Agro-ecosystem: Complexity and biodiversity at various scales and its importance for the agricultural production system

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Berenice Oliver
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1 Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER Agroscope Agro-ecosystem: Complexity and biodiversity at various scales and its importance for the agricultural production system Felix Herzog Paris, I good food, healthy environment

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3 Joint Call T1: To what extent can biodiversity better support agro-ecosystems / agricultural production systems in terms of multifunctionality and outcomes in a global change context? T2: Which policies and governance systems can promote the emergence and support of agro-ecosystems / agricultural production systems benefiting from and beneficial to biodiversity and ecosystem services? 3

The big picture : Peak oil peak child Laherrère JH http://www.

4 The big picture : Peak oil peak child Laherrère JH Basten et al. 2013, Demogr.Res. 4

5 Produce more with less 48 mio. sqkm (1/3 of Global land area) + climate change 5 Source: FAO

6 Joint Call BASIL: Landscape-scale biodiversity and the balancing of provisioning, regulating and supporting ecosystem services Eco-serve: Sustainable provisioning of multiple ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes ECODEAL: Enhancing biodiversity-based ecosystem services to crops through optimized densities of green infrastructure in agricultural landscapes Ecofruit: Managing ecosystem services for fruit production in different European climates PromESSinG: Management concept for Central European vineyard ecosystems: Promoting ecosystem services in grapes STACCATO: SusTaining AgriCultural ChAnge Through ecological engineering and Optimal use of natural resources TALE: Towards multifunctional agricultural landscapes in Europe: Assessing and governing synergies between biodiversity and ecosystem services VineDivers: Biodiversity-based ecosystem services in vineyards: analysing interlinkages between plants, pollinators, soil biota and soil erosion across Europe CP³: Civil-Public-Private-Partnerships and collaborative governance approaches for policy innovation to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services delivery in agricultural landscapes BEEHOPE: Honeybee Conservation centres in Western Europe: an innovative strategy using sustainable beekeeping to reduce honeybee decline. 6

7 Ecolog. Econom

8 Agro-industrial approach Agro-ecological approach Adapt the environment to the crop Adapt the cropping system to the environment 8

9 What is agro-ecology? the effort to mimic ecological processes in agriculture Agronomy / Agricultural science Ecology 9 De Schutter & Vanloqueren (2011), Solutions 2, 33-44

10 Plot Farm Landscape 10

11 Plot level intensification: Efficient ressource capture

12 Plot level intensification: Agroforestry LER > 1 Relative tree yield Relative crop yield Cherry TA40 Cherry TA70 Walnut TA40 Walnut TA70 Walnut FA40 Walnut FA70 Cherry TG40 Cherry TG70 Cherry FG40 Cherry FG70 Walnut TG40 Walnut TG70 Walnut FG40 Walnut FG70 12 Sereke et al. (2014) Agron. Sust. Dev.

13 Flower strips for pest control Pests / Plant damage Natural enemies / Service providers 13

14 Significant reduction of cereal leaf beetles in wheat Oulema melanopus L.: Larvae feed on leaves of cereals Major cereal crop pest in Europe (spreading in N-America) 14 Tschumi et al. JAE (under rev.)

15 Plot Farm Landscape 15

16 Farming enterprise: Major decision making unit! 16

17 Farms are often spatially disaggregated Farm management units in Norway Fjellstad 17 17

18 Farms are often spatially disaggregated Olive farm in Spain G. Moreno 18

19 Gains to species diversity in organically farmed fields are not propagated at the farm level Field + SNH = Farm +10.5% ** -0.07% NS +4.6% NS 19 Schneider et al. (2014) Nature Comm.

20 Plot Farm Landscape 20

21 Landscape level Landscape context explains arthropod communities Wild bees, true bugs, carabid beetles, hoverflies and spiders Schweiger et al JAE; Herzog et al Europ. J. Agron.; Billeter et al JAE 21

22 Landscape fragmentation Landscape composition (habitat amount) Landscape configuration (connectedness) Usually not differentiated 22

23 Connected Cherry tree landscape experiment Isolated Adjacent a Isolation c i Landscape habitat amount (%) 23

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26 Isolation Habitat amount N of flower visits Fruit set (%) (50 m) 26 Schüepp et al Proc. Royal Soc. B

27 Zhang et al. Ecolog. Econom

28 Neglecting dis-services: «Major weakness of ES approach» (Lele et al. 2013) 28 Oerke 2006, J. Agric. Sc.

29 Neglecting dis-services: «Major weakness of ES approach» (Lele et al. 2013) ecosystem* AND service* REFs - 13 also «dis-service» ISI WoS crop* AND diseas* REFs crop* AND pest* REFs 29

30 biodiversa Collaborative research BASIL: Landscape-scale biodiversity and the balancing of provisioning, regulating and supporting ecosystem services Eco-serve: Sustainable provisioning of multiple ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes ECODEAL: Enhancing biodiversity-based ecosystem services to crops through optimized densities of green infrastructure in agricultural landscapes Ecofruit: Managing ecosystem services for fruit production in different European climates PromESSinG: Management concept for Central European vineyard ecosystems: Promoting ecosystem services in grapes STACCATO: SusTaining AgriCultural ChAnge Through ecological engineering and Optimal use of natural resources TALE: Towards multifunctional agricultural landscapes in Europe: Assessing and governing synergies between biodiversity and ecosystem services VineDivers: Biodiversity-based ecosystem services in vineyards: analysing interlinkages between plants, pollinators, soil biota and soil erosion across Europe CP³: Civil-Public-Private-Partnerships and collaborative governance approaches for policy innovation to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services delivery in agricultural landscapes BEEHOPE: Honeybee Conservation centres in Western Europe: an innovative strategy using sustainable beekeeping to reduce honeybee decline. 30

31 biodiversa Collaborative research Interdisciplinary and International Transaction costs but added value! 31

32 Thank you for your attention Agroscope good food, healthy environment 32

Farming and wildlife: scaling, sparing, sharing. Tim Benton

Farming and wildlife: scaling, sparing, sharing Tim Benton t.g.benton@leeds.ac.uk Human Population growth 6.855 bn, July 2010 ~9.15 bn by 2050 +35% Human Population Size: UNPD 2008 11000000 10000000 9000000