Thermal Hydrogen : An Emissions Free Hydrocarbon Economy by: Jared Moore, Ph.D. jared@meridianenergypolicy.com October 17 th, 2017 Peer reviewed and published, please cite as: Moore, J, Thermal Hydrogen: An Emissions Free Hydrocarbon Economy, International Journal of Hydrogen (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.182 1
Modern Economy: Thermal Hydrogen Economy: Service Source Conversion Electricity/Power Heat Chem. Carrier Oxygen CO 2 Hydrocarbons 2
Thermal Hydrogen: Load Following Supply and Demand #1 Dispatchable demand at most oversupplied time and place -> #2 Self-subsidize the arbitrage with oxygen value #3 Dispatchable supply at most undersupplied time and place -> Why? To maximize the utilization of: 1) Copper (Transmission and distribution) 2) Iron (Power plant capacity) 3) Lithium (Batteries)
Productivity of Oxygen for Creating Different Carriers 40 35 30 kwh Required or Yielded per kg of Oxygen Yielded: Syngas (H 2 + CO) kwh / kg O 2 25 20 15 10 5 Required: from Electrolysis Yielded: Heat Yielded: Hydrogen (SOFC/MCFC) 0 jared@meridianenergypolicy.com Water Splitting Full Combustion Auto Thermal Reforming -> H2 Auto Thermal Reforming -> Syngas 4
Oxyfuel for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) H 2 O + N 2 + CO 2 Steam Turbine Hydrocarbon Combined Cycle Air Cooling Compressor Gas Turbine HX Pump H 2 O/ CO 2 CO 2 Steam Turbine Oxyfuel NGCC Allam Cycle jared@meridianenergypolicy.com O 2 CO 2 Hydrocarbon Compressor CO 2 Turbine (Supercritical) HX Pump Cooling 5
Universal Plant : Load Following and Demand Following Power Plant Chemical <--> Heat / Electricity Long: Electricity Supply Short: Idle Power Plant Max Max H 2 O/CO 2 Electrolysis Idle Electricity H 2 O/CO 2 Electrolyser Max H 2 /CO O 2 Electrolyser Idle Nuclear/CSP Heat Nuclear/CSP Heat Idle CH 4 + O 2 Max Electricity CO 2 Turbine CO 2 Turbine CO 2 Sequestration 6
Thermal Hydrogen Economy: (where Methanol replaces Gasoline) Batteries Electricity/Power Stationary Power Mobile Power Wind/PV H 2 O/CO 2 Recycling SOFC Nuclear /CSP H 2 O CO 2 Electrolyser H 2 /CO CH 3 OH Heat Oxyfuel Power Plant O 2 CO 2 Sequestration EOR Hydrocarbons (CH x ) Coal Gasifier or Gas Reformer Service Source Conversion Electricity/Power Heat Chem. Carrier Oxygen CO 2 Hydrocarbons Liquid Storage 7
How to Distribute Hydrogen as Methanol and Recycle H 2 O and CO 2 from Solid Oxid Fuel Cells 1) Tank filled With Methanol (CH 3 OH) CH 3 OH (Methanol) 2 H 2 O + CO 2 (Exhaust) 4) Exhaust, carbonated water, can be stored on empty side of tank and recollected at gas station. Waste Heat 2) Methanol converted to Syngas via catalyst and waste heat (2 H 2 + CO) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electricity 11.3 N 2 3) Air enters solid oxide fuel cell. Oxygen crosses electrolyte to meet syngas. jared@meridianenergypolicy.com 8
kwh / 100 miles 120 100 80 60 40 20 Efficiency and Battery Size of Select Mid-Size Automobile Options Plug-in Fuel Cell Hybrid operating in electric mode 70% of the time. Small fuel cell (~10 kw) required to extend range. Consumption (Left Axis) Battery Capacity (Right Axis) Pure electric outweighs PHEV by ~700 lbs., has ~20 to 30% lower efficiency. 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 kwh of Battery Capacity 0 2015 Honda Accord Standard (Gasoline) 2014 Honda Accord Hybrid (Gasoline) 2017 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell (Hydrogen) 2014 Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid (Electric) 2017 Tesla Model S P90D (Electric) 0 jared@meridianenergypolicy.com 9
Thermal Hydrogen Economy: (where Methanol replaces Gasoline and Ammonia replaces Nat. Gas) Batteries Electricity/Power Stationary Power Mobile Power Wind/PV H 2 O/CO 2 Recycling SOFC Engine Nuclear /CSP H 2 O CO 2 Electrolyser H 2 /CO CH 3 OH NH 3 H 2 N 2 Heat Oxyfuel Power Plant O 2 Coal Gasifier or Gas Reformer ASU CO 2 Sequestration Air/Electricity EOR Hydrocarbons (CH x ) Service Source Conversion Electricity/Power Heat Chem. Carrier Nitrogen Oxygen CO 2 Hydrocarbons Liquid Storage 10
Thermal Hydrogen Economy using Methanol (CH 3 OH) and Ammonia (NH 3 ) as H 2 Carriers U.S. System in Quads (Services Demanded 2014) 11
Estimated Cost per kg of Hydrogen $3.00 $2.50 O&M $/kg H2 $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 $0.00 Capacity Value of Net CONE: @$120/ kw (e) -year* Value of O 2 Value of O 2 Electrolysis Electrolyser @ 50% utilization, $400/kW H2 ($135/kW H2 -year) Electricity @ $28/MWh Cost of O 2 Auto Thermal Reformer O&M Reformer Hydrocarbon @ $4/MMBTU jared@meridianenergypolicy.com 12
P Dispatchable demand and Dispatchable supply Assumes NH 3 @ $1.2/kg H 2 e (~$0.04/kWh H2 ), CH 3 OH @ $1.80/kg H 2 e @ > $110/MWh, PHEV s stop charging, begins relying on SOFC range Distribution Side @ ~$100/MWh, Electric heat w COP 2.5 or less replaced w combustion @ ~$55/MWh, PHEV s begin valuing SOFC waste heat, stop charging in cold weather @ ~$65/MWh, CHP displaces electric heat with COP 2.5 or less @ ~$40/MWh, Combustion replaces direct electric heat @ > $110/MWh, SOFC s supply power S Transmission Side @ ~$20-30/MWh CCS / MCFC s dispatch @ ~$35/MWh Allam cycle plants dispatch @ ~$38/MWh Heat-Assisted Electrolysis (Valued O 2 ) @ ~$40/MWh, 1) All Nuclear/CSP is dispatched and heat stops assisting electrolysis 2) CHP dispatched to replaces direct electric heat @ ~$28/MWh Electrolysis (Valued O 2 ) @ ~$22/MWh Electrolysis (No O 2 Value) meridianenergypolicy.com 13 D Q
Supply and Demand in Thermal Hydrogen: #1 Dispatchable demand at most oversupplied time and place -> Heat assisted electrolysis on the transmission (supply) side #2 Self-subsidize the storage (arbitrage) with the value of oxygen Electricity: Allam Cycle or Oxyfuel NGCC Syngas/Hydrogen: Auto-thermal Reforming Use longest hydrocarbon supply while renewing the shortest supply via EOR/EGR. #3 Dispatchable supply at most undersupplied time and place -> Fuel cells enable EV s by providing electric range and direct heat H 2 (or NH 3 ) combustion for timely, distributed heat and/or power Why? To maximize the utilization of: 1) Copper (Transmission and distribution) 2) Iron (Low marginal cost power plant capacity) 3) Lithium (Batteries)
Vision for Interior-to-Coast Distribution NH 3 / CH 3 OH H 2 /CO Hydrocarbon (Coal) ATR ASU O 2 (Wind) CO 2 /H 2 O O 2 H 2 /CO Hydrocarbon (Gas) Oil Exports EOR CO 2 (CSP) UEP e - (PV) e - #1 H 2 /CO #2 #3 UEP O 2 ATR NH 3 / +ASU (Nuclear) CH 3 OH CO 2 e - (PV) 15