New Technologies and Opportunities for Solar Thermal Applications Gerhard Stryi-Hipp Group Leader Solar Thermal Systems Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Freiburg/Germany 3 rd Canadian German Conference & Trade Mission on Solar Energy Toronto, Canada, April 28 th, 21 Research and Test Activities of the Group Solar Thermal Collectors and Applications at Fraunhofer ISE R&D solar thermal collectors Improved efficiency New constructions and materials Air collectors Photovoltaic-Thermal-Collectors R&D solar thermal systems Stagnation ti problems Space heating with solar thermal systems R&D seawater desalination by membrane destillation Testing and Certification Collector tests according EN 1297 and SRCC System tests according EN 12976 Solar keymark tests 2 The reasons for Europe to use Solar Thermal Energy ENERGY SUPPLY IS NOT SECURE Energy import dependency is increasing We should leave oil before it leaves us Fatih Birol, chief economist IEA, 28 FOSSIL AND NUCLEAR ENERGY SOURCES ARE FINITE Growing demand and limited resources lead to exploding energy prices CLIMATE CHANGE REQUIRES ACTION Climate change is mainly caused by fossil energy consumption, we must reduce CO 2 - emissions worldwide Brent Crude Oil price increased from $ (Jan 27) to $147 (July 28) per barrel dropped to $4 (Feb 29) today at $8 (March 21) Source: www.oilnergy.com CO 2 -Concentration is growing continuously (IPCC 27) How can the Heating/Coolingsector become sustainable? Heating is responsible for 49% of the final energy consumption in Europe and 4% in Germany The full replacement of fossil and nuclear power can be realized by a mixture of Increased Efficiency Biomass Geothermal energy and Solar Thermal Energy Solar Thermal Energy has the biggest potential and must play an important role in the future energy mix! Energy Consumption Germany 27 Source: BMU, Daten EE, Juni 27 Source: Stiebel Eltron Source: Wagner & Co 3 4 Solar Thermal Energy: Underestimated Source of Power World Solar Thermal Markets 27 Remarks China: mostly vacuum tube thermosyphon systems USA: mostly unglazed plastic absorber Central Europe: mostly glazed forced circulated systems Source: IEA-SHC Solar Heat Worldwide, Edition 29, www.iea-shc.org Newly installed in 27: 27.9 Mio m² = 19.6 GWth Source: IEA-SHC, Solar Heat Worldwide Edition 29, www.iea-shc.org 6 1
European Solar Thermal Market 28 New installed glazed collectors in 28 4.76 Mio m² 3.3 GWth Source: ESTIF 7 Development of the German Solar Thermal Market Glazed collector market data 29 New installed: 1 1 MW = 1.6 Mio m² Total installed: 9 MW = 12.9 Mio m² Turn over: ca. $ 2 Bln No of Jobs: ca. 2 Share of Evacuated Tube Collectors: ca. 12% Annual growth 29: -2% Glazed air collectors 29 New installed: ca. 8 m 2 Share of air collectors: ca..% Annual growth 29: ca. 1% 1991 1992 1993 1994 199 1996 1997 1998 1999 21 22 23 24 2 26 27 28 29 Flat plate collectors Evacuated tube collectors Annual growth rate 18% 22 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Source: BSW-Solar/BDH, own calculations Annually installed coll ector area in 1 m German target for renewable heating and cooling: doubling the share until 22 % RES share in 3 2 2 1 1 4.8% 3% 1.1% 1998 22 24 26 28 22 3.% 7.4% year 1998 22 24 26 28 22 target 14% 3.1% 18% 9.% electricity heating & cooling final energy consumption Source: German Federal Ministry for Env vironment, March 28 Standard System for Domestic Hot Water Production Flat-plate or vacuum tube collector Solar station with controls and circulation pump Typical data for Germany (4-person household) Forced circulation -6m² collector area 3-4 l. solar storage tank Costs ~ 4,, incl. installation Water storage tank Cold water inlet Market share in Germany: ca. % Water boiler: oil, gas new: wood pellets rarely: elec. power Typical data for Southern Europe Thermosyphon system 2-4 m² collector area 8-1 l. storage tank Natural circulation 9 1 DHW system with flat-plate collectors (left) and vacuum tube collectors (right) in German single-family homes Typical Solar Thermal Combi System Solar station with controls and circulation pump Flat-plate or vacuum tube collector Combined solar thermal system for DHW and auxiliary room heating (typical for Austria, Germany, France) 8-1m² collector area -1, liters combined storage Dom. hot water storage Boiler Combi storage Costs ~ 1, 1, Forced circulation system Heating circuits Buffer storage Cold water inlet Market share in Germany: ca. % 11 12 2
New approach: Solar thermal technology platforms in Germany and Europe Left: combined solar thermal system for DHW and room heating support Right: PV system, combined with skylights Concept to accelerate technological developement Researcher Industry Politicians Solar thermal vision 23 Which role will solar thermal energy play in the year 23, which technologies will be used? R&D agenda Which R&D steps are necessary to let the vision become reality Realization Stimulation of new R&D programmes, political advice, lobbying,... 13 Solar Thermal Vision 23 of the Solar Thermal Technology Panel of the European Technology Platform on RHC New buildings 1% solar heated buildings will be the building standard Existing building stock Solar refurbished buildings, > % solar heated, will be the most cost effective way to refurbish the building stock Industrial and agricultural applications solar thermal systems will cover process heating and cooling demands District heating and cooling networks will be widely solar assisted Overall goal: % of the low temperature need up to 2 C will be provided by solar thermal The long term goal: % of the heat demand will be provided by solar thermal energy Share of solar thermal:.2% => % Total installed: 13 GWth => 24 GWth Main challanges Cost reduction Capacity building Innovations TWh 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 Heat demand in EU2 fossil/ nuclear -4% by efficiency other RES solar thermal 24 23-2 1 16 From DHW to 1% solar heated buildings Solar Domestic Hot Water Heating 1%-2% SDHWH + Space Heating Support 2%-3% Solar house + Mainly heated by solar SDHWH + Space Heating (support) % - - - - - - - - - - - 1% has to be increased step-by-step up to 1% % 1% 2% 3% 4% % 6% 7% 8% 9% 1% Share of solar thermal energy of the heat demand of a building 17 18 3
Concept of solar heated building Solar Thermal Collectors 3m² - 6m² Seasonal Heat Storage (Water) 6 1 m³ Solar Fraction (Solar share of the overall heat demand): 6% - 7% has to be increased step-by-step up to 1% 3. ST has to be introduced in new market segments like public buildings and the commercial sector 19 2 Large Solar Thermal Systems Multi family homes, hotels, hospitals, nursing homes etc. have a high share of the overall heat demand. Large solar thermal systems for that applications must to be well designed, especially regarding heat management. Housing Estate in Rostock 11 apartment blocks 1,3 m² roof surface 1, m² active collector surface Image: Solvis Image: Wagner & Co Source: Solvis 21 22 has to be increased step-by-step up to 1% 3. ST has to be introduced in new market segments like the commercial and industrial sector 4. New ST applications has to be developed like solar assisted cooling, district and process heating Source: Viessmann Promising Technology: Solar Assisted Cooling Solar thermal driven cooling machines Cooling demand and solar supply are fitting well There are already more than 4 pilot systems installed in Europe Small systems are under development Adsorption cooling machine Governmental Press Office Berlin IHK Freiburg Source: Fraunhofer ISE 23 24 4
Solar District Heating will play a big role in the future Semi-detached houses in Neckarsulm, Germany Solar disctrict heating, Marstal, Denmark 17, m² collector area Arcon 12, m³ seasonal storage, Friedrichshafen, Germany Solites Solites Solar Thermal Innovations in Europe of recent years Sputter process for absorber coating Anti-reflective glass New collector types (improved functionality/design) Stratified, seasonal, latent heat storage tanks Improved piping connecting collectors and storage tanks Improved control systems, high temperature heat transfer fluids, high efficiency solar pumps Solar cooling, high-temperature collectors Objectives Increased share of solar thermal energy Higher efficiency at lower costs Improved integration into the heating system and the building envelope 2 26 Conclusions Thank you very much for your attention The German solar thermal market developed well over the last years, but dropped down in 29 Longterm goal of the European ST industry: provide % of the heat demand with solar thermal energy German Solar thermal industry and R&D sector is working hard to accelerate technological development Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Gerhard Stryi-Hipp gerhard.stryi-hipp@ise.fraunhofer.de www.ise.fraunhofer.de 27