pitch Diameter Endplay Curvature Closure 58 References 59 Chapter 3 Interference Fitting and Clearance General Industrial, National, and International Standards Method of Establishment and Scope Tolerances for Press-Fitting of Bearing Rings on Shafts and in Housings Effect of Interference Fitting on Clearance Press Force Differential Expansion Effect of Surface Finish Closure 70 References 71 Chapter 4 Bearing Loads and Speeds General Concentrated Radial Loading Bearing Loads Gear Loads Belt-and-Pulley and Chain Drive Loads Friction Wheel Drives Dynamic Loading Due to an Eccentric Rotor Dynamic Loading Due to a Crank-Reciprocating Load Mechanism Concentrated Radial and Moment Loading Helical Gear Loads Bevel Gear Loads HypoidGear WormGear Shaft Speeds Distributed Load Systems Closure 91 References 91 Chapter 5 Ball and Roller Loads Due to Bearing Applied Loading General Ball-Raceway Loading 94

4 5.3 Symmetrical Spherical Roller-Raceway Loading Tapered and Asymmetrical Spherical Roller-Raceway and Roller-Flange Loading Cylindrical Roller-Raceway Loading Radial Loading Roller Skewing Moment Closure 99 Chapter 6 Contact Stress and Deformation General Theory of Elasticity Surface Stresses and Deformations Subsurface Stresses Effect of Surface Shear Stress Types of Contacts Roller End-Flange Contact Stress Closure 133 References 133 Chapter 7 Distributions of Internal Loading in Statically Loaded Bearing General Load-Deflection Relationships Bearings under Radial Load Bearings under Thrust Load Centric Thrust Load Angular-Contact Ball Bearings Eccentric Thrust Load Single-Direction Bearings Double-Direction Bearings Bearings under Combined Radial and Thrust Load Single-Row Bearings Double-Row Bearings Closure 156 References 157 Chapter 8 Bearing Deflection and Preloading General Deflections of Bearings with Rigidly Supported Rings Preloading Axial Preloading Radial Preloading Preloading to Achieve Isoelasticity Limiting Ball Bearing Thrust Load General Considerations Thrust Load Causing Ball to Override Land Thrust Load Causing Excessive Contact Stress 170

5 8.5 Closure 170 References 170 Chapter 9 Permanent Deformation and Bearing Static Capacity General Calculation of Permanent Deformation Static Load Rating of Bearings Static Equivalent Load Fracture of Bearing Components Permissible Static Load Closure 179 References 179 Chapter 10 Kinematic Speeds, Friction Torque, and Power Loss General Cage Speed Rolling Element Speed Rolling Bearing Friction Rolling Bearing Friction Torque Ball Bearings Torque Due to Applied Load Torque Due to Lubricant Viscous Friction Total Friction Torque Cylindrical Roller Bearings Torque Due to Applied Load Torque Due to Lubricant Viscous Friction Torque Due to Roller End-Ring Flange Sliding Friction Total Friction Torque Spherical Roller Bearings Torque Due to Applied Load Torque Due to Lubricant Viscous Friction Total Friction Torque Needle Roller Bearings Tapered Roller Bearings High-Speed Effects Bearing Power Loss Thermal Speed Ratings Closure 193 References 193 Chapter 11 Fatigue Life: Basic Theory and Rating Standards General Rolling Contact Fatigue Material Microstructure before Bearing Operation Alteration of the Microstructure Caused by Over-Rolling Fatigue Cracking and Raceway Spalling Caused by Over-Rolling Fatigue Failure-Initiating Stress and Depth 201

6 11.3 Fatigue Life Dispersion Weibull Distribution Dynamic Capacity and Life of a Rolling Contact Line Contact Fatigue Life of a Rolling Bearing Point-Contact Radial Bearings Point-Contact Thrust Bearings Line-Contact Radial Bearings Line-Contact Thrust Bearings Radial Roller Bearings with Point and Line Contact Thrust Roller Bearing with Point and Line Contact Load Rating Standards Effect of Variable Loading on Fatigue Life Fatigue Life of Oscillating Bearings Reliability and Fatigue Life Closure 251 References 252 Chapter 12 Lubricants and Lubrication Techniques General Types of Lubricants Selection of Lubricant Type Liquid Lubricants Greases Polymerie Lubricants Solid Lubricants Liquid Lubricants Types of Liquid Lubricants Mineral Oil Synthetic Oils Environmental^ Acceptable Oils Base Stock Lubricant Properties of Base Liquid Lubricants Viscosity Viscosity Index Pour Point Flash Point Evaporation Loss Lubricant Additive Purpose VI Improvers Extreme Pressure/Antiwear Other Additives Grease How Grease Lubrication Functions Advantages of Grease Lubrication Types of Greases General Lithium Soap Greases 263

7 Calcium Soap Greases Sodium Soap Greases Aluminum Complex Greases Nonsoap-Base Greases Inorganic Thickeners for Grease Combining Greases Grease Properties Properties of Retained Oil Dropping Point Low-Temperature Torque Oil Separation Penetration Solid Lubricants Lubricant Delivery Systems Oil Bath/Splash Oil Circulating Oil Air-Oil/Oil Mist Grease Polymerie Lubricant Seals Function of Seals Types of Seals Labyrinth Seals Shields Elastomeric Lip Seals Garter Seals Closure 275 References 276 Chapter 13 Structural Materials of Bearings General Rolling Bearing Steels Types of Steels for Rolling Components Through-Hardening Steels Case-Hardening Steels Steels for Special Bearings Steel Manufacture Melting Methods Raw Materials Basic Electric Furnace Process Vacuum Degassing of Steel Ladle Furnace Methods for Producing Ultraliigh-Purity Steel Vacuum Induction Melting Vacuum Are Remelting Electroslag Refining Steel Products Steel Metallurgical Characteristics 284

8 Cleanliness Segregation Structure Effects of Processing Methods on Steel Components Heat Treatment of Steel Basic Principles Time-Temperature Transformation Curve Continuous Cooling Transformation Curves Hardenability Hardening Methods Through-Hardening, High-Carbon-Chromium Bearing Steels General Heat Treatment Martensite Marquenching Bainite Surface Hardening Methods Carburizing Carbonitriding Induction Heating Flame-Hardening Thermal Treatment for Structural Stability Mechanical Properties Affected by Heat Treatment Elasticity Ultimate Strength Fatigue Strength Toughness Hardness Residual Stress Materials for Special Bearings Cage Materials Material Types Low-Carbon Steel Brass Bronze Polymerie Cage Materials Advantages and Disadvantages Rolling Bearing Polymer Cages High-Temperature Polymers Seal Materials Function, Description, and Illustration Elastomeric Seal Materials Tribological Coatings for Bearing Components Coatings in General Coating Deposition Processes General Chemical Conversion Coatings Electroplating and Electroless Plating Chemical Vapor Deposition Physical Vapor Deposition 318

9 Surface Treatments for Mitigation of Damage Mechanisms Associated with Severe Operating Conditions General Interruption or Lack of Lubricant Supply to the Bearing False Brinelling Indentations Caused by Hard Particle Contaminants Severe Wear (Galling or Smearing) Surface-Initiated Fatigue Closure 325 References 326 Chapter 14 Vibration, Noise, and Condition Monitoring General Vibration- and Noise-Sensitive Applications Significance of Vibration and Noise Noise-Sensitive Applications Vibration-Sensitive Applications The Role of Bearings in Machine Vibration Bearing Effects on Machine Vibration Structural Elements Variable Elastic Compliance Geometrie Imperfections General Microscale Waviness and Other Form Errors Waviness Model Measurement of Nonroundness and Vibration Waviness Testing Vibration Testing Bearing Pass Frequencies Relation of Vibration and Waviness or Other Defects Detection of Failing Bearings in Machines Condition-Based Maintenance Closure 353 References 354 Appendix 355 Index 359