Effect of Phosphate Solubilization Microorganisms and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield and Yield Components of Corn

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1 Scientia Agriculturae E-ISSN: X / P-ISSN: DOI: /PSCP.SA Sci. Agri. 18 (3), 2017: PSCI Publications Effect of Phosphate Solubilization Microorganisms and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield and Yield Components of Corn Amin Fathi 1* 1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran *Corresponding author amin_agronomist@yahoo.com Paper Information Received: 20 January, 2017 Accepted: 24 April, 2017 Published: 20 June, 2017 Key words: Azotobacter, Corn, Fertilizer, Pgpr, Yield A B S T R A C T In order to study Effect of Phosphate Solubilization Microorganisms PSM and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield and Yield Components of Corn, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted Dare-shahr, Iran in Biological factors were included in 4 levels of nitrogen biofertilizer (Nitroxin (Azotobacter+Azospirillum+Pseudomonas), Nitrokara (Azospirillum+brasilense), Super nitroplas (Azospirillum spp+ pseudomonas fluorescens + Bacillus subtilis) and control) and 4 levels of phosphorus biofertilizer (biophosphore (pseudomonas+bacillus), phosphate fertilizer 2 (P5 and P13 bacteria), MC1 (PSB) and control). Results showed that biological nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had a significant effect on all traits. Interaction between Nitrogen biological fertilizer and Phosphate biological fertilizer on 100 seed weight (P<0.01) and the number of grains per row (P<0.05) was significant. About the biological nitrogen fertilizer, the highest seed yield per hectare with used of supernitroplas rate of 9125 kg/ha obtained, which increased 47% compared with control. About the biological phosphate fertilizer, the highest seed yield per hectare with used of phosphate fertilizer 2 rate of 9149 kg obtained, which increased 36% compared with control. Generally, the use of biological nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers improves yield and yield components in corn PSCI Publisher All rights reserved. Introduction Population and economic growth rate resulted in broad demand for food at last two decades (Karami Chame et al., 2016). To meet this demand might be difficult, because current fields are not accountable and yield loss clearly appears. Under these conditions, agriculture could not supply growing global requirement to food (Yazdani et al., 2009; Karami Chame et al., 2016; Fathi et al., 2013). Corn is one of the high yielding cereals that ranked as third cereal crop after wheat and rice to supply global population consumption (Biari et al., 2008). According Yazdani et al. (2009) soil conditions and nutrients for plant growth and development is very important. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from the atmosphere and supplied water, nutrients such as Nitrogen and other micronutrients to produce the growth performance of plants is essential. Decline in world food crop soils due to successive crops and uncontrolled use of farm manure is necessary (Yazdani et al., 2009). Biological fertilizers have special significance in increasing crop production and reserve soil sustainable fertility (Sharma, 2003). The term of biological fertilizer is not particularly for organic matters from manure, crop residue, green manure, etc., but also includes bacterial and fungus microorganisms, specially PGPRs and compounds from their activity (Manaffee and Kloepper, 1994). These types of bacteria, in addition to increasing mineral elements of soil through biological N fixation, phosphate and potassium solubulizing and inhibition of pathogens, also by growth regulator hormones produce affect crop yield (Sturz and Chrisite, 2003). Overall, biological fertilizers term refers to fertile materials that involve one or more beneficial soil organism within a suitable preservative. In fact, this fertilizers include different types of microorganisms (Chen, 2006; Vessey, 2003; Karami Chame et al., 2016), that could converse nutrients from unavailable form to available form during a biological process (Rajendran and Devaraj, 2004), and resulted in develop root system and increase seed germination rate (Chen, 2006). Bacteria stimulating plant growth hormone production through increased plant growth, seed germination and root development are. The researchers showed that in maize, seeds inoculated with biofertilizers increased root dry weight of shoot and the seed yield. Application of Pseudomonas strains may also increase the length of the aerial organs of rape, the lettuce and tomato (Nezarat and Gholami, 2009). Azotobacter and Azospirillum bacteria concurrent use may increase the number of rows and number of grain per row, seed weight and yield of corn (Fathi et al., 2013). Based on the biological role of bacteria in food consumed

2 such as nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the reduction of environmental pollution by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers And indispensable role in the low-input sustainable agriculture and biological nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers study the impact on the morphological and physiological characteristics of maize were studied. Materials and methods The experiment farm in 2012 in latitude 47 degrees 48 minutes north, longitude 33 degrees 10 minutes and a height of 636 meters above sea level in the Dareh shahr city was conducted. The experiment was a factorial randomized complete block design, with two-factor test that the first factor includes 4 levels of biological nitrogen fertilizer super nitroplas, nitrokara Nitroxin, control and the second factor includes 4 levels of biological phosphate fertilizer biosphere, phosphate believe 2, MC1, control in 3 replications. The soil characteristics of the experimental site were performed before planting. The result of soil experiment indicated: soil ph 7.5, EC = 0.35 (ds m 1), total nitrogen (N) = 0.5 (%), available phosphorus (P) = 15 (mg kg 1), available potassium (K) = (mg kg 1), and the soil texture was Silty Clay Loam for the whole period of growing season. Each plot treatments were tested, including the 4 row spacing 75 cm in length and 6 m was formed. Plant spacing of 20 cm and a row between the two treatments were considered as the main plots. 2 m distance between two replication was determined. For mixing and biological fertilizer, seed inoculation, the seeds were spread on clean plastic. The appropriate amount of inoculum (1 L per 30 kg seed) gradually sprinkled on cereal and stirring the seeds to seed inoculation was attempted. The inoculated seedlings ready for planting in shade were flattened and after drying. Planting seeds manually on a row, at a depth of 3-5 cm was used. Land preparation, including plowing, disking and trowel properly before planting. At the end of season 7 plants of each plot after exclusion of marginal effects selection and seed weight, number of kernels per row, number of rows per ear, grain yield per hectare, shoot dry weight and harvest index were calculated. For statistical analysis of sampled data, SAS statistical software to the LSD test was used to compare mean traits. Results and discussion Analysis of variance showed that biological nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers on all traits were statistically significant effect. Biological nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and bio-fertilizer interaction on seed Wight and number of grain per row were statistically significant (Table 1). The combined use of lines in the Super Nitro Plus + phosphate fertilizer amount of 27.6 g was obtained 2 to 21 percent increase compared to the control (Fig. 1). Separate the effects of biological nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, seed weight by consuming most fertile Super Nitro Plus and phosphate content of 25.3 and 25.4 g 2, respectively, were obtained. It seems that the use of bacteria growth, the development of the roots in the soil enhances nutrient absorption and thus increases the rate of photosynthesis in plants. When plants are under close examination of the reproductive organs of photosynthesis is transferred and therefore is increased seed weight. Results showed that the correlation between seed weight and yield significant positive correlation (Table 4). Karami cheme et al. (2011) showed that bean inoculated with phosphate solubilizing bacteria can cause a significant effect on seed weight. Yazdani et al. (2009) also reported that the use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and optimize the use of chemical fertilizers increased grain weight becomes significant. The most number of grain per row in combined consumption MC1 + Super Nitro Plus was found to amount to 39% increase compared to the control, The lowest consumption alone mode MC1 to the respectively (Fig.2). S.O.V Replication Nitrogen biological fertilizer Phosphate biological fertilizer Nitrogen fertilizer Phosphate fertilizer Error CV (%) df Table 1. Analysis of variance of measured traits in experiment 100 Grain numbers Row numbers Seed seed weight per row per ear yield 5.09* 7.64ns ** ** ** 121** ** ** ** * 26.91* ** 8.34 ** * 5.87ns ns * and ** significant at 5% &1% respectively Biomass ns ** ** ns HI 126.5* 295.1** 46.3ns 70.4ns Table 2. Mean comparison of measured traits in different sources of phosphate biological fertilizer biological fertilizer Number of rows per Seed yield ear Biomass HI (%) Biophosphore ab a ab 55.9 a Phosphate fertilizer a a a 53.4 a MC a a a 52.4 a b b b 51.3 a LSD a means in each column followed by similar letter (s) are not significantly different at 5% probability level, using LSD Test 67

3 Table 3. Mean comparison of measured traits in different sources of nitrogen biological fertilizer biological fertilizer Number of rows per Seed yield ear Biomass HI (%) Nitroxin a a 16698ab 54.1a Nitrokara 14.08ab 8743 a bc 59.7 a Super nitroplas a a a 51.3 a b b b b LSD means in each column followed by similar letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% probability level, using LSD Test Table 4. The correlation coefficient yield and yield components of maize Grain 100 Row numbers Seed yield Biomass numbers per seed per ear row weight(g) HI (%) Row numbers per ear 1 Grain numbers per 0.442** 1 row 100 seed 0.486** 0.309* 1 weight(g) Seed yield 0.818** 0.634** 0.573** 1 Biomass 0.873** 0.641** 0.594** 0.832** 1 HI (%) ns ns ns 0.516** ns 1 * and ** significant at 5% &1% respectively, Figure. 1. Effect of different sources of nitrogen and phosphorus biological fertilizer on the 100 seed weight of corn 67

4 Grain numbers per row Sci. Agri. 18 (3), 2017: Nitroxin Nitrokara Super nitroplas a bcd abc ab ab bcde bcd cde bcd bcd cde de cde def ef f Biophosphore Phosphate fertilized 2 MC1 sources of phosphorus fertilizer Figure. 2. Effect of different sources of nitrogen and phosphate biological fertilizer on the grain numbers per row of corn In the case of nitrogen, the highest number of kernels per row by taking super nitroplas to the numbers and the sources of phosphorus fertilizer as well as the highest value for this index was calculated by taking MC1 to a number Asghar et al. (2005) reported that the number of seeds per plant, seed inoculation with bacteria-producing states include Azosprillium and Azotobacter increased auxin and also suggested that bacteria have been most effective when they are flowering. Which can be suitable for the production of hormones growth regulator for plants and flowers provide a fertile and therefore more grain and grain yield increase. Yazdani et al. (2009) found that maize inoculated with bacteria PSM has a significant effect on the number of grains per ear. The results showed that the correlation between the number of kernels per row, yield significant positive correlation (Table 4). The number of seeds in a row as one of the main components of grain yield in maize, under the terms of the nutritional environment. Therefore, the use of biological fertilizers, especially phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers makes use of a combination of this type of mycorrhiza and microorganisms increases and the number of kernels per row has a positive effect on nutrient uptake. The results of this experiment, different sources of nitrogen statistically significant effect at 1% on the number of rows per ear (Table 1). The maximum number of rows per ear by taking Nitroxin and Super Nitro Plus the amount of respectively and 15.80, respectively, compared to control treatment, the lowest value was, respectively, 28 and 38% increased (Table 2). The different sources of phosphorus statistically significant effect at 1% on the number of rows per ear (Table 3). The highest value for this index, with the consumption of phosphate fertilizer and MC1 respectively in the and 15.80, respectively, compared to control treatment, 27 and 21% increased, The results showed that the correlation between the number of rows per ear and yield significant positive correlation (Table 4). Gholami et al. (2009) reported that the growth of bacteria Azotobacter and Azospirillum significant impact on the number of rows per ear. Moussaoui-Jangali et al. (2005) also showed that use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and optimize the use of chemical fertilizers has caused a significant increase in the number of rows per ear. To increase biological nitrogen fixation and soil P assigned a significant increase in hormones and growth regulators by biofertilizers, number of rows per ear increases. Various sources of biological nitrogen fertilizers on grain yield were statistically significant effect Fertilized with phosphate fertilizer at a rate of 9149 kg per hectare yield was increased 36% compared to control (Table 2).The highest grain yield of 9125 kg per hectare fertilizer Super Nitro Plus was increased 47% compared to control (Table 3). Ahmed et al. (2010) stated that the increase in grain yield under the influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and biological stabilization may be due to increased metabolic activity of biological fertilizers (which result in an increase in net assimilation rate) and growth hormone also produced by bacteria which finally, an increase in performance can result. Yazdani et al. (2009) experiment, reported that an increase in phosphorus, linear grain filling rate increases. Karami cheme et al. (2016) showed that the use of biofertilizers increases the microorganisms around the roots of bean and thus has positive effects on nutrient uptake and grain yield. PGPR bacteria through mechanisms such as biological nitrogen fixation, production of the hormone auxin, a plant root system development, discharge of organic acids in the rhizosphere and are able to increase performance (Mehnaz, 2010; Karami cheme et al, 2016). Yazdani et al. (2009) also reported that the growth of bacteria in the genus Azotobacter and Azospirillum had a significant effect on yield. The results Yazdani et al. (2009) also found that maize inoculated with bacteria PSM had a significant effect on yield. Gholami et al. (2009) also reported that the experimental use of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria increased seed yield. In the case sources biological nitrogen fertilizer, the maximum shoot dry weight by taking Nitro Super Plus kg per hectare rate was increased by 41% compared to control (Table 3). Also phosphate fertilizer fertile shoot dry weight was obtained at a rate of 17,307 kg per hectare, an increase of 34 percent compared to control 68

5 (Table 3). Nezarat and Gholami (2009) stated that biological nitrogen fertilizer efficiency the use of chemical fertilizers has caused a significant impact on biological function. The results showed that the correlation between the number of kernels per row, yield significant positive correlation (Table 4). Gholami et al. (2009) reported that maize inoculated with bacteria PSM also had a significant impact on biological function. In a trial Orhan et al. (2006) showed that use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria was increased biomass. According to the results of the experiment showed that the only sources biological nitrogen fertilizers had a significant effect on harvest index (Table 3). The highest harvest index Nitrokara fertilizer at a rate of 55.96% had a 17% increase compared to control treatment. The results also showed that among the various sources of biological nitrogen fertilizers were statistically significant. The results showed that the correlation between harvest index and yield significant positive correlation (Table 4). Karami chame et al. (2016) reported that dissolved phosphate fertilizers had a significant effect on the harvest index. The index represents the ratio between the yield and function of biological photosynthetic material is distributed, so the higher the ratio, the more efficiently the body manufacturer to achieve high performance. Sifting the results can be noted that the biological function of biological fertilizers and grain together, but does increase the partitioning of corn at the end of the growing season, the treatments inoculated with biological nitrogen fertilizers to increase the yield of the corn is a biological function. References Ahmed AG, Orabi SA, Gaballah MS Effect of Bio-N-P Fertilizer on the growth, yield and some biochemical components of two sunflower cultivars. Int. J. Acad. Res. 4, Asghar HN, Zahir ZA, Arshad M, Khaliq A Relationship betweein in vitro production of auxins by rhizobacteria and their growth-promoting activities in Brassica juncea L. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 35, Biari A, Gholami A, Rahmani HA Growth promotion and enhanced nutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) by application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in arid region of Iran. J. Biol. Sci. 8, Chen J The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use, October, Thailand. p. 11. Fathi A, Farnia A, Maleki A.2013 Effects of nitrogen and phosphate biofertilizers on yield and yield components of corn AS71 in Dareh-shahr climate. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 7, Gholami, A., Shahsavani S, Nezarat The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on germination, seedling growth and yield of maize. Int J Biol Life Sci, 1, Karami Chame S, Khalil-Tahmasbi, B., ShahMahmoodi, P., Abdollahi, A., Fathi, A., Seyed Mousavi, S. J., & Bahamin, S Effects of salinity stress, salicylic acid and Pseudomonas on the physiological characteristics and yield of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Scientia, 14, Manaffee WF, Kloepper JW Applications of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Sustainable Agriculture. In: SOIL Biota Management in Sustainable Farming Systems, Pankburst, C. E., Doube, B. M., Gupta, V. V. S. R., and Grace, P. R. Eds CSIRO, Pub. East Melbourne, Australia. Nezarat S, Gholami A The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on germination, seedling growth and yield of maize. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 12, Orhan E, Esitken A, Ercisli S, Turan M, Sahin F Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield, growth and nutrient contents in organically growing raspberry. Scientia Horticulturae, 111, Piao Z, Cui Z, Yin B, Hu J, Zhou C, Xie G, Su B, Yin S Changes in acetylene reduction activities and effects of inoculated rhizosphere nitrogenfixing bacteria on rice. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 41, Rajendran K, Devaraj P Biomass and nutrient distribution and their return of Casuarina equisetifolia inoculated with biofertilizers in farm land. Biomass Bioenergy. 26, Sharma AK Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture. Agrobios, India. Shetty, R.S., K.S. Singhal and P.R. Kulkaria Antimicrobial properties of cumin. J. microbial biotech. 10: Sturz AV, Chrisite BR Beneficial Microbial Allelopathies in the Root Zone: The Management of Soil Quality and Plant Disease with Rhizobacteria, Soil Tillage Res. 73, Vessey JK Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizer. Plant Soil. 255, Wu B, Cao SCL, Cheung ZH, Wong KC Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth. Geoderma. 125, Yazdani M, Bahmanyar MA, Pirdashti, H, Esmaili MA Effect of phosphate solubilization microorganisms (PSM) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.). Proc World Acad Sci Eng Technol, 37,