A SURVEY OF PESTICIDE USE ON PEANUTS IN NORTH CAROLINA. Data Report. Submitted to the

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1 A SURVEY OF PESTICIDE USE ON PEANUTS IN NORTH CAROLINA Data Report Submitted to the National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program Extension Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture on May 0, 203 Prepared by Dr. Doris Sande. Impact Evaluation Specialist Southern Integrated Pest management Center (SIPMC) North Carolina State University Contributors David Jordan Department of Crop Science North Carolina State University Rick L. Brandenburg Department of Entomology North Carolina State University Barbara Shew Department of Plant Pathology North Carolina State University

2 Acknowledgments The following county extension directors and agents are acknowledged for their valuable participation in the mail survey of peanut growers: Lewis Smith (Perquimans County), Paul Smith, (Gates County), Richard Rhodes, (Bertie county), Roy Thagard, (Greene County), Al Cochran, (Martin County), Mike Carroll, (Craven county), Walter Earle (Wilson County), Art Bradley, (Edgecombe County). The use of trade names of pesticides in this report does not imply endorsement of these products by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service nor discrimination against similar products not mentioned. ii

3 Table of Contents Introduction Survey of Peanut Growers Survey Method Survey Results Summary Literature Cited Appendix A: Peanut Growers Survey Questionnaire Appendix B: Peanut Growers Survey Data Appendix C: Trade and Common Names of Pesticides iii

4 Introduction Pesticides are essential to modem crop production and it is important that those pesticide chemicals necessary for effective crop production continue to be available to the grower. In 976, the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) established the National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (NAPlAP) for the purpose of providing 'the most objective and accurate data available for defining and evaluating benefits and risks of selected pesticides having critical agricultural and forestry uses." Information on the uses and benefits of specific pesticide active ingredients is furnished by Extension specialists and Experiment Station researchers in the various states to the NAPlAP. Amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act in 988 accelerated the reregistration of older pesticide active ingredients by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, which increased the demand for data on the benefits and uses of pesticides. Surveys of growers are required to collect detailed information on actual pesticide use on economically important agricultural commodities to help state Extension specialists and researchers provide information on the uses and benefits of pesticides and their alternatives more timely and accurately. Surveys are also needed to quantify the implementation of IPM on agricultural crops. Finally, survey data supports other federal and state initiatives such as sustainable agriculture, food safety, and minor crop registration and water quality. Since the initiation of the National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (NAPIAP), data on the uses and benefits of numerous pesticide active ingredients in North Carolina have been assembled and submitted to NAPlAP Pesticide Assessment Teams. In anticipation of further data requests from Assessment Teams, a series of surveys of North Carolina producers was initiated by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service in 989 to determine pesticide use patterns on economically important crops in the state. Pesticide use surveys have been conducted for the 988 peanut crop, 989 flue cured tobacco and potato crops, 990 apple and cucumber crops, 99 sweet potato crop, 992 cotton crop, 993 tomato and poultry crops, 994 potato and Christmas tree crops, 995 peanut crop and 996 sweet potato crop (Bailey et al. 99, 993; Toth 99, 992, , 996a, 996b, 997a, 997b; Toth et al. 993, 994a, 994b. 996a, 996b). Results from the surveys are maintained in a database in order to help Extension specialists and researchers answer Assessment Team requests for information on the uses and benefits of pesticides and their alternatives more timely and accurately. Because pesticide use data collected from grower surveys must be updated periodically to accurately assess pesticide benefits to agriculture, the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service is repeating those grower surveys conducted five or more years ago. Comprehensive data on pesticide use and benefits to peanut producers in North Carolina were needed due to the economic importance of peanut production to the state. Total peanut production in North Carolina in 20 was 292 million pounds, representing approximately 8% of the U. S. production (USDA NASS 202). North Carolina is ranked fourth among the states in peanut production. Peanuts produced in the state in 20 were valued at approximately $97 million. A survey of peanut producers in 0 North Carolina counties was conducted by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service in 989 and 996 to determine pesticide use on the 988 and 995 crop, respectively. This surveys provided extremely useful pesticide use and benefit data; however, these data are more than ten years old and needed

5 updating to reflect changes in peanut pest management in the state since 995. Current data on pest management on peanuts was also needed to quantify the implementation of IPM by North Carolina peanut growers since 995. The purpose of this project was to acquire data on pesticide use and benefits in peanut production in North Carolina in 20. Objectives of the project were the following:. To collect data from peanut producers on their use of herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, and fungicides in North Carolina during 20. Data collected from the producers responding to the survey will include the acres treated and number of applications per acre of each pesticide reported. 2. To gather information from North Carolina peanut producers on their use of non chemical methods of pest control in To obtain general information from producers on peanut production in North Carolina in 20. Information collected will include the acres produced and the average yield per acre. 4. To provide the National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program with information from Objectives 3 for inclusion in a national database for pesticide assessments. 5. To use information from Objectives 3 to help specialists and researchers respond to Assessment Team requests for pesticide use/benefit data from North Carolina. 6. To make information from Objectives 3 available to Extension specialists and county agents to assist in evaluating the success of current Extension programs relating to integrated pest management by North Carolina peanut producers and in planning future programs involving this clientele. 7. To prepare Extension and/or research publications containing information generated from the present and past surveys of pesticide use by North Carolina producers and distribute these publications to interested persons, agricultural groups, and government agencies. 2

6 Survey of Peanut Growers Survey Method On September 20, 995, a committee composed of Gene Sullivan, Dudley Lameck, Mike Linker and Alan York of the Crop Science Department, Jack Bailey of the Plant Pathology Department, and Rick Brandenburg and Steve Toth of the Entomology Department at North Carolina State University met in Raleigh, North Carolina to design a mail survey of North Carolina peanut producers. The committee discussed the design and scope of the survey at this meeting. The survey design selected is described in Dillman (978), Christenson (975), and Salant and Dillman (994). Based on this original survey, updates have been made to account for changes in peanut production practices since 995. Fig.. Counties included in the mail survey of peanut growers in North Carolina, 20. The survey was distributed by county agents to all peanut growing counties in North Carolina. These counties include: Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen, Chowan, Columbus, Cumberland, Duplin, Edgecombe, Gates, Halifax, Harnett, Hertford, Jones, Martin, Nash, Northampton, Onslow, Pender, Perquimans, Pitt, Sampson, Scotland, Washington, Wayne and Wilson. Responses were received from growers in the following 2 counties; Beaufort, Bertie, Craven, Edgecombe, Gates, Greene, Jones, Martin, Perquimans, Pitt, Wayne and Wilson. Approximately 00 peanut growers were selected randomly from the county mailing lists for participation in the survey. County agents reviewed the mailing lists for accuracy and eliminated those names on the lists which are not active peanut growers. A total of 00 peanut growers in the aforementioned 2 North Carolina counties were contacted by mail a maximum of three times in March and April of 202. On March 9, a cover letter signed by the county Extension agent, a questionnaire, and a stamped, self addressed return envelope was mailed from the county Extension center to each peanut grower. The 7 page questionnaire requested information regarding the chemical and nonchemical pest management practices used by growers in 20 (Appendix A, pg. ). On March 26, a postcard from the county Extension agent was mailed to each grower as a reminder to complete and 3

7 return the questionnaire sent previously. Finally, on April 9, another letter, questionnaire and stamped, self addressed return envelope was mailed from the county Extension agent to those growers not responding to previous mailings. Information contained on survey questionnaires returned by peanut growers was entered into a computer database and analyzed in the Department of Crop Science at North Carolina State University. Peanut Production. Survey Results A total of 27 (27.0%) peanut growers responded to the survey (Appendix B; page 24). These respondents planted 6827 acres of peanuts in 20 (Appendix B; page 25). Peanut growers responding to the survey harvested 6806 acres of peanuts (Appendix B; page 27). By comparison, 8,000 acres of peanuts were harvested in North Carolina in 20 (USDA NASS). The statewide average yield of peanuts in 20 was 3,600 pounds per acre. The respondents average yield in 20 was (Appendix B; page 28). Pesticide Use. All of the peanut growers responding to the survey used herbicides to manage grasses and broadleaf weeds in their peanuts in 20 (Appendix B; page 29). Morning glory, palmer amaranth, sickle pod, lambs quarters, crabgrass, pigweed ragweed, cocklebur, Bermuda grass, nutsedge, fall panicum, and broadleaf were the most common grasses for which herbicides were applied by survey respondents (Appendix B; page 30). Herbicides applied before planting, at the cracking stage, and between emergence and harvest, for the peanut crop in 20 are reported in Appendix B (pages 3 32). Ninetysix percent of survey respondents used insecticides to manage insects and/or spider mites. The insects and mites for which insecticides and miticides were used on peanuts in 20 were thrips, corn earworms, southern corn rootworms, and fall armyworms (Appendix B; page 33). Insecticides applied by survey respondents during planting to manage insects (i.e. thrips, leafhoppers, aphids and wireworms) are reported in Appendix B (page 33). Appendix B (pages 34 35) also includes those insecticides and miticides used by respondents to manage early season (i.e., thrips and leafhoppers), mid season insects (i.e., southern corn rootworms) and late season insects and/or mites (i.e., corn earworms, fall armyworms and spider mites) on peanuts in 20. Fumigants and/or nematicides were used by 46% of peanut growers to manage nematodes in their peanut crops in 20 (Appendix B; page 35). Fumigants applied by survey respondents prior to planting and nematicides applied at planting to manage nematodes are reported in Appendix B (pages 36). Ninety six percent of peanut growers used fungicides and/or fumigants to manage diseases in their peanut crops in 20 (Appendix 8; page 36). The primary diseases for which fungicides were used in peanut fields in 20 were peanut leaf spot, stem rot (white mold), CBR (black root rot), Rhizoctonia limb rot and Sclerotinia blight (Appendix B; page 37). Fungicides used by survey respondents to manage peanut leaf spot, CBR, and stem rot, Sclerotinia blight or Rhizoctonia limb rot are included in Appendix B (pages 37 39). 4

8 Integrated Pest Management Practices. Peanut growers were asked on the survey questionnaire if they practiced integrated pest management (IPM) in growing peanuts. Seventy eight percent of the growers responding to the question indicated they did use IPM, while 22% reported that they did not (Appendix B; page 40). Approximately 78% of growers considered IPM to be a good pest management practice, while 22% thought IPM was too risky for managing peanut pests (Appendix B; page 4). The primary sources of peanut pest management information for peanut growers were the Cooperative Extension Service (96%), Extension handbook (78%), pesticide dealers (67% of survey respondents), consultants (67%) and others (Appendix B; page 44). 96 percent of the peanut growers responded that they rotated the fields on which they planted peanuts as a means of pest management (Appendix B; page 4). Cotton and corn were the predominant crops they rotated with peanuts (Appendix B; page 4). 33% of survey respondents cultivated their fields, of which 78% cultivated once, % cultivated twice and four times to manage weeds (Appendix B; pages 43). All peanut growers tested their soil for fertility, while only 5% had leaf tissue analyzed for nutrient levels (Appendix B; page 42). Approximately 22% of peanut growers took a soil sample for nematode analysis (Appendix B; page 44). When asked to report how often they use the peanut leaf spot advisory to time fungicide applications, 4% of the survey respondents indicated they used the advisory all of the time, % most of the time, 37% some of the time, and 26% never used the advisory (Appendix B; page 38). Seven percent indicated that they were not aware of the advisory. Grower Information. The peanut growers responding to the survey indicated that they have been growing peanuts an average of 22.7 years. About 93% of the survey respondents were full time growers, while 7% were part time growers (Appendix B; page 46). The lowest level of formal education was 2th grade or less for % of growers, while approximately 48% graduated high school (Appendix B; page 47). Twenty six percent of growers attended two year colleges, and 5% attended four year colleges. Summary A mail survey of peanut growers was conducted to determine pesticide use on peanuts in 20 in North Carolina. Pesticide use data collected from the grower survey are presented in this report. The data will serve to fill gaps in a national data base maintained by the U. S. Department of Agriculture's National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program to enhance the pesticide assessment process. Extension specialists and researchers in North Carolina can use the information in responses to data requests from NAPlAP Pesticide Assessment Teams. Extension recommendations for pesticide use in peanut production in North Carolina can be found in Lumpkins (998). 5

9 Literature Cited Bailey, J. E., H. D. Tilmon, S. J. Toth, Jr., and P. M. Phipps. 99. Computer assisted evaluation of the economic impact of cancellation of pesticide registrations. Plant Disease 75: Bailey, J. E., G. L. Johnson, and S. J. Toth, Jr Evolution of a weather based peanut leaf spot spray advisory in North Carolina. Plant Disease 78: Christenson, J. A A procedure for conducting mail surveys with the general public. J. Community Development Society 6(): Dillman, D. A Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 325 pp. Lumpkins, D. B., ed North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University. Raleigh. 454 pp. Meadows, B. C., ed North Carolina Agricultural Statistics 996. Report Number 85. North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Raleigh. 32 pp. Salant, P. and D. A. Dillman How to Conduct Your Own Survey. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 232 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr. 99. A Survey of Pesticide Use on Apples, Cucumbers and Peanuts in North Carolina. Data Report to the USDA NAPlAP. June 99. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 256 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr A Survey of Pesticide Use on Sweet potatoes and Irish Potatoes in North Carolina. Data Report to the USDA NAPlAP. July 992. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 36 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr A Survey of Pesticide Use on Cotton in North Carolina. Data Report to the USDA NAPIAP. October 993. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 48 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr A Survey of Pesticide Use on Poultry and Tomatoes in North Carolina Part I. Tomatoes. Data Report to the USDA NAPIAP. March 995. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 42 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr. 996a. A Survey of Pesticide Use on Poultry and Tomatoes in North Carolina. Part II. Poultry. Data Report to the USDA NAPIAP. June 996. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 54 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr. 996b. A Survey of Pesticide Use on Potatoes and Christmas Trees in North Carolina. Part I. Potatoes. Data Report to the USDA NAPIAP. June 996. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 42 pp. 6

10 Toth, S. J., Jr. 997a. A Survey of Pesticide Use on Potatoes and Christmas Trees in North Carolina. Part II. Christmas Trees. Data Report to the USDA NAPIAP. June 997. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 02 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr. 997b. A Survey of Pesticide Use on Sweet potatoes in North Carolina. Data Report to the Southern Region Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. December 997. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 92 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr A Survey of Pesticide Use on Peanuts in North Carolina. Data Report to the USDA NAPIAP. March 998. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 52 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr., H. E. Duncan, D. W. Monks, K. A. Sorensen, and L. G. Wilson Potato Pest Management 989: A Survey of Pesticide Use and Other Pest Management Practices by North Carolina Potato Producers. AG 497. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 20 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr., J. E. Bailey, R. L. Brandenburg, G. A. Sullivan, A. C. York, and H. M. Linker. 994a. Peanut Pest Management 988: A Survey of Pesticide Use by North Carolina Peanut Producers. AG 498. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 20 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr., C. W. Averre, D. W. Monks, J. R. Schultheis, and K. A. Sorensen. 994b. Cucumber Pest Management 990: A Survey of Pesticide Use and Other Pest Management Practices by North Carolina Cucumber Producers. AG 499. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 20 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr., M. L. Parker, W. A. Skroch, T. B. Sutton, and J. F. Walgenbach. 996a. Apple Pest Management 990: A Survey of Pesticide Use and Other Pest Management Practices by North Carolina Apple Growers. AG 544. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 20 pp. Toth, S. J., Jr., C. W. Averre, D. W. Monks, J. R. Schultheis, and K. A. Sorensen. 996b. Sweet potato Pest Management 99: A Survey of Pesticide Use and Other Pest Management Practices by North Carolina Sweetpotato Producers. AG 547. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh. 20 pp. USDA NASS: Agricultural prices USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service: Crop Values 202 Summary (February 203) USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service: Crop Production 20 Summary (January 202) 7

11 Appendix A Peanut Growers Survey Questionnaire PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES USED ON THE 20 PEANUT CROP: A SURVEY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRODUCERS This survey is one of a series conducted by the Cooperative Extension Service to determine pest management practices used on agricultural crops in North Carolina. The information collected will help us document the benefits of pesticides and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to crop production in North Carolina. This is necessary to assure the continued availability of those pesticides important to producers. Please answer all of the questions. If you wish to comment on any questions or qualify your answers, feel free to use the space in the margins. Your comments will be read and taken into account. Thank you for your help. GENERAL INFORMATION Q Did you grow peanuts in 20? (Circle one). YES 2. NO Please continue Please return the questionnaire in stamped envelope Q 2 In which county did you grow peanuts in 20? (If more than one, list the county in which you grow the majority of your peanuts) County Q 3 How many acres of peanuts did you grow in 20? Q 4 What varieties of peanuts did you plant in 20? Please list the number of acres of each variety planted Code by variety so you list acres for each respondent for each variety Variety Bailey () Brantley CHAMPS Gregory NC V Perry Phillips Sugg VA98R (9) Others (list) Acres Planted 8

12 Q 5 How many acres of your 20 peanut crop were irrigated? Please list the number of acres of peanuts irrigated acres irrigated number of times irrigated Q 6 How many acres of peanuts did you grow with the following tillage practices in 20? Please list the number of acres of each Tillage Practice Disk chisel Moldboard plow Field Cultivate Rip and Bed in spring Rip and Bed or Bed in fall Bed in spring Strip till No till Acres Q 7 Did you plant a cover crop in fall 200 in your fields planted to peanuts in 20? Please list the cover crop. Cover crop Q 8 How many acres of peanuts did you harvest in 20? Please list the number of acres of peanuts harvested acres harvested Q 9 What was your average yield of peanuts in both 200 and 20? Please list the average pounds of peanuts produced per acre. _ pounds per acre in 200 _ pounds per acre in 200 Q 0 In addition to peanuts, what crops did you plant in 20? Please list the crops and the number of acres planted. Crop Acres Planted 9

13 Q Did you use any pesticides to manage weeds, insects, mites, nematodes and diseases in your 20 peanut crop?. YES 2. NO Please continue Please skip to question 39 HERBICIDE USE Q 2 Did you use any herbicides to manage grasses and broadleaf weeds in your 20 peanut crop? (Circle one).. YES 2. NO Please continue Please skip to question 8 Q 3 For which of the following grasses and broadleaf weeds did you use herbicides in your peanut fields? (Check all that apply) Bermudagrass Broadleaf signalgrass Crabgrass Fall panicum Foxtails Goosegrass Johnsongrass Nutsedge Texas panicum Cocklebur Palmer amaranth Florida beggarweed Jimsonweed Lambsquarters Morningglory Pigweed (not palmer amaranth) Prickly sida Ragweed Sicklepod Spurred anoda Velvetleaf Others (list) Q 4 Which of the following herbicides were applied as a pre plant burn down or pre plant incorporated treatment? Please list the number of acres treated with each herbicide used (if none were used, write none) Herbicide Dual or Dual Magnum Glyphosate Intrro Outlook Paraquat Prowl Pursuit Sonalan Strongarm Valor SX Acres Treated 0

14 2.4 D Others (list): Q 5 Which of the following herbicides were applied as a pre plant burn down or pre plant incorporated treatment? Please list the number of acres treated with each herbicide used (if none were used, write none) Herbicide Dual or Dual Magnum Intrro Outlook Pursuit Strongarm Valor SX Others (list): Acres Treated Q 6 Which of the following herbicides were applied at crackling stage? Please list the number of acres treated with each herbicide used (if none were used, write none). Herbicide Basagran Dual or Dual Magnum Outlook Intrro Paraquat Pursuit Strongarm Others Acres Treated Q 7 Which of the following herbicides were applied between emergence and harvest of your peanuts? Please list the number of acres treated and the number of applications of each herbicide used (if none were used, write none) Herbicide Acres Treated # of Applications Basagran Cadre Classic

15 Clethodim Dual or Dual Magnum Intrro Paraquat Poast Pursuit Storm Ultra Blazer 2.4 DB Others INSECTICIDE AND MITICIDE USE Q 8 Do you use any insecticides to manage insects or mites in your peanut crop in 20? (Circle one). YES 2. NO Please continue Please skip to question 24 Q 9 For which of the following insects and mites did you use insecticides in your peanut fields? (Check all that apply). Aphids Corn earworms Fall armyworms Leafhoppers S. corn rootworms Spider mites Thrips Wireworms Others Q 20 Which of the following insecticides were applied during the planting in the seed furrow of your peanut crop to manage insects (i.e. thrips, leafhoppers, aphids, wireworms)? Please list the number of acres treated with each herbicide used (if none were used, write none). Insecticide Di Syston Orthene or Acephate Temik (applied in furrow) Thimet or Phorate Others (list): Acres Treated 2

16 Q 2 Which of the following insecticides were applied to your peanut crop to manage early season insects (i.e. thrips, leafhoppers)? Please list the number of acres treated and the number of applications of each insecticide used (if none were used, write none). Insecticide Acres Treated # of Applications Baythroid XL Asana XL Karate 2 Lannate Malathion Orthene or Acephate Sevin Others Q 22 Which of the following insecticides were applied at mid season to manage southern corn rootworms? Please list the number of acres treated with each herbicide used (if none were used, write none). Insecticide Lorsban Mocap Thimet Others (list): Acres Treated Q 23 Which of the following insecticides were applied to your peanut crop for late season management of insects and /or mites (i.e. corn earworms, fall armyworms, spider mites)? Please list the number of acres treated and the number of applications of each insecticide used (if none were used, write none) Insecticide Acres Treated # of Applications Asana XL Bythroid Comate Diazinon Karate Z Lannate Lorsban Omite 3

17 Orthene Sevin Steward Others NEMATICIDE USE Q 24 Did you use any fumigants or nematicides to manage nematodes in your 200 peanut crop? (Circle one).. YES 2. NO Please continue Please skip to question 27 Q 25 Which of the following fumigants were applied prior to planting to manage nematodes in your peanut crop? Please list the number of acres treated with each fumigant (if none were used, write none). Fumigant Busan Metam Telone C 7 Telone II UCB Vapam Others (list): Acres Treated Q 26 Which of the following nematicides were applied at planting to manage nematodes in your peanut crop? Please list the number of acres treated with each nematicide. (If none were used, write none) Nematicide Nemacur Temik Temik (applied in furrow) Others (list): Acres Treated 4

18 FUNGICIDE USE Q 27 Did you use any fungicides or fumigants to manage diseases in your 200 peanut crop? (Circle one). YES 2. NO Please continue Please skip to question 35 Q 28 For which of the following diseases did you use fungicides or fumigants in your peanut fields? (Check all that apply). CBR (black root rot) Peanut leaf spot Sclerotinia blight Stem tort Rhizoctonia limb rot Others (list below) Q 29 Did you apply fungicide in the seed furrow at planting Fungicide Proline Others (list): Acres Treated Q 30 Which of the following fungicides were applied to manage peanut leaf spot? Please list the acres treated and the number of applications of each fungicide used. (If none used, write NONE) Fungicide Acres Treated # of Applications Benlate Chlorothanlonil (various) Copper Dithane Convoy Endura Erito Headline Provost Stratego Q 3 How often do you use the leaf spot advisory (forecast) to time your fungicide applications for peanut leaf spot? (Check one) 5

19 ALL OF THE TIME MOST OF THE TIME SOME OF THE TIME NEVER LEAFSPOT ADVISORY NOT AVAILABLE NOT AWARE OF THE LEAFSPOT ADVISORY Q 32 How often do you use the Sclerotinia blight advisory (forecast) to time your fungicide applications for Sclerotinia blight? (Check one) ALL OF THE TIME MOST OF THE TIME SOME OF THE TIME NEVER SCLEROTINA BLIGHT ADVISORY NOT AVAILABLE NOT AWARE OF THE SCLEROTINA BLIGHT ADVISORY Q 33 Which of the following fumigants were applied to control CBR (black root rot)? Please list the # of acres treated with each fumigant used. (If none used, write NONE) Fumigant Busan Metam Vapam Others (list): Acres Treated Q 34 Which of the following fungicides were applied to manage stem rot, sclerotinia blight or rhizoctonia limb rot? Please list the # of acres treated and the number of applications of each fungicide used. (If none used, write NONE) Fungicide Acres Treated # of Applications Artisan Endura Headline Lorsban Omega 500 Proline Provost Tebuconazole (Folicur and various brands) Terrachlor (PCNB) Others 6

20 Q 35 Which of the following growth regulators or growth stimulators were applied to your peanuts in 20? Growth regulator Acres Treated # of applications Apogee Others (list): Q 36 Which of the following fertilizers were applied to your peanuts in 200? Fertilizer Acres Treated # of Applications Boron Calcium sulfate (gypsum or landplaster) Manganese Preplant fertilizer Others (list): Q 37 Which of the following inoculants did you apply to promote nitrogen fixation? Inoculant Acres Treated # of Applications In furrow liquid In furrow granular Applied in hopper with seed Others (list): Q 38 Did you apply more than one agrochemical (adjuvants, micronutrients, growth stimulants or regulators, pesticides) at the same time? Please provide the number of applications you made with the following number of agrochemicals placed in the tank at one time. applications Did all agrochemicals Agrochemicals in tank during season perform as expected (Yes or No) 2 7

21 or more INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Integrated pest management (IPM) involves scouting, planting resistant crop varieties, using disease and insect forecasts, analyzing soil for nematodes, mechanical weeding, and using thresholds to determine when to apply pesticides. Q 39 Did you practice Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in growing peanuts in 20? (Circle one). YES 2. NO Q 40 Do you consider IPM to be a good pest management practice or too risky for managing peanut pests? (Check one.) IPM is a good pest control practice IPM is too risky Q 4 Do you rotate the field(s) that you plant peanuts on each year? (Circle one.) YES 2 NO If yes, please list below the crops that you rotate with peanuts. Q 42 How many years separated peanut plantings? Please list as many different rotations as possible. Code by years between plantings and by acres Years between peanut Acres Q 43 Which of the following practices do you use to manage soil fertility in your peanut fields in 20? (Check all that apply) Soil samples were collected and analyzed to establish and maintain required levels of fertility and ph Analyzed leaf tissue to determine nutrient requirements 8

22 Applied fertilizer based on results of soil and/or leaf tissue analysis Q 44 Which of the following practices regarding pesticide selection and application did you use in growing your peanuts in 20 (Check all that apply.) chose pesticides less damaging to beneficial Insects Alternatively used different types of pesticides to lessen the development of resistance by pests Calibrated pesticide application equipment before use Used the lowest pesticide application rates needed to manage pests Applied pesticides as they were needed rather than routine spraying Kept records on the pesticides used, application rates and number of applications Trained workers in the proper handling and application of pesticides Q 45 Which of the following weed management practices did you use in growing your peanuts in 20? (Check all that apply.) Scouted your fields in the fall for weeds likely to be a problem for peanuts Scouted peanuts during the growing season to detect problem weeds Removed weeds and brush around peanut fields in the fall and spring (weeds are wild hosts for spider mites) Q 46 Did you cultivate your peanut fields for weed control in 20 (Circle one.) YES 2 NO If yes, how many times did you cultivate your peanut fields before and after planting in 20? Acres Times Q 47 Which of the following insect and mite management practices did you use in growing your peanuts in 20? (Check all that apply.) Peanut fields were scouted for leafhopper Infestation Peanut fields were scouted for thrips damage Peanut fields were scouted for corn earworms Peanut fields were scouted for spider mites Used southern corn rootworm advisory Used lesser tomato spotted wilt advisory Kept records of scouting information collected Used action threshold levels for insect or mite pests for deciding if and when to apply insecticides and miticides 9

23 Q 48 Which of the following nematode and disease management practices did you use in growing your peanuts in 20? (Check all that apply.) Took soil sample for nematode analysis Monitored leaf spot in fields beginning mid season Used Sclerotinia advisory to monitor conditions favorable for the development of Sclerotinia Monitored peanut crop for soil borne diseases such as black root rot, southern stem rot and Sclerotinia Q 49 Did you use pod mesocarp color (pod basting technique) to determine pod maturity and decide when to dig peanuts? If so, how many acres? NO YES Acres Q 50 Did you dig peanuts earlier than optimal maturity because of disease? If so, how many acres? NO YES Acres Q 5 From which of the following sources did you obtain information on peanut pest management in 20? (check all that apply). Another grower Consultant Cooperative Extension service Pesticide company representative Pesticide Dealer Plant disease / Insect clinic Extension Peanut Production handbook Farm magazine or newsletter NC Agricultural Chemicals Manual Newspaper, radio or television NC State peanut website Other source (specify) Q 52 Would you like to receive more information on Integrated Pest management? YES 2 NO If yes, which of the following methods do you prefer receiving IPM information? (Check all that apply.) Group Methods (e.g., farm demonstrations, field trips, scouting schools, IPM seminars, and crop production meetings) Printed Materials 20

24 (e.g., Extension bulletins, peanut production handbook, N. C. Agricultural Chemical Manual, newsletters, etc.) Direct Contact by County Agent, Consultant, Other (e.g., visit, telephone, fax, e mail etc.) Computer Network Q 53 How many years have you been growing peanut plantings? Please indicate the number of years you have been growing peanuts. NUMBER OF YEARS GROWING PEANUTS Q 54 Are you a full time or part time grower (Do you have a business outside of your farming operation)? (Check one) FULL TIME PART TIME Q 55 Did you own or rent the farm (s) on which you grew peanuts in 200? (Check all that apply). Acres OWNED FARM OWNED FARM Q 56 If you owned the farm(s) on which you grew peanuts, what was the type of ownership? (Check all that apply). YOURSELF OR FAMILY PARTNERSHIP CORPORATION OTHER (specify) Q 57 What is your highest level of formal education? (Check one). 2th grade or less High school graduate College (2yrs) College (4yrs) Masters Ph.D. degree 2

25 Is there anything else you would like to tell us about peanut production and the management of pests on peanuts? If so, please use the space below for that purpose. Your contribution to this survey is greatly appreciated. Please return the questionnaire in the stamped envelope provided. Published by North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 94. Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating. Funding for this project was provided by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No , "Management of the Southern IPM Center 20 22

26 Appendix B Peanut Growers Survey Data 23

27 Response of Peanut Growers to Survey Table B: Survey that Grew Peanuts Q Grow peanuts? respondents No 0 0 Yes The total number of respondents to the survey = 27 Table B2: Peanut Survey by County of Residence Q2 County No. planting peanuts Percent of Beaufort/Craven 3.7 Bertie Edgecomb 3.7 Gates Greene Jones 3.7 Martin 3. Perquimons Pitt Craven, Pitt, Beaufort 3.7 Wayne Wilson Total The total number of respondents to the survey = 27 24

28 Table B3: Acres of Peanuts Planted by Survey, By County Q3 County Acres Planted Percent of Planted Acres Average Acres by Respondent Beaufort/Craven Bertie Edgecomb Gates Greene Jones Martin perquimons Pitt Craven, Pitt, Beaufor Wayne Wilson Total Table B4: Acres of Peanuts Planted by Survey, By Variety Q4 Peanut Variety Number Planting Variety Acres of Variety Planted Acreage Planted by Bailey CHAMPS Gregory NC_V Perry Phillips Sugg VA98R 00.5 Florida_ GA_Green Total

29 Table B5: Acres of Peanuts Irrigated by Survey, By County Q5 County Acres Irrigated Times Irrigated Beaufort/Craven 0 0 Bertie 00 3 Edgecomb 0 0 Gates 60 8 Greene 0 0 Jones 0 0 Martin 0 0 perquimons 0 0 Pitt, Craven, Beaufort 60 Pitt Wayne 0 0 Wilson 0 0 Total 520 Table B6: Tillage Practices used in Growing 20 Peanuts Q6 Tillage Practice Acres under practice Percent of Planted acres Disk Chisel Moldbrd plow 05.5 Field cultivate Rip and Bed in spring Rip and Bed or Bed in Fall Bed in spring Strip till No till 0 0 Total The total number of acres planted = Percentages in this column will exceed 00 because growers were asked to list all the acres each equipment was used on and these equipment are not used exclusively 26

30 Table B7: who Planted a Cover Crop within their Peanut Crop Q7 (i) Plant Cover Crop No. planting peanuts No Yes Total The total number of respondents to the survey = 27 Table B8: Cover Crops Planted by Peanut Growers in 20 Q7 (ii) Cover Crop Planted respondents Percent of Rye 3.7 Wheat Wheat seed 3.7 Total The total number of respondents to the survey = 27 Table B9: Acres of Peanuts Harvested by Survey, By County County Acres Harvested Beaufort/Craven Bertie Edgecomb Gates Greene Jones Martin perquimons Pitt Pitt, Craven, Beaufor Wayne Wilson Total Q8 Percent of Harvested Acres Average Acres by Respondent 27

31 Table B0: Average Peanut Yields in 200 and 20 Q9 County Average Yield 200 Average Yield 20 Beaufort/Craven Bertie Edgecomb Gates Greene Jones Martin perquimons Pitt Craven, Pitt, Beaufort Wayne Wilson Total 27 Table : Other Crops Grown in Addition to Peanuts Q0 Other Crop Tobacco Cotton Corn Soybeans Sweet_potatoes 3. Wheat Beans Milo 3. Cucumber 3.7 Oats 3.7 Total The total number of respondents to the survey = 27. The percentage is greater than 00 because growers were to list all the cover crops they grew; several grew more than one cover crop 28

32 Table B2: who Used Pesticides to Manage Weeds, Insects, Mites, Nematodes and Diseases Q Used pesticides No 0 0 Yes The total number of respondents to the survey = 27 Table B3: Survey who Used Herbicides to Manage Grasses and Weeds Used herbicides No 0 0 Yes Q2 The total number of respondents to the survey = 27 29

33 Table B4: Survey that Used Herbicides on these Grasses and Broadleaf Weeds Q3 Grass or Weed Bermudagrass Brodleaf_signalgrass Crabgrass Fall_panicum 40.7 Foxtails Goosegrass 3. Johnsongrass 3. Nutsedge Texas_panicum Cocklebur 7 63 Palmer_amaranth Florida_beggarweed Jimsonweed Lambsquarters Morningglory Pigweed Prickly_sida Ragweed Sicklepod Spurred_anoda 3. Velvetleaf _Others 3.9 Missing = Total The total number of respondents to the survey = 27. The percentage is greater than 00 because growers were to list all the grasses they treated; several growers had multiple weed and grass problems 30

34 Table B5: Herbicides Applied as Pre plant Burn down Q4 Herbicide Acres Applied Planted Acres Dual or Dual Magnu Glyphosate Intrro Outlook Paraquat Prowl Pursuit Sonalan Strongarm Valor SX ,4 D Others Total The total number of acres planted = The percentage of acres applied with herbicides will be greater than 00 because growers applied more than one herbicide for pre plant burn down Table B6: Herbicides Used at Planting Q5 At Planting Herbicide Acres Applied Total Planted Acres Dual or Dual Magnum Intrro Outlook Pursuit Strongarm Valor SX Others Total The total number of acres planted = The percentage of acres applied with herbicides at planting is greater than 00 because growers applied more than one herbicide 3

35 Table B7: Herbicides Applied at cracking Q6 At Cracking Herbicide The total number of acres planted = The percentage of acres applied with herbicides at cracking is greater than 00 because growers applied more than one herbicide Table B8: Herbicides Applied at Emergence harvest Q7 Acres Applied Planted Acres Basagran Dual or Dual Magn Outlook Intrro Paraquat Pursuit Strongarm Others Total At Emergence harvest Herbicide Acres Applied Planted Acres Basagran Cadre Classic Clethodim Dual or Dual Magnum Intrro Paraquat Poast Pursuit Storm Ultra Blazer DB Others Total The total number of acres planted = The percentage of acres applied with herbicides at emergence harvest will be greater than 00 because growers applied more than one herbicide 32

36 Table 9: Who Used Insecticides to Manage Insects/Mites Used Insecticides Q8 The total number of survey respondents = 27 No 3.9 Yes Frequency Missing = Total Table 20: Insects/Mites on Which Insecticides were used Q9 Insect/Mite Controlled Aphids Corn_earworms Fall_armyworms Leafhoppers Southern corn_rootworms Spider_mites Thrips Wireworms Others 3.7 Total The total number of respondents to the survey = 27. The percentage is greater than 00 because growers were to list all the insects/mites on which they used insecticides Table 2: Insecticides Applied at Planting to Manage Insects Q20 Insecticide Applied The total number of acres planted = Acres Applied Acres Planted Di Syston Orthene or Acephate Temik(in furrow) Thimet or Phorate Total

37 Table 22: Insecticides Applied to Manage Early Season Insects Q2 Insecticide Applied The total number of acres planted = Acres Applied Acres Planted Baythrd XL Asana XL Karate Lannate Malathion Orthene or Acephate Sevin Total Insecticide Applied Table 23: Insecticides Applied to Manage Mid Season Insects The total number of acres planted = 6827 Q22 Acres Applied Acres planted Lorsban Mocap Thimet Total

38 Table 24: Insecticides Applied to Manage Late Season Insects/Mites Q23 Insecticide Applied respondents The total number of acres planted = 6827 Acres Applied Percent of total acres Planted Asana XL Bythroid Comite Diazinon Karate Z Lannate Lorsban Omite Orthene Sevin Steward Total Table 25: Who Used Fumigants to Manage Nematodes Q24 Used Fumigant / Nematicide The total number of survey respondents = 27 respondents Percent of No Yes Frequency Missing = Total

39 Table 26: Fumigants Applied Prior to Planting to manage Nematodes Q25 Fumigant Applied Number Acres Applied Percent of Acres Applied Percent of total Acres Planted Busan Metam Telone C Telone II UCB Vapam Others Total The total number of acres planted = 6827 Table 27: Nematicides Applied at Planting to Manage Nematodes Q26 Nematicide at Planting Number Acres Fertilized The total number of survey respondents = 27 Percent of Fertilized Acres Percent of Planted Acres Nemacur Temik Temik (in furrow) Total Table 28: Who Used Fungicides/Fumigants to Manage Diseases Fungicide / Fumigants used Q27 The total number of survey respondents = 27 respondents Percent of No 3.7 Yes Total

40 Table 29: Diseases on which Fungicides/Fumigants were used Q28 Disease respondents Percent of CBR (black root rot) Peanut leafspot Sclerotinia blight Stem rot 7 63 Rhizoctonia limb rot Others 3.7 Total The total number of survey respondents = 27. The percentage is greater than 00 because growers were to list all the diseases they treated Table 30: Fungicides Applied in Seed Furrow at Planting Q29 Fungicide Applied Number Acres Applied Percent of Planted Acres Proline Fungicide Applied Table 3: Fungicides Applied to Manage Peanut Leaf spot Q30 Acres Applied Percent of Total Planted Acres Benlate Chlorothanlonil Copper Dithane Convoy Endura Erito Headline Provost Stratego Other Total The total number of planted acres = Percentage greater than 00 because growers managed leaf spot with more than one fungicide 37

41 Table 32: Use of Leaf spot Advisory to Time Leaf spot Fungicide Applications Used leafspot advisory Q3 Percent of No response 3.7 All of the time Most of the time 3. Some of the time 0 37 Never Leafspot advisory not available 0 0 Not aware of leafspot advisory Total The total number of survey respondents = 27 Table 33: Use of Sclerotinia Advisory to Time Sclerotinia Fungicide Applications Used Sclerotinia advisory Q32 Total The total number of survey respondents = 27 Table 34: Fumigants Applied to control CBR (Black root rot) The total number of planted acres =6827 Q33 Percent of No response 3.7 All of the time 3.7 Most of the time 3. Some of the time Never Sclerotinia blight advisory not avail 3.7 Not aware of Sclerotinia blight advis Fumigant Acres Applied Acres Busan Metam Vapam Others Total

42 Table 35: Fungicides to Manage Stem Rot, Sclerotinia Blight or Rhizoctonia Limb Rot Q34 Percent of Fungicide Applied Acres Applied Total Acres Planted Artisan 75. Endura 00.5 Headline Lorsban Omega Proline Provost Tebuconxl Others Total The total number of planted acres =6827. The percentage is greater than 00 because growers were to list all the fungicides they used Table 36: Growth Regulators / Stimulants Applied to Peanuts in 20 Q35 Fungicide Applied Number Acres Applied Planted Acres Apogee The total number of planted acres = 6827 Table 37: Fertilizers Applied to Peanuts in 200 Q36 Fetilizer Applied Number Acres Applied Planted acres Boron Calcium Sulphate Manganese Pre plant fertilizer Others Total The total number of planted acres = The percentage is greater than 00 because growers were to list all the fertilizers they applied 39

43 Table 38: Inoculants Applied to Promote Nitrogen Fixation Q37 Inoculant Applied Acres treated Percent of Planted acres In furrow liquid In furrow granular Applied in hopper with seed Total The total number of planted acres = 6827 Table 39: Agrochemicals Applied at the Same Time Q38 Did Applications Average Chemicals Chemicals in Work as Tank >5 Applications expected? Yes Yes Yes Yes > respondents making, 2,, >5 applications Practice IPM? Table 40: who Practiced IPM in Growing Peanuts Q39 The total number of survey respondents = 27 No Yes Total

44 Table 4: Considered IPM Good or Risky Pest Management Practice Q40 Is IPM good or risky Risky Good Total The total number of survey respondents = 27 Table 42: Growers who Rotated Fields Planted with Peanuts Q4 (i) Rotate field No 3.7 Yes Total The total number of survey respondents = 27 Table 43: Crops Rotated with Peanuts Q4 (ii) Rotating Crop cotton corn tobacco sweet_potatoes 3. wheat soybeans 3. Milo 3.7 Beans Total The total number of survey respondents = 27. The percentage of respondents is greater than 00 because growers were to list all the crops they grew in rotation with peanuts 4