ABSTRACT. - it is richer in protein substances with nutritive value of corn due to superior balance of aminoacids and the absence of zeina;

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1 ABSTRACT Wheat is one of the most important food plants, cultivated in over 45 countries, feeding 35-40% of world population. The main use is to manufacture bread and various bakery product. In many countries wheat is used in animal feed, corn to present the following advantages: - it is richer in protein substances with nutritive value of corn due to superior balance of aminoacids and the absence of zeina; - higher content of vitamins; - wheat yields are comparable to those of corn; - the cost of wheat is lower than that of maize, is a fully mechanized culture; - under irrigation after wheat the second crop can be achieved; - resistance to environmental less favorable factors, growing area of wheat is higher than that of corn; - harvesting earlier make it a good forerunner for other cultures, allowing time to perform the tillage, application of organic fertilizers and amendments where necessary, water and nitrates; - fasciculated root system provides good protection against soil erosion. Wheat bran is a particularly valuable feed for dairy youth, because of their wealth in crude protein (14-15%) and carbohydrates (40-45%). Wheat straw is used in animal feed, at pulp and as animal bedding, resulting in manure. Stubble remaining after harvesting the soil rich in organic matter. Wheat crop is extended to 45 north latitude (R. Peterson, 1965). In the equator reaches an altitude of m (G. BÎLTEANU, 1989). In Romania, from the years wheat production has seen a substantial increase, especially since 1965, when the average yield per hectare was close to 20 q. Compared to the average of the years , average production per hectare increased between by 2.3 q / ha during by 7.6 q / ha and during 1976 to 1985, the average 12.3 q. Note that, in 1984, the average yield of wheat in the country amounted to 31.9 q / ha. In the same year, 58% of the area sown with wheat, the average was more than 30 q / ha on the surface of 445 ha (19%), the average of the past 40 q / ha. In 1988, over 700 units and state agricultural cooperatives have obtained higher yields of 50 q / ha. These productions reveal on the one hand, major achievements obtained during the country's wheat crop, on the other hand, that the potential production from this plant is not far from achieved. In Romania, from 1938, the area declined in 2000 with over 1000 ha. But total production practically doubled. In the climate zoning of autumn wheat were considered, primarily precipitation and 1

2 temperature as most known factors and with decisive implications on the evolution of plants. These two factors were analyzed in detail in relation with wheat plants biology in the three (four) seasons, as they vegetate. Very favorable area extends broadly in the plain west of the country (Cris Plain and Banat Plain) in the Danube Plain (south of Oltenia, the Danube terraces of left Olt river and in the south half of Teleorman Plain, a large area between the cities of Bucharest-Giurgiu-Calarasi Armeti, west Baragan Plain) Transylvanian Plain and the north-east side of Moldova. Favorable autumn wheat area in our country occupies much larger area than the very favorable. It is divided into positive I and positive II. Favorable area differentiation is determined, in most cases by the soil nature. In terms of climate, western country favorable area is similar to the very favorable. In terms of soil, it is different, there meet large areas of low fertility soils (podzolic alluvial soils, reddish-brown podzolic, podzolic brown soils, gleic soils, etc.). Less favorable area provides wheat requirements in terms of climate, however soils are characterized by low fertility, with physical and chemical properties less than adequate. The area lies in the region of Sub-Carpathian hills and eroded hills of northern Dobrogea. Except Dobrogea hills, in this area can be obtained satisfactory yields of wheat, providing optimum technology of soil cultivation and applying a series of ameliorative measures. Natural reliability conditions for wheat. The data set of staff for zoning of agricultural production, autumn wheat is in very favorable weather conditions in our country, on 19.5% of arable land, favorable (F1 and F2) to 70,4% and less favorably on 7,2 %. Zoning wheat varieties in the country is taking into account of other characteristics, in wich the greatest significance are: winter resistance, resistance to drought during seed formation and resistance to foliar diseases and ear diseases (NN Saulescu, 1984). Zoning varieties is determined by their reaction to unfavorable factors. Increasing resistance to these factors leads to a more stable average yields per hectare and increased efficiency of phyto measures. Were followed all the stages of wheat crop as follows. The crop rotation will take account of these considerations: forerunner plants for autumn wheat plants must respond broadly to the following requirements: to liberate the land as early as this summer to stay long enough to prepare the soil good condition and to make optimum sowing time, leave the field clean of weeds, with improved physical and chemical properties, with high content of organic matter and nutrients. Autumn wheat, one of the plants that respond positively to the application of agricultural fertilizers (fertilizer) in all climatic conditions in our country. 2

3 Experiences to date have shown plant ability to economicaly capitalize organic fertilizers, and those minerals. Autumn wheat raises special problems to other crops in sowing works soil. They derive, in general, from the short time available between harvesting and sowing pre-plant and natural conditions of the period of performing work. The soil work for autumn wheat should ensure: accumulation and retention in the soil of the entire quantity of water from precipitation throughout the summer and autumn, the accumulation in soil a large quantity of nitrate by increasing nitrification processes, a layer of loose soil, but also "settled" for good plant roots and to prevent process "barefoot", germinating sit without lumps, in wich the seeds can take a close contact with soil particles to rise in a short time, weeds fighting pests and diseases, which bring great harm to wheat production. Soil tillage for autumn wheat is performed differently depending on the zone culture (soil type), but primarily based on forerunner plants. Wheat seed for sowing must belong to the variety recommended in the area and meet all the conditions for initiating a vigorous plant. Seed quality for sowing influence culture density at emergence, twinning and autumn plant vegetation. Rigorous respecting of phytotehnical measures till plant emerge (seedbed preparation in the best conditions, the rational application of fertilizer, sowing the optimal age, depth of planting, etc.), under certain conditions can be overcome care work in most or all, during the autumn wheat vegetation. Wheat harvesting is a complex process that requires to be done sooner, without loss. In harvesting process is included crops transporting to receiving bases and land straw issuing for makeing immediately summer tilling. The wheat harvest is practiced in two methods: direct harvesting and harvesting divided. Specific wheat varieties for organic farming are still unknown to many farmers, although they may have a positive economic impact more than other technological items. Also, improving wheat for organic farming is in the process of "hatching". In this context, identification of genotypes for organic farming seems, for now, the only practical solution for growing a successful organic wheat. This project aimed to identify and promote general wheat varieties suitable for organic farming systems. As geographical location, National Research Institute - Agricultural Development (INCD) Fundulea is located in the north-west of Calarasi, a distance of 34 km from Bucharest, on the highway Bucharest - Calarasi and near the railroad and highway Bucharest - Constanta. Geographical coordinates of the area that were researched are approximately: 44 26' north 3

4 latitude and 26 31' east longitude and altitude of 68 m. The studies were conducted during in a comparative cultural varieties and lines of autumn wheat (Triticum aestivum) created at INCDA Fundulea (13) and NIISH Krasnodar (1), located in the experimental field of the "Center for Agroecology Research, Innovation and Technology Transfer " in INCDA Fundulea. Paper purpose is the identification and cultivation of organic wheat varieties and lines created at INCDA Fundulea. Identifying the most valuable wheat varieties for organic farming is important because obtaining high yields and good quality of wheat depends primarily on the capacity of genotypes to exploit natural resources climate and soil. Also, because of ban use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in organic farming, cultivation technology of wheat varieties is equally important. This paper aims at establishing the main morphological and productive traits - plant height, ear density, grain production, grain protein and gluten content, specific to wheat varieties and lines grown organically. Experience has, every year, 14 varieties, both approved wheat varieties and lines of perspective. Because in the experimental period were approved new varieties of wheat and wheat lines were created corresponding features of organic farming to be "fashionable", every year we had a different genotypes, so 11 wheat varieties were tested five consecutive years (Boema 1, lilies, Delabrad 2, Dor F, Drop, Faur C, Banner 85, Glos (KG-Kungloria) Gruia, Izvor, Bezostaia 1), one variety (Letters) four years in succession, a variety (Miranda) and 2 lines (F98039G5-103 F00628G34-2) 3 consecutive years and 2 lines (F00329G1-2 F00356G1-2) one year. Thus, between were studied 17 genotypes of wheat, whose main features are: - varieties and new lines, recorded after 1989, except Bezostaia a variety that was registered in 1965 that was used as a control because it is the ancestor of all other varieties; - with one exception, variety Bezostaia which was created at Institute of Agricultural Research Krasnodar in Russia, all other genotypes studied were created at INCDA Fundulea; - 16 genotypes, created at INCDA Fundulea belong erythrospermum (arista) variety and a genotype, Bezostaia 1, belongs to the variety lutescens (nearistat); - the length of growing season, genotype Boema is very early, 13 early and 3 genotypes are quite early. Following studies, analyzes and researches carried out in research stations, on the 4

5 variability of wheat varieties and lines were separated specific conclusions, with appropriate recommendations for each of the aspects considered, as will be presented in below. Height variability on wheat varieties and lines - plants heigh is significantly influenced by genotype in each year; - regarding to organic farming on size requirements, only one genotype, in each year was classified as high-class genotypes was the variety Izvor. A variety of high-class is Bezostaia 1 too. Variability on the number of ears / m 2 in different wheat varieties and lines - number of ears/m 2 is strongly influenced by soil phosphorus supply mobile and available mineral nitrogen plants during autumn and spring. - genotype does not matter in terms of number of spice/m 2 variability especially in the growing varieties of twinning capacity low (1-3 ears / plant) and were similar as those used in our experiment. - fewer than the number of grains spice/m 2 germinable / m is a clear indicator of deprivation nutritive elements, especially phosphorus and nitrogen assimilable mineral. Grain production variability in different wheat varieties and lines - hrain yield depends on the genetic potential of cultivated wheat varieties and lines. Among the genotypes tested in the most productive ecological system, with production of over 2400 kg / ha averaged over five years are: Crina ( kg / ha), Glos ( kg / ha), Faur F ( 2561 kg / ha), Izvor ( kg / ha), Gruia ( kg / ha), Dor F ( kg / ha) and Delabrad ( kg / ha). Also, production of new genotypes studied appear to be line F00628G34-2 (2877 kg / ha, averaged over three years), the variety Miranda (2847 kg / ha, average 3 years) and the variety Litera (2463 kg / ha on average 4 years). - organic productivity of wheat genotypes is often influenced by climatic conditions during harvesting of the plant seed, such as excess rainfall in september 2005, those of autumn-winter period, such as excess precipitation in december 2005 and the deficit of precipitation during october-december 2006 and 2008 and in february and march 2007 and 2009, those in the growth vegetative period, as high air temperature and severe lack of precipitation in april, may, june and july 2006 and harvest time, and excess rainfall in june and july, 2009 and the state of supply of soil nutrients, particularly phosphorus content of mobile and mineral nitrogen is another factor contributing to the formation of organic wheat grain harvest. 5

6 Grain moisture variability on wheat varieties and lines - grain moisture wheat genotypes is significantly influenced by genotype and especially climatic conditions (temperature, precipitation and humidity), from the fully ripe of wheat. - wheat genotype and climatic conditions during the ripening of wheat significantly interact in terms of grain moisture at harvest, some genotypes were less grain moisture (F Faur, Miranda, a Boheme, Glos and Bezostaia), and others, higher (Gruia and spring). Hectoliter mass variability on the different varieties of beans and wheat lines - hectoliter mass of wheat grain is significantly influenced by genotype. - regardless of genotype grown, every year hectoliter mass is ruled by weather, especially during harvesting wheat. - regarding the requirements on milling according hectoliter mass, during favorable years, hectoliter mass is equal to or greater than 75 kg / hl recorded in genotypes: lilies, Gruia Delabrad 2. On the variability of protein content of wheat varieties and lines - protein content of wheat grain is significantly affected by genotype, some genotypes, as Delabrad 2, Drop, Flamura 85 and Izvor are due to genetic dowry, consistently high in protein, while others, such as line F00628G34-2, poorer in protein; - variability in protein content of wheat grain is influenced by crop year, especially soil fertility status on the quantity and availability of mineral nitrogen and climatic conditions, especially during harvest. Regarding variability in ear sprouting wheat grain at different wheat varieties and lines - grain wheat sprouting in the ear occurs due to weather during the harvest of wheat precipitation, relatively abundant, increased cloudiness, high relative humidity, hot days followed by cool nights, phenomena wich get out rest wheat seeds causing them sprouting. - the percentage of sprouted grain is proportional to the length of the wheat harvest. - grain wheat sprouting in the ear may be genetically controlled, since some varieties, such as Glosa (KG-Kungloria), Litera and especially Miranda percentage of grain sprouted in the ear is less than 1%, as is standard for wheat bread. Compared to the above, we recommend the organic cultivation of varieties studied, both because of technical performance obtained from studies, and because of their economic efficiency. Genotypes with high waist can be a solution for weed control in agro-ecological legacy 6

7 mainframe systems. Number of ears / m.p. is the very meaning of any technological change or climate. Hectoliter weight correlation coefficients of significant but variable in all cases studied show that the wheat harvest weight per storage volume equal to or greater than the standard (75 kg / hl) can be obtained only when grown wheat varieties with high MH, soils are years of culture are fertile and favorable climatic point of view. Grain yield is the result of interaction of natural factors and the abiotic and biotic technology. The best varieties for productivity and quality of bread, including the sprouting of grain in the ear that can be grown on organic farms are: lily, Apache, trivia, Exotic, Dor, Delabrad, Alex, Serine, Josef, Izvor, Cyprian, Gruia and Miranda. As crop productivity and quality of recovery depend on the efficiency of soil nitrogen and nitrogen efficiency as responsible for some genes are alleles or chromosomal regions and that their identification can be made by hartare (mapping) the association, we believe that improved wheat and other species plants for organic farming is a real solution, efficient and future. 7