Trade Potential Determinants of the Adoption of Seed Yam Innovations in Ghana

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1 Journal of Agrculture and Envronment for Internatonal Development - JAEID 2014, 108 (1): DOI: /jaed Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana MORO SEIDU 1, KWASI OHENE YANKYERA 2 1 P. O. SE 435, Suame -Magazne, Kumas-Ghana. 2 Department of Agrcultural Economcs, Kwame Nkrumah Unversty of Scence and Technology, Ghana Correspondng author: gentlemoro@gmal.com Submtted on 2013, 28 September; accepted on 2014, 19 February. Secton: Research Paper Abstract: Ths paper analyses the factors that nfluence the adopton of seed yam nnovatons n Kpanda Dstrct n Northern Ghana. In contrast to most emprcal studes on nnovaton adopton n whch a specfc technology s analyzed, ths study covers several seed yam technologes (such as mnsett, mlked seeds, small setts, tradtonal setts). The paper estmate a logt model wth data from 510 sampled yam farm households. It was dentfed that households ablty and wllngness to address consumer complants, export, and ntegraton nto market economy postvely and sgnfcantly nfluence the adopton of seed yam nnovaton. However, farm sze and cost of transportaton sgnfcantly nfluences the adopton of seed yam nnovaton negatvely. The results therefore call for polces amed at ensurng means to promote ntegraton of households nto local and nternatonal markets by brdgng the gap of trust between farmers and yam exporters or mddlemen. Keywords: mnsett, mlked seeds, small setts, tradtonal setts Introducton Yam s an mportant food and cash crop n Ghana both at the local and nternatonal markets. The crop occupes 11.61% of the total cropped area of Ghana and annual output estmated to be 5.7 mllon metrc tons n 2009 (MoFA, 2010). Yam contrbutes about 17% of agrcultural gross domestc product (GDP) and forms an ntegral part of n household food securty wth more than 2 mllon tons harvested yearly (Kenyon and Fowler, 2000). Not only s yam very mportant n Ghana t s also well noted n West Afrca n general wth producton levels varyng from 90 to 95% of the world producton level (FAO, 2009).

2 30 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana The aforementoned statstcs of yam n Ghanaan economy and West Afrca regons s partly due to trade lberalzaton and ts related polces. Wth the growng demand and assocated supply, yams have assumed great mportance both n domestc and nternatonal market. However, yam s becomng more expensve and relatvely unaffordable n urban areas as producton has not kept pace wth populaton growth leadng to demand exceedng supply. Moreover, the cost of producton s contnuously httng the roof, chefly due to nadequate seed yam supply. As f the cost of seed yam s not a problem, lberalzaton of trade has also changed the face of technologes adopted by farm households because supplers want to meet consumer demands and specfcatons. Farmers that are market orented or are nvolved n trade are therefore, compelled to practce varous seed yam technologes and modfcatons to meet consumer preferences. Thus farmers n the envronment of lberalzed trade are confronted wth certan factors that affect the type of technologes they adopt. The paper therefore descrbe these factors (drvers or barrers) affectng farmers technology or nnovaton adopton n the envronment of trade lberalzaton as trade potental factors. These factors nclude yam export, market ntegraton, farmers wllngness to address consumers complants, outlet of sales, market proxmty, competton among farmers, producer prce, tme of marketng, farm Sze, and cost of transportaton. Seed yam technologes such as mnsetts, mlked seeds, small setts cuttngs, bg setts cuttngs, and small whole seeds are the varous technologes avalable to farmers. Though leaf cuttngs and vne multplcaton (Asante et al., 2011) also exsts but not wdely known by most farmers. Bg setts cuttngs are a seed yam technology where yam tubers are slced nto szes rangng from 100g to 200g for plantng. Ths method result n large tuber sze however, ths method s expensve and result n a low multplcaton rato. Therefore, the use of small setts (60-100g) and mnsett (15-50g) are alternatves for farm households were bg setts use s a problem. Among seed yam technologes used n Ghana, mlked seeds have gan a lot patronage over the last three decades because farmers have less dffcultes n adoptng the technology. Though the technology has been n exstng for long but t has ganed promnence and attenton n the era of trade lberalzaton and ts related polces. Mlked seeds are yam obtaned by cuttng off tubers of growng yam plant after fve or sx months of plantng and allowng the remanng porton of the yam n the sol to form setts, whch s used for plantng n the next season. The study defned seed yam nnovatons as seed yam technologes that have been developed, modfed or gan specal attenton or consderaton due to the change trade lberalsaton has brought to the yam subsector. The use of mnsetts, small setts and mlked seeds were consdered as seed yam nnovaton based on the defnton above. Nonetheless large setts cuttngs and small whole tubers were the non seed yam nnovatons. The adopton of any technology s affected by plethora of factors; mostly the attenton of many studes s lmted to soco economc, demographc, and farmer or

3 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana 31 farm household factors. However, ths paper focuses on trade potental factors (such as yam export, market ntegraton, farmers wllngness to address consumers complants, outlet of sales, market proxmty, competton among farmers, producer prce, tme of marketng, farm Sze; cost of transportaton) affectng the adopton of seed yam nnovatons among yam farm households. Knowng the effect of these factors would enable polcy analyst, makers, researchers, development partners, stakeholders and prospectve nvestors to apprecate these factors, and ther nfluence on farm households. Moreover, dentfcaton of these determnants would facltate the promoton of seed yam nnovaton adopton and other mproved technology that would be developed n the near future. Methodology Theoretcal Model For the sake of mathematcal smplcty, the logt model s employed wthn the framework of ths analyss (Feld, 2000; Nnad & Akwwu, 2007, Greene, 2008, Malk et al, 2009). Ths model makes t possble to predct the decson to adopt seed yam nnovaton and not to adopt. Thus the decson to adopt les between zero (0) and one (1). The model also caters for the problem of heteroscedastcty. The model can be presented by the followng equaton: 1 1+ e Where, Py ( ) s the probablty for a household for adoptng an seed yam nnovaton; Py ( ) = 1 f technology s adopted and 0 f technology s not adopted. e s an exponental functon Z = + X + X + + X n n Where β 0 s the ntercept 1, 2... n are the estmated coeffcents of the correspondng varables X1, X2... Xn X 1, X 2...X n are ndependent varables specfyng nnovaton. The error term s represented by ε Emprcal Model of the study The study was conducted n the Kpanda Dstrct of Northern Regon of Ghana n Multstage samplng was employed n the study. The frst and second stages were

4 32 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana purposve selecton of the regon (Northern) and the dstrct (Kpanda) because of ther respectve massve yam producton relatve to other regons and dstrcts. Moreover, more than 50% of the farm households n the dstrct were engaged n yam producton. The dstrct conssts of four major Agrcultural Zones namely; Kpanda, Katejel, Jambo and Ekumd. In the fourth stage, the study ncluded all the zones n the survey n order to get representatve sample from each zone n the dstrct. In the thrd stage, wthn each Agrcultural zone four (4) communtes were randomly sampled except Katejel where fve communtes were randomly sampled because of the hgher number of communtes n the zone. The total number of communtes that were sampled was seventeen (17). A random samplng technque was agan employed n stage fve to select thrty (30) farm households wthn each selected communtes. In all 510 farm households were selected and ntervewed usng structured questonnares. The data collected nclude seed yam nnovatons and characterstcs of farmers towards trade lberalsaton and ts related polces. The data collected were analysed usng both the descrptve statstcs such as mean, percentage, frequency dstrbuton and standard devaton. The econometrc tool such as the bnary logt regresson analyss was equally used. The model used s mplctly stated as: Y = f ( X, I,C,O, D,Q, P,T,S,R) Y = X + 2 I + 3 C + 4 O + 5 D + 6 Q + 7 P + 8 T + 9 S + 9 R + Where: 1 f household s usng mnsetts / mlked seeds / small setts cuttngs Y s = 0 f household s usng tradtonal setts Export (X), Market ntegraton (I), Consumers complans (C), Outlet of sales (O), Market Proxmty (D), Competton (Q), Producer Prce (P), Tme of Marketng (T), Farm Sze (S); Cost of Transportaton (R ), Intercept (β 0 ), Estmated parameters (β ) Error term (ε ). Result and Dscusson Descrpton of the farm household based on trade potental characterstcs Producer Prce As ndcated n Table 2 producer prce of yam of the sample respondents ranged from GH 0.50 to GH 4 for a tuber of yam whle that of a bunch of yam was GH 50 to GH 400. The mean sellng prce of a group of 100 tubers of yam (bunch of yam) of the sample household was GH wth standard devaton of

5 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana 33 Table 1 - Descrpton of varables used n the Emprcal model. VARIABLE DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES HYPOTHESES Export ( X ) Market ntegraton ( Consumers complants ( Quantty of drect sales to export agents and/or to mddle men who also sell to export agents + I ) Quantty of yam sold n the producton season + Ablty and wllngness to address consumer complans. C ) 1, f Yes and 0 otherwse + O ) Outlet of sales ( farm gate ( O ), f Quantty of yam sold at farm gate + vllage market ( O ) v Quantty of yam sold at vllage market - urban market ( O ) u Quantty of yam sold at urban market + Market Proxmty The tme (hours) taken to transport yam from the farm urban market ( D ) to the urban market usng lorry - Competton ( Q ) Number of yam supplers n the area + Producer Prce ( P ) The average prce of hundred tubers f yam + Farm sze ( S ) The acreage of yam farm under cultvaton +/- Tme of Marketng Sales before market season ( T b ) Quantty of yam tubers sold before market season + Sales durng market season ( T d ) Quantty of yam tubers sold durng market season +/- Sales after market season ( T a ) Quantty of yam tubers sold after market season + Producer Prce ( P ) The sellng prce of hundred tubers of yam + Cost of Transport ( R ) The average cost of transportng hundred tubers of yam - Source: Feld survey data Degree of Integraton nto market economy From Table 2 t can be depcted that, the total number of yam sold by sample households vary from 100 to tubers. Moreover, the average degree of ntegraton of sampled farmers nto the market economy was (76.01%) tubers of yam wth a standard devaton of (15.96). It s easy to justfy that the sampled households are mostly commercal and busness orented snce most of ther produce are sold. Export Furthermore, the quantty of yam exported by sampled households ranges from 0 (0%) to (70.18%) tubers wth mean of 1404 (7.50%) and a standard devaton of 3056 (13.6%). Though farm households n the study area where commercal

6 34 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana producers nevertheless ther produce were mostly sold n the local market other than the nternatonal market. Outlet of Sales The quantty of yam sold at the farm gate ranges from zero to tubers, wth a mean number of tubers of 3353 (16.03%) and a standard devaton of 7548 (25.73). Lkewse, the quantty of yam sold at vllage markets ranges from zero to tubers, wth an average number of tubers of 1216 (16.45%) and a standard devaton of 2567 (29.88). Smlarly, the number of yam sold at urban markets vares from zero to tubers, wth an average number of tubers of 9154 (67.52%) and a standard devaton of 8747 (33.45). The justfcaton of the statstcs above are not far from the fact most farm households sell ther produce n the urban market due to the hgh producer prce t attracts hence they would prefer to bypass local collectors and other mddlemen n the process. Market Proxmty Farmers that sold ther produce n the urban market spent between 10hrs to 26hrs on roads wth an average tme of 17hrs and standard devaton of Most farm households knowng very well how much local collectors and other mddlemen sold gathered produce from farm gate and vllage markets n the urban markets normally felt cheated. Therefore most producers would prefer to travel long hours to the urban market to sell ther produce. Competton among yam farm households From Table 2, t was observed that competton among farm households ranges from 1 to 40 farm households wth mean competton of 10 farm households and a standard devaton of 6. The mpresson deduced was that for every farm household n the study area there were other ten (10) farm household surroundng hm or her that were equally nvolved n the supply of yam. Ths put a lot of pressure on a farm household to produce to meet the needs and specfcatons of consumers n order not to lose customers to the other ten (10) farm households. Tme of marketng Shftng the drecton of the dscusson to Table 2, the quantty of yam sold before the man market season vares from zero to tubers, wth a mean number of tubers of 1922 (10.40%) and a standard devaton of 5376 (19.84). Smlarly, the quantty of yam sold durng the man market season ranges from zero to tubers, wth an average number of tubers of 8090 (67.19%) and a standard devaton of 7652 (35.66). What s more, the number of yam sold after the man market season vares

7 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana 35 Table 2 - Dstrbuton of farm households accordng to trade potental characterstcs. Trade Potental Characterstcs Mean SD Mn Max Producer Prce of yam A tuber of yam (GH ) A bunch of yam (100 tubers of yam) [GH ] Market ntegraton Tubers of yam sold (number of tubers) Tubers of yam sold (%) Quantty of yam for export Total yam exported (No. of tubers) Total yam exported (%) Outlet of Sales Tubers of yam sold at farm gate Tubers of yam sold at farm gate (%) Tubers of yam sold at vllage market Tubers of yam sold at vllage market (%) Tubers of yam sold at urban market Tubers of yam sold at urban market (%) Competton among yam supplers Tme of marketng Tubers of yam sold before market season Tubers of yam sold before market season (%) Tubers of yam sold durng market season Tubers of yam sold durng market season (%) Tubers of yam sold after market season Tubers of yam sold after market season (%) Cost of transportaton Source: Feld survey data

8 36 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana from zero to tubers, wth an average number of tubers of 3715 (22.42%) and a standard devaton of 7544 (32.41). Households sellng ther produce before and after the man market season consttute farmers sellng n the lean season. Cost of Transportaton As shown n Table 2, the cost of transportng a bunch of yam ranged from GH to GH wth an average cost of transportaton of GH and a standard devaton of It s worthy to note that the cost transportaton s a functon of yam sze. Addressng Consumers complants Among the sampled households, 493 (96.67%) of them receved complants on ther produce nonetheless only 274 of them were wllng and have the ablty to address the needs and complants of customers. Out of the many complants receved durng the survey, most of the households receved complants that yam tubers were too bg (that may account for the reason why few of the produce were exported snce smaller tubers are often preferred by yam exporters) however very few of the households receved complants on the varety of yam produced. The revelaton s unsurprsng because farmers use seed yam technologes that yeld bgger tubers. Households wantng to address ths complant would be forced to adopt mproved technology such as mnsetts, small setts and mlked seeds. Only few farm households receved complants on the varety of yam produced because most of the farm households n the study area were producng whte yam varetes. Trade potental factors nfluencng the adopton of seed yam nnovaton Pror to runnng, the logt model all the hypotheszed explanatory varables were checked for the exstence of multcollnearty problem usng Varance Inflaton Factor (VIF) to exclude the hghly correlated explanatory varables. The hghest VIF value for varables ncluded n the model was 1.54 and the least was The VIF values of the ncluded ndependents varables of the model showed the model has no serous multcollnearty problem snce none of the ncluded varables has a VIF value equal to or greater than 10. Fve varables sgnfcantly nfluenced adopton of seed yam nnovaton as depcted n Table 3. Surprsngly, the ndcators for outlet of sales (sales at the farm gate and vllage market) n ths study dd not have a sgnfcant relatonshp wth adopton of seed yam nnovatons. Ths could ndcate that at least at ths stage and scale, outlet of sales does not affect the adopton of seed yam nnovaton. Even more puzzlng s the non-sgnfcant effect of producer prce gven that seed yam nnovaton s labour-

9 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana 37 ntensve, whch requre hgh fundng to cater for the task. Ths s probably because, demand for labour n the study area mght also be low makng the cost of labour for that matter also low hence farmers are not senstve to producer prce. From Table 3 below, the Wald tests show that fve factors were sgnfcant n explanng adopton of nnovaton n seed yam. Overall, the estmated model of Table 3 - Determnants of seed yam nnovaton adopton. VARIABLES LOG ODDS ODD RATIO Producer Prce (0.168) (0.168) Addressng Complants (yes) 1.579*** 4.850*** (0.000) (0.000) Farm Sze ** 0.978** (0.020) (0.020) Market Proxmty (0.576) (0.576) Tme of marketng (durng) (0.494) (0.494) Competton (0.892) (0.892) Outlet of sales (farm gate) (0.376) (0.376) Outlet of sales (vllage market) (0.275) (0.275) Export 0.055*** 1.056*** (0.001) (0.001) Market Integraton 0.031*** 1.031*** (0.002) (0.002) Transportaton cost *** 0.780*** (0.000) (0.000) Constant 4.320*** *** (0.000) (0.000) Observatons Deg freedom log lkelhood Mc Fadden R LR test *** *** Classfcaton 85.88% 85.88% NB: Stars denote sgnfcance at 10% (*), 5% (**) & 1% (***) level; p-values for t-test n brackets are shown below the coeffcents. Source: Computed from feld survey data

10 38 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana sample sze 510 has a strong explanatory power, as the ncluded varables correctly predct 85.88% of the observatons. The model ch-square of s sgnfcant at a probablty level of 1% wth a degree of freedom of 11. Ths shows that varables n the model other than the ntercept term were useful n explanng the adopton of seed yam nnovaton. Addressng of Consumer complants A postve and strongly sgnfcant (at P<0.01) factor n the lkelhood to adopt seed yam nnovatons was famer s ablty and wllngness to address consumer complants (Complants) [see Table 4]. The result was consstent wth the assertons of Lu et al, (2002); Bear & Frese, (2002); Calontone et al, (2002) and Sabr (2006). Farmers who were able to addressed consumer complants and stll wllng to address any further complants were found to be better adopters. Thus, farmers ablty to address consumer complants ncreased ther lkelhood of adoptng new seed yam strateges. A one-person ncrease n the ablty to address consumer complants ncreases the odds of adoptng seed yam nnovaton by (whch s a 20% ncrease n the lkelhood of adopton). Ths s manly because farmers that addressed consumer complants had access to detaled nformaton about the nterest, specfcatons, and standards of a customer or consumer, whch ntends ncrease consumers acceptance. Hence, producers havng the ablty to address the complants of consumers would employ mproved seed yam nnovaton n the shape of mnsetts, small setts and mlked seeds. Farm sze Farm sze was sgnfcant at 5% probablty level wth negatve coeffcent whch s an ndcaton of a negatve relatonshp between farm sze and seed yam nnovaton. Ths s consstent wth the fndngs of Nnad and Akwwu (2007) but however dsagree wth the study report of Bolarnwa and Oladej (2009). Consderng the margnal effect (n Table 4) shows that, an addtonal ncrease n farm sze by an acre decreases the lkelhood of beng an adopter of seed yam nnovaton by 0.2%. Moreover, the sgnfcance and negatve nfluence of farm sze on seed yam nnovaton adopton does not fully support the fndngs of Sall et al. (2000) and Nchnda et al. (2010). Sall et al. (2000) concluded that farm sze has a negatve but not sgnfcant nfluence on the adopton of mproved rce varety n Senegal whle the fndngs of Nchnda et al. (2010) proved smlar outcome n the adopton ntensty of mproved seed yam technology n Cameroon. The negatve and sgnfcance of the coeffcent of farm sze mght suggest that the avalablty of land for yam producton for most sampled households was hgh. Therefore adopton of seed yam nnovaton seemed not to be an opton to ncrease producton but rather ncrease n the acreage under cultvaton

11 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana 39 was. Moreover, most sampled households could not substtute large farm sze cultvaton to the rsk nvolve n adoptng seed yam nnovatons (especally mnsett technology). Most sampled households perceved seed yam nnovatons (such as mnsetts) as laborous whch would end up n producng small tubers to feed manly the export market and few consumers of the local market. However, the level of communcaton and trust between farm households and export agent/mddlemen nvolved n gatherng of yam for export and local market s very fragle and somewhat non-exstng. Hence, farmers prefer to stck to ther prmtve technologes and ncrease ther acreage under cultvaton n order to ncrease producton rather than to practce seed yam nnovatons. Export of yam The test of the null hypothess that export (farmer s entry nto foregn market) coeffcent s zero aganst the alternatve hypothess has a coeffcent of correspondng to p=0.001, therefore the null hypothess s rejected n favour of the alternatve. The sgn of the coeffcent for export was as expected (postve). Based on the data set, a one percent ncrease n export by farm household would result n an ncrease n the odds of adopton of seed yam nnovaton by Lkewse, a percent ncrease n a household s entry nto the foregn market (export) s lkely to ncrease the probablty of seed yam nnovaton (mnsett/mlk seeds/ small setts cuttngs) by 0.5%. Ths postve role of foregn exposure s consstent wth the results obtaned by Maresse and Mohnen (2005) assertons. Integraton nto the Market Economy The degree at whch a household ntegrates tself nto the market economy was found to have a postve sgn for the coeffcent and statstcally sgnfcant at the 1-percent level ndcatng hgher ntegraton nto market economy s assocated wth hgher propensty to adopt seed yam nnovaton. Thus havng an addtonal one percent ncrease n sales of yam would ncrease the probablty of seed yam nnovaton beng adopted by 0.3%. The result of the study s consstent wth the reports of Hall and Khan (2003); Stefan (2003) and Boehlje and Erckson (2007). From the results n Table 4, t can be deduced that an ncrease n sales of yam may be translated nto ncrease households ncome. Therefore, farmers commttng more of ther produce to the market have hgher ncome levels and are lkely to put more emphass on seed yam nnovatons to boost producton and productvty. Cost of Transportaton As can be shown n Table 3 the cost of transportaton of yam from the farm to the urban markets affect the lkelhood of adopton of seed yam nnovaton negatvely and sgnfcantly (at P<0.01). Moreover, an ncrease n the cost of transportng a

12 40 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana bunch of yam (hundred tubers of yam) from the farm to the urban market by Gh 1.00 decreases the log odds of adopton of seed yam nnovaton by Smlarly, the margnal effect shows that, an addtonal Gh 1.00 spent on transportaton decreases the probablty of beng seed yam nnovaton adopter by 2.4 percent. The relaton establshed s unsurprsng because from the survey t was observed that households pay hgher cost for bgger tubers of yam when transportng. Therefore t s normal to fnd out that farmers payng low transportaton fares adopted seed yam nnovaton (whch results n the producton of small and medum tuber szes of yam). Furthermore, the relaton also mples that households payng low transportaton fares can save enough to pay for the perceved laborous nature of seed yam nnovatons. Therefore t s convncng for the study to assert that hgher transport fares would promotes the adopton of seed yam nnovaton such as mnsett technology. Concluson and Recommendaton The aggregate results after performng a logt regresson revealed that households ablty and wllngness to address consumer complants, export, and ntegraton nto market economy postvely and sgnfcantly nfluence the adopton of seed yam nnovaton. Contrary to ths, farm sze and cost of transportaton sgnfcantly nfluences the adopton of seed yam nnovaton negatvely. Thus fve trade potental factors affect the lkelhood of seed yam nnovaton adopton. Hence measures to mprove farm households ntegraton nto markets economy and especally foregn market would convncngly promote the lkelhood of seed yam nnovaton adopton. Moreover, means of brdgng the gap of trust between farmers and yam exporters or mddlemen would also promote effectve communcaton between the two partes whch n effect can reduce the rsk of seed yam nnovaton adopton to some extent and thereby promotng ts adopton on large scale and elmnaton of the extra cost of transportaton due to relatvely large tuber sze. References Bear M. and Frese M., Innovaton s not Enough: Clmates for Intatve and Psychologcal Safety, Process Innovatons and Frm Performance. Journal of Organzatonal Behavour, 2002, Vol. 24: Boehlje M. and Erckson B., Farm Consoldaton and Market Integraton: Wll Crop Producton Follow Lvestock s Lead? Top Farmer Crop Workshop Newsletter, February 2007 Bolarnwa K.K. and Oladej J.O., Adopton and Relevance of Yam Mnsett Technology Practces to Farmers IndgenousPractces n Ran Forest and

13 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana 41 Derved Savannah Zones of Ngera. Journal of Appled Scences Research, 5(12): , 2009 Calantone R.J., Cavusgl S.T. and Zhao Y Learnng orentaton, frm nnovaton capablty, and frm performance. Industral Marketng Management, Vol. 31, No. 6, p FAO Producton Yearbook for FAO, Rome, Italy, p Feld A., Dscoverng statstcs: Usng SPSS for Wndows. London: Sage Publcatons Greene W. H., Econometrc Analyss, 6 th Edton, Upper Saddle Rver, New Jersey, Prentce-Hall, New York Unversty. Hall B. and Khan B., Adopton of New Technology, In Jones, Derek C., New Economy Handbook, Amsterdam: Elsever Scence. Kenyon L. and Fowler M., Factors affectng the uptake and adopton of output of crop protecton research on yams n Ghana. Natural Resource Internatonal Lmted. U.K, pp Lu S.S., Luo X., Sh Y., Integratng Customer Orentaton n Organzatons n Transton: An Emprcal Study, Internatonal Journal of Research n Marketng, Vol. 19: Maresse J. and Mohnen P., The Importance of R&D for Innovaton: A Reassessment Usng French Survey Data, The Journal of Technology Transfer, specal ssue n memory of Edwn Mansfeld, 30, Malk R. Snsn B. and Floquet A., Factors nfluencng adopton of the technologes of sedentarzaton of yam n centre of benn (West Afrca). FAO, FSA/UAC, CIRAD. Mnstry of Food and Agrculture (MoFA) Ghana, Statstcs, Research and Informaton Drectorate, Agrculture n Ghana: Facts and fgures, pp Nchnda V.P., Ambe T.E., Holvoet N., Leke W., Che M.A., Nkwate S.P., Ngassam S.B., Njualem D.K (2010), Factors nfluencng the adopton ntensty of mproved yam (Doscorea spp.) seed technology n the western hghlands and hgh gunea savannah zones of Cameroon. Journal of Appled Boscences 36: ISSN Nnad F. N. and Akwwu C. D., Farmers dscontnuance decson behavours of yam mnsett technology n Imo State, Ngera. Internatonal Journal of Agrculture and Rural Development, 9(1) Sabr E., The relatonshps between market orentaton, frm nnovatveness and nnovaton performance. Journal of Global Busness and Technology. Pp 8

14 42 M. Sedu, K. O.Yankyera: Trade Potental Determnants of the Adopton of Seed Yam Innovatons n Ghana Sall S., Norman D. and Featherstone A.M., Quanttatve Assessment of Improved Rce Varety Adopton: The Farmer s Perspectve. Agrcultural Systems Journal 66: Stefan D., Insurance aganst Poverty. UNU World Insttute for Development Economcs Research (UNU-WIDER) Katajanokanlatur 6B, FIN Helsnk, Fnland. Pp