Are otters toxic? A trial in using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to measure contaminants in sea and river otter diet and feces

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1 Western Washington University Western CEDAR Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference 2018 Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference (Seattle, Wash.) Apr 5th, 2:30 PM - 2:45 PM Are otters toxic? A trial in using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to measure contaminants in sea and river otter diet and feces Amy Olsen Seattle Aquarium, United States, a.olsen@seattleaquarium.org Shawn Larson Seattle Aquarium, United States, s.larson@seattleaquarium.org Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Fresh Water Studies Commons, Marine Biology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Olsen, Amy and Larson, Shawn, "Are otters toxic? A trial in using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to measure contaminants in sea and river otter diet and feces" (2018). Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Events at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact westerncedar@wwu.edu.

2 Amy Olsen

3 PCBs PBDEs Glyphosate Organophosphorus Pyrethroids Commonly used synthetic chemical insecticide Chemically similar to pyrethrins, an insecticide derived from chrysanthemum flowers Toxic to aquatic organisms

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5 Why ELISAs? Current use for endocrine research Cost and time effective Relative trends rather than absolute values

6 Sustainably harvested, restaurant quality seafood River otters only

7 Clams: Butter Washington, Oregon, Vancouver, B.C., Vancouver Island, B.C Surf Maine, Cape Cod, New Jersey, Virginia Shrimp: Port St. Joe, Florida (farm-raised), Texas Mussels: Whidbey Island, WA, Coupeville, WA Fish: Capelin Canada (FAO 21), Pollock Alaska Herring: FAO 67 (Gulf of Alaska) Chicken Egg: Pike Place Market, WA Meatball: Canada

8 Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) Northern River Otter (Lontra Canadensis) Oven dried and extracted using matrix solid-phase dispersion method Indirect assessment of exposure (unassimilated portion of ingested prey)

9 Duplicate controls, standards and samples are loaded with a specific antibody The presence is detected by adding an enzyme substrate and chromogen The color intensity is inversely proportional to the concentration in the sample

10 PBDE Compound % React PBDE Congener PBDE Congener PBDE Congener PBDE Congener PBDE Congener methoxy-pbde methoxy-pbde OH-2,4,4 -PBDE OH-2,4,4 -PBDE OH-PBDE Triclosan 1.1 PCB Arochlor Pyrethroid Compound Permethrin 4.25 Cypermethrin 100 Lambda (λ) Cyhalothrin 89.5 Bifenthrin % B/Bo (ppb) Resmethrin 2,400 Cyfluthrin 3,400 Tetramethrin >10;000 3, PBA 1,700 Glyphosate Compound Glyphosate % B/Bo (ppb) Glyphosine 3000 Glufosinate 70,000 AMPA >1,000,000 Glycine >1,000,000 PCB Compound % React Aroclor Aroclor Aroclor Aroclor Aroclor Aroclor Aroclor Aroclor Aroclor

11 Averages at a glance: PCB (pg/gr dw) or ppb Glyphosate (pg/gr dw) or ppb Pyrethroids (pg/gr dw) or ppb PBDE (pg/gr dw) or ppb Boiled Chicken Egg* <0.03 Butter Clam Capelin* Herring* Meatball* Mussel Pollock* Shrimp* Surf Clam* *River otter diet items ng/gr dw or ppb Butter Clam Surf Clam* Shrimp* Mussel Herring* Capelin* Pollock* NARO Meatball* Boiled Chicken Egg PCB Glyphosate Pyrethroids PBDE

12 PCB Glyphosate Pyrethroids PBDE Averages at a glance: (pg/gr dw) or ppb (pg/gr dw) or ppb (pg/gr dw) or ppb (pg/gr dw) or ppb Female Sea Otter Feces (A) Female Sea Otter Feces (B) Female Sea Otter Feces (C) Male River Otters Feces ng/gr dw or ppb Sea otter A Sea otter B Sea otter C River Otters PCB higher Chlorinated Glyphosate River otters Eat 15-20% total body weight/day Metabolic rate 50% higher than similarly sized land mammal Sea otters Eat 25-30% total body weight/day Metabolic rate 25x higher than similarly sized land mammal Pyrethroids PBDE

13 PCB (pg/gr dw) or ppb Glyphosate (pg/gr dw) or ppb Pyrethroids (pg/gr dw) or ppb PBDE (pg/gr dw) or ppb Averages at a glance: Halibut Eggs 291 < <0.03 Halibut Liver Halibut Muscle Rockfish Liver < Rockfish Muscle 170 < < ng/gr dw or ppb Halibut eggs Rockfish Muscle Rockfish Liver Halibut Muscle Halibut Liver PCB Glyphosate Pyrethroids PBDE

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