Non-Electric Applications of Nuclear Energy I. Khamis Nuclear Power Technology Development Section Department of Nuclear Energy
Contents Introduction An overview of current experience on nonelectric applications & some recent projects The value of cogeneration The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems Challenges ahead Conclusion
Why non-electric applications? 100 90 80 Efficiency (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Hydro power plant Tidal power plant Large gas fired CCGT power plant Melted carbonates fuel cell (MCFC) Pulverised coal boilers with ultra-critical steam parameters Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Coal fired IGCC Atmospheric Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion (CFBC) Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion (PFBC) Large gas turbine (MW range) Steam turbine coal-fired power plant Steam turbine fuel-oil power plant Wind turbine Nuclear power plant Biomass and biogas Waste-to-electricity power plant Diesel engine as decentralised CHP unit (electrical share) Small and micro turbines (up to 100 kw) Photovoltaic cells Geothermal power plant Solar power tower
Non-electric Applications & Nuclear Energy The wide spectrum of current reactors can cover all applications
Contents Introduction An overview of current experience on nonelectric applications The value of cogeneration The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems Challenges ahead Conclusion
Facts on non-electric applications with nuclear power Proven technology: 1956: Calder Hall plant in UK provided electricity and heat to nearby fuel processing plant 1963: Agesta NPP in Sweden provided hot water for district heating to a suburb of Stockholm 1972: Aktau in Kazakhstan provided heat and electricity for seawater desalination to supply 120 000 m3/day fresh water for the city of Aktau 1979: Bruce in Canada heat to heavy-water production and industrial & agricultural users Not widely applied: Less than 1% of heat generated in nuclear reactors worldwide is at present used for non-electric applications.
No. of Reactors Non-Electric Applications & Nuclear Energy: Experience 35 14-15% By typee By applications 35 of world electricity is from By nuclear country 30 power 1 PH; 6 30 Des; 12 25 plants 20 15 LWGR; 15 PH + 10 25432 nuclear PHWR; 9 power DH; 27 reactors worldwide, 5 PWR; 50 DH; 30 0 20 70 are being PWR used for co-generation of hot water PHWR and/ or steam for: LWGR 15 FBR» District heating, 10 5» Seawater desalination» Industrial processes. 0Over 700 reactor-years of combined experience exists IN JP PK BG CH CZ HU RO RU SK UA CH IN RU SK for these Desalinationnon-electrical District applications. Heating Process Heating Proven technology: with 79 operative reactors and 750 reactor-years experience
Some recent activities on non-electric appl. India: proposed two integrated systems for seawater desalination using with AHWR. Pakistan: Feasibility study for nuclear desalination plant in Karachi costal Power projects is being considered. Russia: signed agreements considering nuclear desalination plant with Egypt, Jordan, and Kazakhstan Saudi Arabia: considering SMART (Korea) for desalination China: signed MoU for HGTR with Saudi Arabia, UAE, South Africa. China: Nuclear cogeneration for offshore oil operations Indonesia: considering HTGR 200 MWth for cogeneration (H2 production & liquefaction/gasification of coal) Japan: HTR for cogeneration (desalination) USA: consider integrating desalinated water from twin PWRs of Diablo Canyon NPP into public water systems in California
NUCLEAR PROCESS HEAT REACTOR DESIGNS Reactor ACR-700, Canada Applications oil sand application AVR-II & HTR-Modul & PNP, Germany nuclear assisted steam coal gasification and steam methane reforming IHTR-H & Compact high temperature reactor (CHTR), India HTTR & GTHTR300C, Japan, H2-MHR & GT-MHR & PBMR, USA MHR-100 SMR, Russia NGNP, USA Large scale hydrogen production Hydrogen & Cogeneration cogeneration of electricity and process heat & hydrogen Cogeneration of electricity and of hydrogen cogeneration of electricity and process heat
Contents Introduction An overview of current experience on nonelectric applications The value of cogeneration The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems Challenges ahead Conclusion
The Value of Cogeneration: Better NPP Projects Better Efficiency Over 80% energy efficiency Open new sectors for nuclear power Better Use of energy Optimize energy efficiency Match industrial application needs at the right temperature Better Flexibility In future energy planning In operating nuclear power plants/and electrical Grid In diversifying energy outputs Better Environmental impacts Reduce waste heat dumped to the environment Additional heat sink
The Value of Cogeneration: Cleaner Environment Save Energy Recover waste heat Open new utilization of nuclear power Save Environment Reduce CO 2 emissions Reduce nuclear waste Save Money Get cheaper energy Reduce the need for fossil fuels
Implementing nuclear cogeneration!! Feasible On all reactor types Existing nuclear reactors can be retrofitted Safe Minimal impact on reactor safety Product outputs is free of radioactive contamination Value added For pubic use: Drinking Water, District heating/cooling For industrial use : Steam, Synthetic Fuels, Hydrogen
Contents Introduction An overview of current experience on nonelectric applications The value of cogeneration The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems Challenges ahead Conclusion
Potential non-electric applications of nuclear reactors Nuclear Reactors Heat Ionizing radiations Neutrons Electricity Material treatment Irradiation Radioisotopes Unique products
Nuclear Vs Coal/gas Power plants Type Nuclear Sanmen I & II Nuclear Taishan I & II Nuclear SMR Ref. Nucleonic Week Copyright 2015 McGraw Hill Financial March 26, 2015 Westinghouse AP 1000x2 Areva French EPR Nominal power MW(e) Estimated cost of construction Capital Cost/Watt 2x 1100 $5.9 B ~ $ 3/Watt 2x 1660 $7.5 B ~ $ 2.5/Watt FOK NuScale 600 $ 3 B ~ $ 5/Watt 12 th NuScale 600 $ 2.5 B Coal & Gas $200 M- 1.5 B $ 0.6-1.5/Watt
Optimizing the use of nuclear reactors Reactor outlet coolant 850-950 o C 50 000 m3/day Seawater desalination High efficiency power generation 0 Reactor Power Plant Distant Hydrogen Production Plant 0 300 600 900 o C Steelmaking Gas to liquid Ammonia fertilizer Oil refining Tar sands oil extraction Pulp & paper production District heating Industrial heat applications Recuperator Cooling Water Reactor (600MWt) Precooler IHX 850~950 7~5 MPa Isolation Valves Internal Hot Coolant Flow Cold Flow on Primary Pressure Boundary 900, 5.2 MPa Gas turbine Thermochemical IS Process He Circulator O 2 H 2 H 2 O To Grid Hydrogen cogeneration Material processing
Market Opportunities for HTR in North America For petroleum industry, synthetic fuel, ammonia and hydrogen production Total: 810 Reactors 249 GWt 110 GWt 75 GWt Petrochemical, Refinery, Fertilizer/Ammonia plants and others 60 GWt Steam, electricity, hydrogen & water treatment 36 GWt Steam, electricity, high temperature fluids, hydrogen 10% of the nuclear electrical supply increase required to achieve pending Government objectives for emissions reductions by 2050 Co-generation Oil Sands/ Oil Shale Hydrogen Market Synthetic Fuels & Feedstock Electricity 125 Reactor Modules* 30 Reactor Modules 60 Reactor modules 415 Reactor Modules 180 Reactor Modules Source: Lewis Lommers, AREVA US *All module #s assume only 25% of market
VHTR for desalination Source: X. Yan, JAEA
Waste heat from PBMR for desalination PBMR rejects heat from the pre-cooler and intercooler = 220 MWth + MED desalination technology at 70 C Desalinated water 15 000 30 000 m3/day Cover the needs of 55 000 600 000 people
VHTR for hydrogen production VHTR 600 MWth Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 H2 production 233 66 118 rate t/d H2 production 48.6 48.4 37.2 efficiency % H2 production cost US$/NM3 2.89 2.30 2.98 Source: X. Yan, JAEA
GEN-IV reactors for hydrogen production JAPAN CHINA GERMANY CANADA Nuclear power plant GTHTR300 HTR-PM HTR-SR SCWR H2 hydrogen production process Thermal efficiency (%) Hydrogen production (kg/mw th h) Hydrogen cost ($/kg) S-I S-I SR S-I HyS CuCl (3 steps) CuCl (5 Steps) 46.98-20.34 46.98-20.34 32.2 12.28 10.90 102.8 4.16 6.9 7.3 7.5 2.46 3.78 3.61 4.1 4.74 5.39 5.34
SCWR for hydrogen production H2 Unit cost, $/kg Cost Breakdown H2 Plant Capital Component H2 Plant Nonenergy Component H2 Plant Energy Component G4- ECONS HEEP H2A 3.61 3.56 3.58 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.39 0.39 0.36 2.95 2.89 2.95 SCWR 1200 Mwe, thermal efficiency 46.3% Outlet temperature 625⁰C; Heat source for H2 Plant downstream of 1 st stage turbine - 422⁰C Source: R.Sadhankar, AECL, Canada
Challenges ahead Optimization of NPPs design and operation for cogeneration/trigeneration Cogeneration/Multi-generation Re-use of waste heat from NPPs Applications of non-electric applications in small grids/remote areas Low temperature nuclear desalination Upscale of hydrogen production plants Efficient water management Support of hybrid systems Etc
Conclusion Nuclear reactors are very unique and should be exploited for high value products. The demand for non-electric applications in the heat and transportation market can be met by nuclear energy without GHG. Cogeneration could improve the overall economics of NPPs Non-electric applications will be introduced rather slowly Innovation is needed to design NPPs for non-electric applications
Thank you for your attention.