Growing Sugar Cane for High Yields

Transcription

1 Growing Sugar Cane for high yields February 2011 Growing Sugar Cane for High Yields February 2011 Yoram Krontal Yoram Krontal

2 Factors influencing yields New technologies Plant Soil Climate Potential Yield Human resources

3 Growing cane for high yields Project planning and design Plot design spacing and length Use of innovative products Selection of varieties suitable for drip irrigation Quality of implementation process Quality of growth substrate Quality of seeds and planting Quality of system installation During crop growth Drip irrigation as a delivery system Harvest & post harvest

4 Natal Farm - Sao Paulo State, Brazil The five principles of growing sugar cane for high yields Soil Preparation Soil Fertility Variety & Seed Quality Quality of Planting Irrigation

5 Yield T/ha Selection of dripper for best plot design Low flow dripper Argentina 60 ha 4 years old Brazil 10 ha 4 years old Senegal 1100 ha to be installed Planted cane 1 ratoon Planted cane 1 ratoon Planted cane 1 ratoon DRIPNET PC ,0l/h DRIPNET PC ,60l/h Control Low flow dripper

6 Row Length & Traffic Control: A yield of 125 tons/ha results in about 24 kg/cane per 1 m of row length (0.4 x 1.4m planting distance). A mid-size wagon carries 12 tons of cane; 12,000 kilos of cane per wagon. Assuming 24 kg/meter, the result is 500 m rows and lateral length. If we plan the plot at this length, one wagon per row will suffice, thus avoiding unnecessary soil compaction.

7 Distribution of dripper type & flow in various countries Streamline 1.6 L/hr 4% Streamline 2.2 L/hr 5% Dripnet PC 0.6 L/hr 9% Typhoon 3.0 L/hr 9% Dripnet PC 1.0 L/hr 32% Typhoon 1.9 L/hr 9% Typhoon 1.6 L/hr 18% Dripnet PC 1.6 L/hr 14% The use of Dripnet PC (0.6; 1.0; 1.6) is 54% from the total

8 Distribution of dripper spacing in various countries Light soils dripper spacing (cm) Heavy soils dripper spacing (cm) 70 cm 9% 90 cm 9% 30 cm 9% 40 cm 27% 40 cm 44% 50 cm 46% 50 cm 56% Dripper spacing of 50 (cm) is the most common in heavy and light soils

9 Wall Thickness Mil of inch mm (~) Sensitive to soil insects Resistant to soil insects Sensitive to rodents

10 Cane quality & Yield Cane yield Sugar content Fiber content Agronomic Characteristics Stalk population (at harvest) Stalk mass (at harvest) Stalk height (at harvest) Stalk elongation Flowering Lodging Germination Speed Reliability Ratooning Ability Speed Reliability How to look for high production varieties Reaction to Diseases & Pests Smut Mosaic Rust Borer Nematodes Reaction to Water Stress Growth during drought Ratooning after drought Waterlogging / poorly drained soils Nutrition Nitrogen use efficiency Aluminum tolerance Ripening treatments Ethrel Glyphosate Harvesting Best months Carryover

11 Varieties suitable for mechanical harvest Erect cane Resistance to treading (traffic control)

12 Ton/ha Ratooning Ability - Traffic control Difference between two varieties in response to poor traffic control - Yield reduction at 1 st Ratoon Planting 1 st Ratoon 2 nd Ratoon Médias 3250

13 Lack of high production varieties is a limitation factor for drip viability

14 Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Yield (t/ha) Stage 1 Selection from existing commercial varieties Stage 2 Selection from filed trail release Stage 3 during the breeding process 50 0 RB RB72454 RB RB98710 RB RB RB RB93509 RB92579 Variety trial in Honduras from existing commercial varieties Variety trial in Brazil before release

15 Main varieties in use with drip irrigation Country Soil type Main Variety West Africa Medium / Heavy Soil SP Brazil Light / Sandy Soil RB ; RB Brazil Medium / Heavy Soil RB ; RB Honduras Light / Sandy Soil CP Honduras Medium / Heavy Soil MEX Thailand Light / Sandy Soil K 200; LK11 Hawaii Light / Sandy Soil HSPA 7750; 3567;7052; 4153 Mexico Light / Sandy Soil CP ; ATEMEX Mexico Medium / Heavy Soil CP ; ATEMEX India Light / Sandy Soil CO-86032; Cov India Medium / Heavy Soil CO-86032; Cov Peru Light / Sandy Soil CC8592; Peru Medium / Heavy Soil Chicama 32; H69; MEX 73 Australia Medium / Heavy Soil KQ228; Q208; Q183

16 Soil Preparation during the wet or the dry season

17 Soil Fertility Soil Analysis Base fertilization Liming Gypsum

18 Case study: Use of drip in acidic soils Project: Luiz Fernando Feltre São Paulo Brazil Drip project area: 36 ha. First ratoon: 123 ton / ha Rain-fed: 50% less Rainfall: 1400 mm/year, from October to March Soil Latossolo vermelho escuro Soil ph Clay 75%, type Kaolinite 1:1 Hydraulic conductivity cm/sec. High precipitation causes leaching of the soil cations: Ca++ Mg++ K+; and water dissociation: H 2 O H+ + OH- Resulting in acid soils Fertilizers in use: Urea Treatment Liming 5 ton/ha

19 Projects in Arid regions sandy soils Project: Ingenio Laredo (Peru) Area: 3500 ha. Soil: 99% sand Rain: 10 mm/year Yield: 180 ton/ha Without irrigation no production!

20 Soil ph in drip projects in various locations Country Soil Type Soil ph West Africa Medium / Heavy Soil 5-6 Brazil Light / Sandy Soil Brazil Medium / Heavy Soil 5-6 Honduras Light / Sandy Soil Honduras Medium / Heavy Soil Thailand Light / Sandy Soil 5-6 TEXAS Light / Sandy Soil 7.5 TEXAS Medium / Heavy Soil 7 HAWAII Light / Sandy Soil Mexico Light / Sandy Soil Mexico Medium / Heavy Soil India Light / Sandy Soil India Medium / Heavy Soil Peru Light / Sandy Soil 8 Peru Medium / Heavy Soil 7.5 Australia Light / Sandy Soil 7 Australia Medium / Heavy Soil % of the projects located in acid soils (ph below 7) and 50% in alkaline soils (ph above 7)

21 Roads and Drainage The area must include optimal roads and transportation division, as well as a suitable drainage system that may also include an underground drainage system in some spots

22 Key Factors for Project Success Wine Grapes Sugar Cane 20% 80% Installation Irrigation & fertigation management 80% 20% Installation Management raiser

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24 Furrowing Machine One line- Two lines- Three lines- Work output, Tractor size Three - Iron beams : keeping a distance between the burying shank, furrowers and depth control wheels

25 Bogamoyo Tanzania one line furrowing with a 3 line option

26 Brazilian Furrowing Machine deep furrowing 2 lines injection base fertilization

27 Maple, Peru 3 line injection, furrowing at second stage

28 Semi-automatic Planting Points for consideration: Time from planting to system pressurization & germination is critical

29 Fully automated planting Harvest for seed Direct from the field No nursery No seed treatment

30 Entrance protection Some modifications need to be done in the harvester for bud protection Elevator protection Rubber protection Knife protection

31 From the harvester directly to the planting machine

32 Planting depth in drip projects in different locations Country Soil Type Planting depth (cm) West Africa Medium / Heavy Soil 10 Brazil Light / Sandy Soil Brazil Medium / Heavy Soil Honduras Light / Sandy Soil 15 Honduras Medium / Heavy Soil 15 Thailand Light / Sandy Soil 10 Texas Light / Sandy Soil Texas Medium / Heavy Soil Hawaii Light / Sandy Soil Mexico Light / Sandy Soil Mexico Medium / Heavy Soil India Light / Sandy Soil India Medium / Heavy Soil Peru Light / Sandy Soil 10 Peru Medium / Heavy Soil Australia Light / Sandy Soil 15 Australia Medium / Heavy Soil 15 burying machine Netafim 1 line Netafim 2 & 3 lines Netafim 2 & 3 lines Client 1 line planting machine Client 1 line planting machine Client 1 line planting machine Client planting machine 2 lines client/netafim 1 line client/netafim 1 line Netafim 1 line Netafim 1 line Netafim 2 lines Netafim 2 lines Client + GPS 2 lines Client + GPS 2 lines

33 Seed depth Ridge height Relation between the seed and the drip lateral Soil natural surface After covering bed about 5 cm high 5cm cm 40 cm cm

34 Seed Quality Nursery available seed material: 1. Time from harvest to planting 2. Seed treatment

35 Poor seed quality Low germination rate excess? of seeds

36 Healthy seed production Mother plants Laboratory for tissue cultures Plant Hardening Commercial nursery Greenhouse for seedlings

37 Planting quality Dual row 0.4 x 1.4m Number of buds for 1m = 9 min to 13 max (depends on the planting methods and germination rate) for germination of 9 buds per m Number of buds per ha = 100,000 to 130,000 Number of buds per m 2 = Seed quantity = 8 to 12 tons/ha Planting date Nurseries Selecting Variety

38 Covering implements Depth control Compact roll

39 No Não לא ไม ม Pas geen

40 Covering & ridge height in various soils

41 Application of Vinasse and Humic Acids

42 Nematidcide Application via Drip (Pratylenchus brachyurus and Meloidogyne incognita) Nematidcide: Furadan 350g/l Dose: 6 L/ha 10/3/10 before treatment 14/4/10 after treatment

43 Ripening treatment via drip - Ethrel

44 Data : 24/04/2009 Variedade : 7515 Seção: 6 Talhão: 58 RB86 NETAFIM Data : 25/04/2009 Variedade : 7515 Seção: 6 Talhão: 24 RB86 FAZ. PARTIDO Descricao dos Intens : Leitura do Brix 18,70 Leitura Sacarimétrica 66,87 Peso do Bolo Úmido 146,38 Fator de polarimetria 0,24 Pol 16,19 Pureza 86,55 Fibra 12,80 Coeficiente 0,94 Pol do Caldo 13,30 Fator de recuperação 1,03 Cálculo do AR% 0,71 Cálculo do ATR 143,29 Ágio/Deságio 28,23 Descricao dos Intens : Leitura do Brix 13,80 Leitura Sacarimétrica 42,56 Peso do Bolo Úmido 138,17 Fator de polarimetria 0,25 Pol 10,51 Pureza 76,15 Fibra 11,22 Coeficiente 0,95 Pol do Caldo 8,83 Fator de recuperação 0,90 Cálculo do AR% 1,64 Cálculo do ATR 111,90 Ágio/Deságio 0,14

45 Use of Drip as a Delivery System Country Commercial Active Purpose Brazil Furadan Carbofuran Nematode Brazil Actara Tiametoxam Insect Brazil Reagent Fipronil Nematode Brazil Thiodan Endosulfan (prohibited to use) Brazil Rynaxapir Chlorantraniliprole Brazil Beauveria bassiana (fungi) Biological BROCA GIGANTE Honduras Karate CYHALOTHRIN insect Honduras Prowl Herbicide for maturation Honduras Igrant Herbicide for maturation Honduras Glifosat one and 2-4D Herbicide for maturation Mexico Chloropyriphos (fungi) Biological Mexico Vydate Oxamil Nematode India Organic fertilizer Fertilization Brazil Vinasse Fertilization Brazil mill flushing water water Source Brazil Etral Ripener

46 Harvest Spacing for Traffic control Single row 1.5 x 1.5 Dual row 1.4 x 0.4

47 Spacing of wagon & intermediate wagons 3.6 m 3 m

48 Link to file

49 New John Deere harvester for high yields, harvesting dual row cane at 1.6 x 0.9 m Higher yields Reduced over-stepping Reduction of drip system cost Not suitable for all soil types Drip lines 2.5m apart 2.5m 0.9 m 1.6 m

50 Mechanical Harvest Ridge height Depth control sensor Changing knife

51 Harvesting Method Distribution in Drip Projects in Various Countries 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Mechanical Harvest Manual Harvest

52 Caterpillar or Wheels

53 Collecting trash for energy

54 Summary & Discussion Agro spacing planting depth, ridge height GPS Time from burying planting ready for germination Order of installation Rodents & insects recommendations for wall thickness