IAEA Technical Meeting TM Flexible (Non-Baseload) Operation for Load Following and Frequency Control in New NPPs, October 6-8,, Erlangen-GERMANY CASE STUDY OF FLEXIBLE OPERATIONS IN EGYPT Eng. Ahmed AWAISE General Manager of NPP Studies And Development Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA), Cairo, Egypt awaise1@excite.com
CONTENTS Country overview Nuclear power development in Egypt Grid Requiremement Operational Performance in BIS Needs for Flexibility Challenges for newcomers
CONTENTS Country overview Nuclear power development in Egypt Grid Requiremement Operational Performance in BIS Needs for Flexibility Challenges for newcomers
I. COUNTRY OVERVIEW Country Profile Population: 85 million inhabitants Country Area: 1.009450 million km 2 Inhabited Area: 55,520 Km 2 (~ 5.5 %) GDP (Nominal): $215.845 billion GDP Per Capita: $2,758 GDP Growth: 07/ 08 08/ 09 09/ 10 10/ 11 11/ 12 12/2013 7.2 4.7 5.2 1.8 0.5 1.8 Installed Generation Capacity: 30,800 MW (megawatts) in 2013 More than 99% of the Egyptian population had access to electricity
Development indicators in the Egyptian electrical network
Egypt overview and energy outlook Egypt s GDP Growth - future economic growth scenarios Energy Resource Base - Hydrocarbons: Conventional Hydrocarbon resources (oil & gas), - Renewable energies (limited hydro, Wind &Solar)
Energy situation in Egypt The major energy sources consumed in the Egypt are petroleum (oil), natural gas, coal, and renewable energy. The major users are residential and commercial buildings, industry, agriculture, transportation, and electric power generators Egypt Share of Total Primary Energy Supply in 2012 Egypt primary energy consumption in 2012
Evolution of Peak Load
Yearly Peak Load Development (MWe) The recent studies showed that: 60000 - Peak Load is expected to reach to about 57 GW by the year 2027. - The installed capacity is expected to reach 73 GW by the year 2027. 45000 30000 15000 2008/2007 2012/2011 2017/2016 2022/2021 2027/2026
National Energy Basic Plan Development of Power Plant Capacity Share 13 1 86 2007 Thermal 9.6 2.4 88 2012 Wind & Solar Hydro 6 14 80 2020
Expected / Targeted Future Energy Status up 2042 300000 250000 S- TH S-PV WIND H COAL N GT CC ST Peak 300000 250000 Total Capacity (MWe) 200000 150000 100000 200000 150000 100000 50000 50000 0 0 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 2020-2022 2022-2027 2027-2032 2032-2037 2037-2042 Peak Load (MWe) Year
CONTENTS Country overview Nuclear power development in Egypt Grid Requiremement Operational Performance in BIS Needs for Flexibility Challenges for newcomers
Background of Nuclear Energy Nuclear ambitions in Egypt date back to 1954. There are two (2) nuclear research reactors in operation; 1st from Russia (1961) with (2 MW) and the 2nd from Argentina (1998) with 20 MW. Egypt realized the importance of nuclear power that could be used to secure the supply of electricity and fresh water. Several attempts haven't been materialized in the last 3 decades due to different factors. Recently, Egypt has reconsidered the nuclear power as an option to supply electricity.
Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program(cont.) In 2006, a national debate was initiated to asses the nuclear option as a part of a comprehensive energy strategy that included assessing the feasibility to use nuclear energy. Based on the outcome of the national debate, Egypt declared the strategic decision in Oct.2007. The strategic decision states that: To construct a number of nuclear plants for electricity generation, To take necessary steps to construct the first plant, To develop the program in cooperation with our international partners and IAEA. The program is to be conducted in a transparent way and respect of Egypt s commitments to the international community.
Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program (Cont.) Since strategic decision, several activities have been carried out: Cooperation with IAEA, to support the Egyptian infrastructure for introducing NPPs. Contracting with International consultant engineering to support NPPA (Utility) in the implementation of the first NPP. Complete updating El Dabaa site studies and submit Site Permit Documents and Applications to RB. No rejection criteria is existing. Survey and ranking the new potential additional sites.
Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program (Cont.) A Nuclear Law issued in 2010 and its regulations in 2011. The Nuclear Safety and Radiological Control Authority was established in 2012 as independent Regulatory Body and reports directly to the prime minister. Prepare the BIS documents. Development of the Egyptians Human Resources for implementing the NPP.
Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program (Cont.) Mechanisms used for Human resources Development Cooperation with IAEA: through training courses, workshops and expert missions. Bilateral cooperation through the agreements concluded with nuclear technology supply countries (Korea Republic- U.S.A France Russia China). Training by the consultant.
Current Situation of the NP Project In February 2011, the technical specifications for the construction of the NPP were completed and NPPA was ready to call for tenders. After the revolution of Jan. 25, and Fukushima Accident in March 2011, the Ministers Cabinet decided to postpone tendering process until the election of parliament. The technical specs, have been reviewed by the IAEA experts, the consultant engineer as well as the Egyptian nuclear regulatory body to embody the lessons learned from the accident in the specs. In Oct. 2013 the Cabinet of Ministers decided to resume the Egyptian NPP. Accordingly, working is now undergoing to update the specs to be ready for tendering by the beginning of next year.
Main features of the 1 st NPP project The selected technology is PWR of GIII & GIII+, for which there are several vendors mainly in Korea, USA, France, Russia and China. The NPP will be with nominal power of 900-1650 MWe for each Unit. The tender will call for all qualified international vendors to submit their bids. The project will be EPC Lump Sum Turnkey Contract.
Towards Achieving Milestone 2 Nuclear power option included within the national energy strategy MILESTONE 1 Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment to a nuclear programme Bid invitation for consulting services announced in February 2008; Infrastructure 1 st. NPP Project development program Preparing PHASE for 1 assuming commitments & Considerations before a decision obligations to launch a nuclear power programme is taken Pre-project Feasibility Study In June 2009 EGYPT has selected the Australian company WorleyParsons to help develop the first nuclear power plant, the company had won Egypt's bid to be a 10-year consultant for the nuclear plant. The first phase of the contract: Potential sites selection and evaluation; Updating El-Dabaa site investigations; Pre-contract activities and project 10 15 years implementation. Infrastructure Development Program
8 CONTENTS Country overview Nuclear power development in Egypt Grid Requiremement Operational Performance in BIS Needs for Flexibility Challenges for newcomers
IV. IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE PROJECT (Cont.) No Item Action Plan Activities 4 5 Funding and financing Legislative framework 6 Safeguards 7 8 9 10 Regulatory Framework Radiation Protection Electrical grid Human resources development Financial and funding mechanisms implemented Mechanisms implemented to provide the funding for long term spent fuel handling and final disposal, waste management, and decommissioning Comprehensive legislative oversight established Funding/guarantees remain in place Funding of human/physical development continues Legislation maintained and amended as necessary All safeguards measures and an effective SSAC in place before receipt of initial fuel loading Information regarding fuel cycle and all relevant nuclear material subject to safeguards instruments provided to IAEA All regulatory regulation is in place Sufficient regulatory staffing is in place Licenses and permits prior to criticality and operation issued Plant operators certified Inspection and enforcement activities in place Competence of regulatory body staff maintained Open communications with government, operator and the public maintained International and professional interfaces maintained All necessary radiation monitoring and protection programmes to optimize the radiation exposure of the public and workers in place Waste management capabilities in place. Plans for grid enhancement executed Grid ready to support commissioning and operation of a nuclear power plant All human resources to commission and operate the first nuclear power plant are in place Education and training programmes for continuing flow of qualified people are underway 22
NATIONAL POWER GRID IN EGYPT (Cont.) Egyptian Electrical Grid The Egyptian Electrical Unified Network (EEUN) in Egypt is divided into six geographical regions, namely, Cairo, Canal, Delta, Alexandria/ west delta, Middle Egypt, and Upper Egypt. The Egyptian Electricity transmission system is composed of 500 kv, 400 kv, 220 kv, 132 kv, and 66 kv levels.
Power system current features The egyptian grid will be in the next years a part of Mediterranean sea power ring. 24
Power system current capabilities (Continue) Plan for grid enhancement to address NPP needs is executed now by EEHC the owner and the operator of our national grid as scope of service of its relevant consultant. 25
Load following is a utility s practice of adding additional generation to available energy supplies to meet moment-tomoment demand in the distribution system served by the utility or keeping generating facilities informed of load requirements to insure that generators are producing neither too little nor too much energy to supply the utility s customers, see: www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/load_following.html.
Actual Maximum Load Curve for Year 2012 PEAK LOAD 27000 M.W 23652 M.W. Unexploited Energy Natural gas-fired generation will be needed to meet peaking requirements, provide load following and backup services 19300 M.W. Hour 07:00 Hour 18:00 Hour 19:40 HOUR ٢٧
III. GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF NINH THUAN NUCLEAR POWER PROJECT Following are the main types of constraints imposed in the generation expansion planning: Reserve margin: lower and upper limits on the system reserve margin are specified to determine the percentage by which the total generating capacity exceeds the annual peak load. Loss of load probability (LOLP): Defined as the probability (fraction of time) that the system demand is not fully satisfied or in other words, that the system demand exceeds the available capacity.
Following are the main types of constraints imposed in the generation expansion planning: Reserve margin: lower and upper limits on the system reserve margin are specified to determine the percentage by which the total generating capacity exceeds the annual peak load. Loss of load probability (LOLP): Defined as the probability (fraction of time) that the system demand is not fully satisfied or in other words, that the system demand exceeds the available capacity.
Unserved energy: Represents the portion of the initial system energy that cannot be met by the system's generating units. Fuel availability: Represents the upper limit on the amount of fuel of a particular type. -The reliability constraints considered in the generation expansion optimization are shown in the following table.
Reliability constraints Constraint Value Reserve Margin (%) 15-17 Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) 8 hours / year Spinning Reserve (MW) 600 Unserved Energy Cost ($ / MWh) 2000 Spinning reserve is the on-line reserve capacity that is synchronized to the grid system and ready to meet electric demand within 10 minutes of a dispatch instruction
These constraints define the minimum acceptable level of generating system reliability. With this level, the future generating system could withstand the following conditions: Forced outage of generating units Random variations in load demand to be supplied by the generating subsystem. Variations in hydraulic flow which affect hydro electric capacity and available energy Maintenance scheduling of generating station
The basic generating unit characteristics (for existing and new units) include: Installed capacity Forced outage rate Maintenance requirements Heat rate Energy limitations (hydro and pump). The operating costs include: Fuel cost Fixed and Variable components of the operation and maintenance (O&M) cost.
Reliable grid connection for Reactor Cooling Reliable Grid? Voltage well controlled (+/- 5%) Frequency well controlled (+/- 1%) Reactor trip does not cause abnormal voltage or frequency Abnormal voltage or frequency is rare Loss of grid supply to NPP is rare System collapse/blackout very rare Reliable grid connection for Reactor Cooling
RENEWABLE ENERGY PENETERATION Wind Energy: Strategic Plan in the Electricity Sector in Egypt. in August 2009, authorities have approved the designation of state-owned land, located on the east and west of the Nile River for the implementation of wind farms, which are supposed to contribute 30 000 MW. wind energy production by NREA and multinational organisations, whereas two-thirds will be offered to the private sector by bid-procedure.
IV. Load following operation as per BIS European Utility Requirements (EUR) is used as a basis for the standard Number of Variations scheduled variations, each variation being defined as a transient from full power to minimum load and back to full power: 2 per day, 5 per week, cumulatively 200 per year. Emergency load variations Load change performance: 1 2 %PR/min for load following operation > 2 %PR/min in case of primary and secondary control power Range for load change: 100 40 %PR available
Constraints for flexible Operation Design load cycle numbers Cross border exchanges 37
CONTENTS Country overview Nuclear power development in Egypt Grid Requiremement Operational Performance in BIS Needs for Flexibility Challenges for newcomers
Market Reform Source: Market Design of Electricity Market - Training Course to EgyptERA Staff -, jan 2013
Needs for Flexibility upward and downward flexibility requirements Upward flexibility is provided by resources that are capable of responding to centralized automatic generation controls to increase output as needed to address balancing and load-following requirements. Conversely, downward flexibility involves resources capable of decreasing output
CONTENTS Country overview Nuclear power development in Egypt Grid Requiremement Operational Performance in BIS Needs for Flexibility Challenges for newcomers
Challenges for newcomers According 42 to the EU experience the share of nuclear generated electricity has to be high before load follow is adopted for nuclear power plants. Respecting the operational limits and conditions in all operating activities Maintaining and checking the availability and reliability of safety related equipment by periodic testing, preventive and corrective servicing (maintenance), re-qualification after repair. Nuclear Safety Need to maintain cooling Need electrical power available On-site emergency supplies have finite capacity & reliability Supplies from grid are important 42
Challenges for newcomers PWRs are the most widespread design in the world and are inherently able to load-follow Elimination of fuel failure FAs operate in load-follow modes Radiation dose on the staff Outage length /Stratching out cycle length International experience from operating nuclear units is that frequent operation in load following or automatic frequency control modes leads to poorer reliability of the nuclear plant, less efficient use of the nuclear fuel, increased maintenance requirements and possibly shorter plant life.(ng-t-3.8 Electric Grid Reliability and Interface with NPPs) NPPs have special safety requirements and need a reliable grid Flexible operation is possible, at extra cost and complexity.
شك ار لكم Thank you Vielen Dank