Fifth International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2014

Transcription

1 Original scientific paper /AGSY A PHENOLOGIC, BIOMETRIC AND PRODUCTION PARAMETERS IN SOME WHEAT VARIETIES CULTIVATED IN THE REGION OF POLLOG Xhabir ABDULLAI 1*, Elmi JUSUFI 2, Mentor ZEKIRI 3 1 Faculty of Food Technology and Nutrition State University of Tetova, Rep. of Macedonia, 2 Ss Cyril and Methodius University Institute of Animal Science Rep. of Macedonia 3 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia *Corresponding author: xhabirabdullahi@hotmil.com Abstract The experiment with wheat was performed on agricultural private-owned land in the village of Pirok and Tearce, Pollog region (municipality of Tetovo). The research was performed during two consecutive years ( ) on 8 wheat varieties of different origin, namely: Pobeda, Radika, Milenka, Apachi, Ingenio, Europe, IBK 1, KG 100, the same being placed on the model of the block system, with three repeats. During vegetation the plants were measured and the changes were phenologic followed up i.e.: the number of days necessary from sowing to sprouting, the dynamics of growth, the number of days till appearance of ears, flowering and ripening, and in the process significant differences in the individual wheat varieties were noticed. Of the biometric parameters, the length of the straw, the length of the wheat ears, the number of grains in the ears as well as the average yield were examined. The highest average yields were registered in the varieties Apache (7.2 t/ha), while the lowest were registered in the varieties KG 100 (5.7 t/ha). The values obtained regarding the yield of individual varieties indicate significant oscillations being result not only of the type of the varieties, but also of the agro-ecological conditions present in this region. Key words: wheat, varieties, phenologic, biometric, yield Introduction The cultivation and production of wheat in the world and among us is the main source of food for the population and the needs of the processing industry. So, the plant with the most productivity and higher consumption in the world is undoubtedly the wheat (Herllan, 1976, cit. Borojevic ). In Macedonia, the need for this grain is bigger and bigger every day, hence the seeking ways to increase the production. It is evident that in Macedonia the arable land is continuously reduced. It is known that wheat production is related to a number of factors, like climate, soil and agronomy. Some of them cannot be controlled, while others depend on human activity (Bostinino A; Jugenheimer J; Aldrick SR etc.). The problem is to find ways to increase the production which are of agronomic and of genetic nature. This paper presents the results of two-year research, following the impact of different factors to which the production in Pollog region is related, aiming: First: we shall have an overview of the situation regarding the structure of wheat varieties and wheat regionalization in Pollog region. Second: the study of soil and climatic conditions facing these with biological requirements of wheat. Third: study of production capacity of most widespread cultivars. On this basis, are given the possible ways of improving of the most diversified structure for the future. 151

2 Materials and methods The study was conducted in the years 2011/12 and 2012/13 where were field tested 8 varieties (cultivars) of wheat of different origin with the perspective of spreading, namely: Pobeda, Radika, Milenka, Apachi, Ingenio, Europe, IBK 1, KG-100. Varieties (cultivars) that were taken for study represent a material with high potential that we think are of interest for the future. Experimental field tests were set up in the private properties of individual farmers of Pirok and Tearce villages. The test was carried out according to randomized block scheme with three (3) repetitions; each cultivar was planted in an area of 10 m2. The sowing was done manually, sowing 550 to 600 plants per m2. According to the methodology of study, field assessments during the vegetation were made, such as main phenological stages and biometric measurements at each repetition on the basis of 10 plants randomly taken, where the average value was calculated for each feature. The data were subject to statistical analysis in order to facilitate their interpretation. On this basis, conclusions and relevant generalizations are made. Agro-climatic aspects of Pollog region regarding the wheat The geographical position of Pollog region: In the western part of Macedonia is situated the Pollog lowland. This area is lies starting from the source of the Vardar River to the beginning of the Radusha Gorge. This is a fertile valley divided into two parts: Upper Pollog and Lower Pollog, lies at meters above sea level and covers an area of 550 km 2. According to the latest scientific data, it is claimed that wheat can be grown successfully in those regions, where the amount of annual active temperature ranges between degrees Celsius. In the successful growth and development of this plant high effect have positive and negative temperatures. In Table 1 are given optimum temperatures in degrees, essential for wheat in various stages of development confronted with the most important areas of wheat production in Pollog. Table 1. Optimal temperatures of wheat, in degrees, in various stages of development. Areas Sowing Germination Sowing Twinning Rising of production formation Formation of ear Flowering Formation of grain Optimal Tetovo Gostivar This table (Table 1.) shows that in general, biological requirements of grain match those provided in the studied regions, with a very small deviation of Tetovo and Gostivar region where the first stages of growth face the lowest minimum temperatures. However, from these minor deviations from the optimal requirements, it can be said that Pollog region has optimal conditions. In the year 2011 the average annual temperature in Tetovo was 11.5 C, while in Gostivar 11.1 C. The next year (2012) 11,7 C in Tetovo and 11.3 in Gostivar. As long as the year 2013 were to 12.4 C and 12.1 C for Tetovo and Gostivar, respectively. Problems that must be taken into consideration during the regionalization of wheat are spring 152

3 and autumn frosts. In conclusion we can say that by confronting the biological requirements of wheat, with the climate data taken in the study of the area shows that the route of temperatures from germination, development and until the end of the vegetation is suitable for a successful production of wheat. Humidity is an important factor in the production of wheat. From the scientific experimental data, it results that this culture can be cultivated successfully in all regions in which during the year the rainfall varies from mm. If we face these requirements with the concrete conditions of Pollog plain, it turns out that in most regions with a moderate continental climate where wheat crops are, there are optimal conditions in terms of grain moisture requirements. In Tetovo the average rainfall is about 700 mm, Gostivar over 800 mm of rain per year. By analyzing the data of leading climatic indicators, we can say that in Pollog area are good conditions for successful cultivation of wheat. Tetovo region lands are mainly diluvial, alluvial etc. These are usually deep subsoil, rich in nutritive elements and microelements needed for wheat growth and development. Results and discussion As it was mentioned in the methodology of work, in the study were put 8 cultivars with structure or perspective to be widespread in the area where the study was conducted. To see the values of these cultivars and their behavior to the conditions of Pollog lowland, we focused on phenological, biometric and performance indicators. Table 2. Passing of phenological stages of the tested cultivars. Cultivars Growing phenophases (days) Sowing Rising Ear formation 153 Flowering Maturity 2012/ / / / /13 Pobeda Radika Milenka Apache Ingenio IBK Europe KG This table indicates that the germination occurred 14 to 16 days after sowing, a very evident difference between cultivars for this indication. The rising phase has come earlier to the cultivar kg-100; Milenka and IBK-1, later to Radika, after 169 days and Europe after 169 days. The average ear formation phase is after days. IBK-1 cultivar formed its ear earlier and Radika, Apache and Europe after 197 days. The flowering as well as other phenological stages has not had major differences. Specifically at Milenka cultivar, IBK-1 and KG-100 came after 192 days, while at Apache and Europe after 194 days. The same counts for the stage of full maturity. Earliest cultivar that came out is Milenka and KG-100,

4 i.e. it reached the maturity stage in 220 full days after germination and in Europe and Apache cultivar after 224 days. The other cultivars are included within this interval of time. From these data we come to the conclusion that the studied cultivars despite coming from different sources, they have no big differences in terms of phenological phases. Following, we represent the average data of main wheat biometric indicators tested in Pollog-Tetovo area (Table3). Table 3.Biometric indicators of wheat cultivars tested in Tetovo Pollog area.. Types Studied parameters Pollog region Plant height (cm) Ear length (cm) No. of grains per ear Weight of grains per ear (gr.) Pobeda Radika Milenka Apache Ingenio Europe IBK KG Average Data in this table show that between cultivars there are more pronounced differences for biometric indicators which were not observed in the case of phenological indicators. The plant height ranges from 82 cm at KG-100 cultivar to 102 cm Europe cultivar with an average of 89 cm. The length of the ear varies from 9.1 cm at Milenka cultivar to 10.1 cm Radika and Apache cultivar with an average of 9.7 cm. The number of grains in the ear ranges from 51 grains in Milenka cultivar through 63 grains at IBK- 1 cultivar with an average of Weight of grains in the ear ranges from 2.1 grams at Milenka and Europe cultivar, to 2.5 at Apache cultivar, with an average of 2.3 grams. 154

5 Table 4 Yield per kg/ha of wheat cultivars in Pollog area in Type/year 2011/ /13 Mean yield Pobeda Radika Milenka Apache Ingenio Europe IBK KG Average Table 4 shows the differences between cultivars in terms of yield in kg/ha. Specifically for 2012 the yield was 51.1 kg/ha at KG-100 cultivar to 69.7 at Apache cultivar, with an average of 63.5 kg/ha. In 2013, lowest yield gave KG-100 cultivar, while highest yield gave Apache. The yield average was 67.0 kg/ha, higher than in In order to see that changes are significant or random, analysis of variance of yield kg/ha of experimented cultivars was performed. Details of this analysis are given in Table 5. In this table, the rows represent variations of yield cultivars, while in columns yield variations from one year to another. The data of this table show significant changes between cultivars as well as from one year to another, which should be considered during the regionalization of wheat cultivars. Table 5 Analysis of varieties for yield kg/ha of tested cultivars. Source of variety Quadratic sum Freedom rate Quadratic mean F-factual F-critical Rows Columns Error Total

6 Conclusion From the data of comparative study of some wheat cultivars in the conditions of Pollog, Tetovo, Macedonia seen in relation to ecological conditions, the following generalizations are made: By confronting the climate and soil indicators of Pollog region with the biological requirements, we come to the conclusion that Pollog region has the best conditions for grain production. Experimented wheat cultivars are characterized by differentiated morphological and phonological features. From the study of morphological features, some indicators show strong positive connections that can be taken in consideration if these cultivars are used in a genetic improvement program. Experimented wheat cultivars have different yielding capacity; the most successful are Apache, Ingenio, IBK-1 Pobeda cultivars. By analysis the variance, we see the annual effects in the yield of studied cultivars which should be kept in mind during the regionalization of this plant. References Azzi, G (1952) Agriecology Zagreb. Borojeviq, S. Oplemenjivanje visoko prinosni sorti psenice u Juguslaviji Savremena Poljopivreda Novo Sadi Borghi - Agrikulture - Hard Wheat: agronomic, technological and generic aspect-ed.comm. European Comunitias - Bruxelles - Belgio 1986 Eberhart, S. & Russell, Ë Stability parameters for comparing varieties. Crop Sci., 6: Hoxha, S. H.Sulovari Përmirësimi i bimëve bujqësore 2001 Tiranë. Improving agricultural plants in 2001 Tirana. Ivanoski M. (1998) Novi sorti na meki pcenici. A new variety of the soft wheat Jetviq, S. Posebno ratarstvo 1992 Beograd. J.Boyeldieu - Les cultures cèrèalieres - Ed.Hachette - -Paris-Francia 1986 Menkovska M.(2003), Identefikacija na sorti na nekoi vidovi zito od domasno poteklo,skopje. Salillari a. S. Hoxha, P. Rrapo Eksperimentimi bujqësor 1997 Tiranë. "Agricultural Experimentation" 1997 Tirana 156