The Household Economy Analysis (HEA) Indicators

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1 Famine Early Warning Systems Network The Household Economy Analysis (HEA) Indicators Standardized Food Security Indicators Refresher Training For Food Security Sector Partners Abuja, February 2017

2 Outline HEA Framework Overview HEA Indicators Overview HEA Indicators for CH analysis FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 1

3 HEA Framework Overview FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 2

4 HEA Framework Overview: Origins HEA was developed in the early 1990s by Save the Children-UK in order to improve the ability to predict short-term changes in access to food.

5 HEA Framework Overview: Origins HEA s inception was in response to a demand for an approach that could: Quantify the problem Allow for comparisons Provide reliable results for large populations Point to appropriate responses Be predictive

6 HEA Framework Overview: Origins Other agencies, such as F.E.G., FEWS NET, ACF and Oxfam, have since worked on the development of HEA, making it useful in a wide range of settings.

7 HEA Framework: Uses An understanding of livelihoods is at the heart of HEA leading to its application beyond emergency food needs Disaster Response Rehabilitation Early Warning & Scenario Analysis Development Planning Monitoring and Evaluation

8 HEA Framework Overview: Uses Where has HEA been used?

9 HEA Framework: Overview HEA is an analytical framework

10 HEA Framework: Overview The HEA Analytical Framework Defines the information that needs to be gathered Specifies the way in which it should be analysed Answers a particular set of questions linked to response

11 HEA Framework: Overview The HEA Analytical Framework Does not limit HOW field information is gathered Can be implemented using a number of different field methods, including both HH questionnaires and RRA

12 HEA Framework: Overview Elements of the Food Security Definition: Ensured Access to Sufficient Food for All People at All Times

13 HEA Framework: Overview The framework involves putting together two types of information: Livelihood Baseline Data (The context) + Monitoring Data (The changes) On-going Analysis of Current and Projected Situation and Intervention Needs (The outcome)

14 HEA Framework: Overview Hazard example: 50% crop failure Coping step example: 1 household member migrates for labour The baseline picture Effect on access to crops Final result other food aid other food aid crops other food aid crops purchase crops purchase purchase deficit migration deficit Outcome = Baseline + Hazard + Coping (a simple example)

15 HEA Framework: Overview A more detailed example. HEA starts with an understanding of how households normally live.

16 HEA Framework: Overview then it incorporates the impact of a shock.

17 HEA Framework: Overview and finally looks at how people might be able to cope. Livelihoods Protection Threshold Survival Threshold

18 HEA Framework Overview: Components In sum. BASELINE

19 HEA Framework Overview: Components In sum. BASELINE + HAZARD

20 HEA Framework Overview: Components In sum. BASELINE + HAZARD+ COPING...but some more animals can be sold

21 HEA Framework Overview: Components In sum. BASELINE + HAZARD + COPING= OUTCOME

22 HEA Framework Overview: Components In practice this process is broken into six steps BASELINE + HAZARD + COPING= OUTCOME

23 HEA Framework Overview: Components Step 1: BASELINE Livelihood Zoning What it does: Defines areas within which people share broadly the same patterns of livelihood Why it is necessary: Allows you to target geographically & to customize indicators for livelihoods monitoring systems

24 HEA Framework Overview: Components Step 2: 50 BASELINE Wealth Breakdown What it does: Groups people together using local definitions of wealth and quantifies their livelihood assets 40 % of households very poor poor m iddle better off Why it is necessary: Allows you to disaggregate the population and indicate who (and how many) need assistance

25 HEA Framework Overview: Components Step 3: BASELINE What it does: Quantifies sources of food and income, and expenditure patterns using common currency Why it is necessary: Enables comparisons across wealth groups, zones and countries & provides starting point for outcome analysis

26 HEA Framework Overview: Components Step 4: OUTCOME ANALYSIS Problem Specification Crop loss of 75% Local labor rates down 50% Food prices doubled Chicken prices down 50% Migratory labor increased 50% What it does: Translates a hazard into economic consequences at household level Why it is necessary: Allows you to mathematically link the shock to each relevant livelihood strategy

27 HEA Framework Overview: Components Step 5: OUTCOME ANALYSIS What it does: Assesses the ability of households to respond to the hazard Why it is necessary: Determines the amount of external assistance required & Highlights monitoring indicators for testing prediction

HEA Framework Overview: Components Step 6: OUTCOME ANALYSIS Predicted Outcome Livelihoods Protection Threshold Survival Threshold What it does: Predicts the outcome of the hazard in relation to

28 HEA Framework Overview: Components Step 6: OUTCOME ANALYSIS Predicted Outcome Livelihoods Protection Threshold Survival Threshold What it does: Predicts the outcome of the hazard in relation to livelihood protection and survival thresholds Why it is necessary: Allows you to determine whether people need external assistance in order to survive and/or to maintain their livelihood assets

29 What are the levels of enquiry? District Level Village Level Household Level

30 What interviews are done when? Level District Village Household Interview Zoning/Timeline Trader/Market (Form 1 & 2) Wealth Breakdown (Form 3) Household Representative (Form 4)

31 What output is expected at each level? Level District Village Household Interview Zoning/Timeline Trader/Market (Form 1 & 2) Wealth Breakdown (Form 3) Household Representative (Form 4) Goal Obtain clearance for field work Verify livelihood zone boundaries Select villages for field work Obtain timeline and reference data

32 What output is expected at each level? Level District Village Household Interview Zoning/Timeline Trader/Market (Form 1 & 2) Wealth Breakdown (Form 3) Household Representative (Form 4) Goal Obtain clearance for field work Verify livelihood zone boundaries Select villages for field work Obtain timeline and reference data Determine wealth group criteria Establish percentages for groups Arrange for hh rep interviews

33 What output is expected at each level? Level District Village Household Interview Zoning/Timeline Trader/Market (Form 1 & 2) Wealth Breakdown (Form 3) Household Representative (Form 4) Goal Obtain clearance for field work Verify livelihood zone boundaries Select villages for field work Obtain timeline and reference data Determine wealth group criteria Establish percentages for groups Arrange for hh rep interviews Determine and quantify food, cash and expenditure patterns Quantify expandability

34 What output is expected at each level? Level District Village Household Interview Zoning/Timeline Trader/Market (Form 1 & 2) Wealth Breakdown (Form 3) Household Representative (Form 4) Step in Framework Livelihood Zoning Wealth Breakdown Livelihood Strategies

35 HEA Indicators Overview FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 34

36 Adding food and cash together: calculation of Total Income Two sources of income food and cash Step 1: convert cash into its equivalent in food Step 2: Add cash to food income

37 What are the indicators? The Survival Threshold is the total income required to cover: 2100 kcals pppd Costs associated with food preparation and consumption (i.e. firewood, salt, soap, kerosene, basic lighting Expenditure on water for human consumption

38 The Survival Deficit What are the indicators? If households can not cover these costs, there is a Survival Deficit and an intervention to save lives should be launched

39 What are the indicators? The Livelihood Protection Threshold represents the total income required to sustain local livelihoods. This means, total expenditure to: Cover survival costs, plus Maintain access to basic services (routine medical, schooling, etc.) Maintain productive activities in the medium to longer term (agricultural inputs, vet drugs, etc.) Support a locally acceptable standard of living (e.g. sugar, tea, coffee, pepper, etc.)

40 What are the indicators? The Livelihood Protection Deficit If households can not cover these costs, an intervention to protect existing livelihood assets should be launched

41 Seasonal Analysis of deficits The seasonal analysis indicates the likely timing of deficits, which should help in planning the timing of interventions Seaonal analysis indicates that households will likely face deficits between June and September

42 HEA Indicators for CH Analysis FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 41

43 HEA Survival and Livelihood Protection Deficits For CH Analysis, HEA Survival Deficit (SD) and Livelihood Protection Deficit (LPD) are simultaneously used as direct Outcome Indicators for Food Consumption Phase Phase 1 Minimal Phase 2 Stress Phase 3 Crisis Phase 4 Emergency Phase 5 Famine Livelihood Protection Deficit (LPD) No LPD and No SD LPD and No SD LPD and SD : 1 20% LPD and SD : 20 50% LPD and SD : +50% Survival Deficit (SD) FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 42

44 HEA Survival and Livelihood Protection Deficits Examples Districts Survival Deficit (% Kcal) LP Deficit (% Kcal) Phase? District A 0% 0% Phase 1 District B 10% 13% Phase 3 District C 30% 17% Phase 4 District D 0% 8% Phase 2 FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 43

45 For More Information Amadou Diop FEWS NET RFSS-Livelihoods for West Africa Tel.: Dakar, Senegal FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 44

Interviewers Training on the mainstreaming of «households incomes» in the monitoring of urban vulnerability

PROGRAMME D APPUI A LA SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE ET NUTRITIONNELLE EN AFRIQUE DE L OUEST (PASANAO) Interviewers Training on the mainstreaming of «households incomes» in the monitoring of urban vulnerability