HTR Reactors for Industry Perspectives of Nuclear Cogeneration

Transcription

1 HTR Reactors for Industry Perspectives of Nuclear Cogeneration GENERATION IV REACTORS Warsaw University of Technology, CEA and AREVA 25 May 2011 Institute of Heat Engineering Warsaw University of Technology Ludwik Pieńkowski Heavy Ion Laboratory University of Warsaw

2 Strategy for nuclear development

3 European strategy for nuclear development Light Water Reactors (LWR) Currently available technology for industrial applications LWR providers and users identify the main development streams Fast systems with closed fuel cycles Long term development to give the response on limited uranium resources and spent fuel reprocessing demand European project led by France. The prototype Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) is expected around 2020 High Temperature Reactors (HTR) for process heat, electricity and hydrogen production European Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform (SNE-TP) recognized HTR as one of the major R&D pillars

4 High Temperature Reactor (HTR, HTGR)

5 High Temperature Reactor (HTR, HTGR) ANTARES AREVA design High temperature HTR are the only reactors that can produce in the short term high temperature heat (750 o C) required by industrial processes Flexibility Cogeneration of electricity and process heat Modular concept Sustainability Opportunity for burning uranium, plutonium, thorium and minor actinides Huge resources, limited waste Passive safety concept Natural phenomena keep the reactor in safe conditions including in emergency situations Fully ceramic core No physical possibility to melt the core

6 HTR safety demonstration: JAEA starts test series to demonstrate safety characteristics of HTGR under loss of core cooling transients Dec. 22, 2010 First test of the loss of core flow tests has been finished JAEA has started the test series to demonstrate safety characteristics of high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) using HTTR. The core flow rate of the HTTR stopped to decrease core cooling capacity remarkably by stopping all primary gas circulator under 30% of reactor power (9MW) on December 21, The reactor power decrease rapidly without abnormal fuel temperature rise and the reactor was kept steady state. The test is called loss of core flow test. The test was the first test of the test series. ( ) The loss of core cooling tests is the first test in the world.

7 HTR and nuclear cogeneration NGNP Project Technology Development Roadmaps:Technical Path Forward for C Reactor Outlet Temper ature INL/EXT , August 2009,

8 (16.5 MPa, 540 o C) NYMEX Natural Gas Prices 5 Years 1 MMBtu 28 m 3

9 Some facts about NGNP (US) NGNP Industrial Alliance

10 R EACTOR REACTOR CAVITY C OOLING SYSTEM (RCCS) TANKS MODULE FUEL STORAGE AREA GAS TURBINE Status of HTR development in the world SECOND ARY GAS BYPASS COMPRESSOR HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR (HR SG) 2015 FUEL TRANSFER TUNNEL RCC S HEADERS AND STANDPIPES VESSEL INTERMEDIATE HEAT EXCHANGER (IHX) SECONDARY GASISOLATION VALVES (TYPIC AL) France: ANTARES programme for a CHP system, 600 MWth C ONDENSER C OOLING WATER H.P./I.P. TURBINE COND ENSER GENERATOR L.P. TURBINE MAIN TRANSFORMER Russia: GT-MHR project China: HTR-PM, industrial prototype, 2x250 MWth, commissioning 2013 China: HTR-10, test reactor, 10MWth, in operation since 2000 Korea: NHDD project Japan: HTTR test reactor, 30MWth, in operation since 1998 Japan: GTTR 300, 600 MWth South Africa: PBMR 400 MWth, USA: NGNP, industrial prototype for CHP and hydrogen production

11 What about Europe?

12 The assets of Europe: the legacy of past developments Europe built HTR up to the industrial prototype scale DRAGON (U.K.) EXPERIMENTAL REACTORS AVR (FRG) THTR (FRG) DEMONSTRATION OF BASIC HTR TECHNOLOGY MODULAR CONCEPT Europe developed the technology of components for industrial process heat applications 10 MW mock-up of a He-He heat exchanger 10 MW steam CH 4 reformer mock-up for nuclear application

13 German achievements on nuclear coal gasification

14 European High Temperature Reactor Technology Network AMEC Ansaldo Nucleare Areva NP Areva NC Belgonucléaire Commissariat à l Energie Atomique (CEA) Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) Electricité de France (EdF) Empresarios Agrupados Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) GrafTech Joint Research Centre of the E.C. (JRC) NEXIA Solutions Nuclear Research & consultancy Group (NRG) Nuclear Research Institute Rěz (NRI) Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) Suez-Tractebel Universität Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 20 partners from 11 EU countries 5 nuclear engineering companies 2 large utilities 1 worldwide graphite manufacturing leader, 8 research centres, 3 universities Created in 2000 for supporting industrial development of HTR Roadmap for HTR deployment 12 projects (~ 45 M ) in FP5-6 & 7, including the 19 M RAPHAEL Participation in several non- EURATOM projects (H 2, materials) Rescue of European HTR know-how International engagement Presently new projects for the next step are in preparation

15 Nuclear Cogeneration TWG Preparation Recent and future developments (1/2) October 2010: industry workshop between EUROPAIRS and US NGNP Alliance Actions for transatlantic cooperation identified NGNP Alliance now an incorporated company asks for stable counterpart in the EU 27 January 2011: first meeting of the EUROPAIRS Associated Industry Network Purpose: extend the dialogue to additional industry sectors Contacts with IMA Europe, EUROFER, ESTEP, SOL, CEPI, IFP, Siemens VAI Metals, COGEN Europe, Glass for Europe

16 Nuclear Cogeneration TWG Preparation Recent and future developments (2/2) 1 February 2011: start of ARCHER (Euratom FP7 R&D project) for 4 years February 2011: EUROPAIRS Plenary no.3 Spring 2011: preparation of a proposal to pursue the Europairs work May 2011: final EUROPAIRS Open Workshop (Brussels)

17 European programme launched in September 2009 Reactor HTR Heat T=750 o C cogeneration electricity and process heat electricity steam Industrial Complex Main task: EUROPAIRS should aim at initiating an international consensus on the conditions for industrial emergence of nuclear cogeneration

18 Priority: industry now feed, electricity and steam, products electricity and steam production consume ~10% of oil HTR and nuclear cogeneration to improve productivity only power and steam station modification

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20 Gen4Syn synergistic approach towards industry Polish national strategic R&D programmes are established by the Minister of Science and Higher Education The National Centre for Research and Development The National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) (NCBiR) is a national legal organization established to perform the tasks within science and innovation policy On September 30, 2010 the call for proposals was opened: Technologies for the development of safe nuclear power Work package dedicated to generation IV: 36 months, 10 millions PLN (about 2.5 millions EUR)

21 Gen4Syn synergistic approach towards industry Gen4Syn consortium was formed Gen4Syn leader AGH -Gen4Syn consortium leader 13 partners including scientific institutions, engineering company, electric energy operator and fertilizer company The proposal was submitted to NCBiR Evaluation procedures started on January 3, 2011 and this process still continues Goals: Pre-feasibility study of the HTR industrial demonstration European cooperation, Nuclear Cogeneration Industrial Initiative GenIV reactor physics Nuclear process heat applications Coupling of the nuclear and classical systems

22 Strategy for nuclear development recent trends

23 Strategy for nuclear development recent trends in US The capital cost of new large plants is high and can challenge the ability of electric utilities to deploy new nuclear power plants There is no shortage of uranium resources that might constrain future commitments to build new nuclear plants for much of this century at least The benefits to resource extension and to waste management of limited recycling in LWRs using mixed oxide fuel as is being done in some countries are minimal Scientifically sound methods exist to manage spent nuclear fuel DOE Report to Congress, April 2010: Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap MIT Report, April 2011: The Future of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

24 Strategy for nuclear development reduce the investment cost: smaller, SMR reactors SMR-new-technologies too risky for industry ipwr mature technology, but demonstration is required More expensive per power unit Scale effect in the simplest model: power rise as volume, R 3 and investment cost as material cost, as surface, R 2 Economies of scale can be overcome only by building a large market Strong investors from energy sector can afford to build large reactors and they are not interested to broad nuclear energy market, create competitors Large reactors are favored by the regulations HTR mature technology, but demonstration is required More expensive per power unit, but industrial sectors such as chemistry, are interested to use the emission-free process heat sources Are they strong enough to build HTR market? Is this in the public interest to support the efforts of building the HTR market?

25 Conclusion A breakthrough of HTR in the energy market requires a large scale demonstration of the industrial feasibility of the coupling of such a nuclear reactor with process heat applications. This is possible in a period of time of years Europe has the technological potential to do it European industry needs CO 2 free and competitive process heat that HTR can provide Poland would benefit from this CO 2 free technology for coal processing The first installation requires combined licensing for a nuclear reactor and an industrial plant, which is a major innovation