FARMER PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION OF BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L) VARIETIES FOR SEED PRODUCTION IN TESO- KARAMOJA SUB-REGION, UGANDA

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1 FARMER PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION OF BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L) VARIETIES FOR SEED PRODUCTION IN TESO- KARAMOJA SUB-REGION, UGANDA Samuel Kayongo Njuki, 1 Per Andersson 2 Agronomist-NabuZARDI 1 Nabuin Zonal Agricultural Research Development Institute (NabuZARDI)-NARO-Uganda skayongo@agric.mak.ac.ug; jskayongo@yahoo.com 2 Svalof Consulting AB, Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) Sweden Per.andersson@svalofconsulting.se ABSTRACT The need for smallholder farmers to understand the benefits and value of growing pure quality bean variety seeds instigated from seed status survey analysis. The analysis highlighted farmer s lack of knowledge and access to improved seed varieties and absence of Seed companies in the Teso-Karamoja sub-region. The situation left farmers with no choice but growing farm-saved seed recycled from subsequent cropping seasons. Farmers were therefore involved in participatory evaluation of 10 improved bean varieties obtained from NaCRRI, to identify adaptable varieties that posses farmer desired attributes for seed and food production. A research-farmer participatory process for evaluating bean varieties was therefore carried out to: Equip farmers with knowledge of producing and maintaining good quality seeds; Identify varieties with desired traits and adaptable to the local dry mid-altitude environment; Create awareness and popularizing the existence and demand of improved bean seeds. Achieved results indicated that most varieties were highly affected by drought, however, variety Nabe15 and Nabe4 performed exceptionally well in maturity periods with relative yield of 1.32 and 1.29 MT Ha -1 respectively. Both varieties expressed traits for resistance to diseases and were selected for seed production in the semi-arid region of Teso-Karamoja sub-region. Key words: Grains, adaptability, drought-stress 1.0 INTRODUCTION Sixteen improved bean varieties, bred and released by beans Program at National Agricultural Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) were during the first season tested at on-farm for adaptability in Karamoja sub-region. The varieties were in series of NABE from 1-16, with variation in seed texture, colour, size, crop maturity, cooking time and other agronomic traits. Variety testing was conducted at Nabuin Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (NabuZARDI) in Karamoja for performance in yield, maturity period, tolerance to drought, resistance to pests and diseases among others. Ten varieties out of sixteen were selected given their good performance and advanced to testing for seed suitability and quality. In order for farmers to sustainably access bean seeds, the venture for seed multiplication was sought with farmer involvement to enhance choice and production of bean varieties with desired farmer attributes. However, it was difficult to know whether the tested varieties possessed attributes desired by farmers. Therefore participatory evaluation of the varieties with farmers at gazette farm land enhanced assessing the actual performance and farmer choice of desired varieties for seed production. Whilst, most farmers are smallholders with large chunks of land for cultivation and animal grazing but have no access and knowledge about good quality bean seeds or its benefits. The locally predominant amount of bean seed utilized by small-scale farmers 13

2 comes from regular crop harvest meant for food. Most farmers use farm-saved seed or that produced by neighbours or fellow farmer (informally). Consequently, few seed companies (formal sector) are keen to produce bean seeds resulting in the little available certified seed being expensive and less accessible to most rural farmers. This situation is contributed to because of lack of a reliable and constant seed supply especially at planting time. It has been shown and documented in a number of countries that with some technical support, farmers can produce clean and potentially certifiable seed (Turner, 2010).Therefore, to support farmers, a program of change (POC) was designed to conduct a participatory evaluation of the varieties to allow farmers exploit the chance of selecting varieties with designed attributes for advancing into seed production. This program was support by SIDA through a scientific training in plant breeding and seed production. The evaluation could help in reducing the cost of seed and bean production; enhance accessibility of good quality seed in a timely manner and facilitate faster dissemination of improved and local varieties. The study therefore sought to conduct on-farm participatory farmer evaluation of the improved bean varieties to allow choice of varieties possessing the desired attributes and learning how to produce seeds, maintenance, delivery and sustainable access to the seeds. 2.0 Materials and Methods 2.1 Plant Material and growth conditions Ten varieties namely, K131, K132, NABE1, NABE2, NABE3, NABE4, NABE5, NABE6, NABE11, NABE15 and one local check variety called Tapara bean (most important local variety) were included in on-farm evaluation. The experiment was carried out on a farm area used by farmers but belonging to NabuZARDI in Karamoja. The choice of field was based on central convenience to farmers given the area insecurity. The trial was designed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications and the 11 bean varieties. Each plot consisted of 8 rows planted at a distance of 0.1m within hills, and 0.5m between rows on a plot size of 10x5m. Planting was done with 21 farmers from 8 parishes during the short rainy season (Sept- December, 2011) and results validated with another cropping season (Apr-June, 2012). Farmers participated right from planting to management, through physical observation of bean variety growth to final evaluation of foliar incidences to pests and diseases, agronomic stresses and yield. Farmer roles were to learn the bean plant growth habits, observe any changes occurring to beans plants in terms of disease expression and manifestation on leaves, record the days taken to flower and attain physiological maturity, pod bearing and filling, yield and palatability taste. During trial management no chemicals were applied to manage diseases or pests. The soils were sandy loam and had not been cultivated for a period of over a year. Temperatures ranged from o C and bimodal precipitation ranging from mm. The assessment of bean cultivar performance started 21 days after planting (DAP). 2.2 Data collection and analysis Agronomic data on seed production All data collections started at 21 days after planting and continued in cumulative fortnights. The agronomic data collected included an assessment of tolerance to heat or drought, number of days to flowering (DTF), pod development and filling and physiological maturity period (DTM) (Table 1). Actual yield data were collected at harvest by field weight in correlation with number of plants at harvest. Seed traits, such as seed colour, shape, size, brilliance and desirability were recorded (Table 2). Harvesting was done with full farmer participation after ascertaining the physiological maturity the plants. Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the statistical programme Genstat, 13 th edition Data for evaluation of bean varieties to fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens Foliar diseases assessed included bean angular leaf spot (Phaseoriopsis griseola), bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), common bean blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli) and bean leaf rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) (Table 4). The disease incidence and severity levels were assessed using a scale from 0 to 6 for disease incidence and 1 to 9 for disease severity as characterized by Stavely (1991) and CIAT (1987) Data on field pest effect on bean varieties The found colonizing pests were assessed to determine the level of damage inflicted on plants. But the most predominant observed to damage the plants included bugs eg Giant Coreid (Anoplocnemis spp), legume pod borer (Acanthomyyia), bean fly (Ophiomyia spp) and red mites (Table 5). A scale of 1-5 was used (1= no damage, and 5= highly damaged) beginning at one month after planting (1 14

3 MAP) to the time of harvesting. All collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the statistical programme Genstat, 13 th edition.). 3.0 Results of study 3.1 Performance of selected varieties Bean variety evaluation showed variable response to naturally occurring abiotic stresses. Given the hot environment in the region (33 0 C average) with long dry spell, varieties such as Nabe15, K131 and Nabe4 exhibited adaptation traits (drought avoidance mechanisms) to the drought as indicated in Table Bean seed appearance characteristics Harvested bean seed varieties were subjected to appearance analysis for acceptance based on farmer s perception of desired qualities. Among selected attributes considered important included seed colour, shape, size, brilliance and seed weight (Table 2), similar to bean variety characteristics evaluated by Garcia et al., (1996). Table 1: Bean variety performance for selected traits Variety DS prone DTF DTM Yield (seed) (Scores) (Days) (Days) (MT Ha -1 ) Rank K ±0.0 d 809±67.9 d 10 K ±0.0 c ±80.6 bc 3 Nabe1 3.1±0.3 c 862±14.6 d 8 Nabe11 4.0±0.0 a ±5.84 c 6 Nabe15 2.0±0.0 d ±51.0 a 1 Nabe2 3.0±0.2 c 816±31.4 d 9 Nabe3 2.3±0.2 d 1091±18.7 c 4 Nabe4 2.0±0.0 d ±7.18 ab 2 Nabe5 3.7±0.2 b ±13.4 c 5 Nabe6 3.0±0.0 c 502±42.9 e 11 Tapara Bean 2.2±0.0 d ±62 cd 7 Lsd (Var) % CV Figure 1: Showing duration for bean variety growth Bean Variety Maturity Period Days to Flower Days to maturity Duration (days) K131 K132 Nabe 1 Nabe 11 Nabe 15 Nabe 2 Nabe 3 Nabe 4 Nabe 5 Nabe 6 Varieties 15

4 Table 2: Bean seed physiological traits Seed Seed Weight of 50 seeds Seed Seed Acceptance Variety Colour Shape 50 seeds : 1 seed Size Brilliance (Desirability) K131 Brown (Gold orange flecked) Round Small seeded Opaque Fair Nabe2 Black Oval Small seeded Opaque Fair Nabe3 Purple-wish Brown Oval Small seeded Opaque Fair Nabe6 White Oval Small seeded Brilliant Good Tapara White Oval Small seeded Opaque Fair Nabe15 Dark Brown (Dark-red flecks) Oval Medium size Brilliant Excellent Nabe1 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Truncate fastiate Large seeded Opaque Fair K132 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Kidney shaped Large seeded Intermediate Good Nabe11 Brown (Dark-red flecks) Kidney shaped Large seeded Brilliant v. good Nabe4 Dark red (Brown flecks) Cuboids Large seeded Intermediate Good Nabe5 Cream- Brown (Dark red flecks) Kidney Shaped Large seeded Intermediate Fair 16

5 Table 3: Attributes considered by farmers in selection of variety for seed production Attribute Variety selected Drought Resistance Nabe15: K131: Nabe4 Days to flower Nabe15: Nabe4 Days to maturity Nabe5: Nabe4 Seed Brilliance Nabe15 Seed shape Oval Disease resistance Varieties with mean separation letter c (Tab. 4) Insect resistance Varieties with mean separation letter d,c,b (Tab. 6) Seed weight Nabe3, Nabe15, and K132 Yield Nabe Evaluation of bean varieties to fungal and bacterial pathogens Varieties reacted significantly to naturally occurring pathogens (Table 4). The manifestation of diseases on plant parts was generally low indicating the possibility of tolerance to the pathogens. The expression of Angular leaf sport (Phaseoriopsis griseola), one of the most serious and widely distributed disease of beans was lower on most varieties with scores ranging from (Table 4) and incidence of representing a range of 25-40% leaf area infection (Table 5). The scores were determined using a general scale of 1-9 as prescribed by CIAT (1987) while the disease incidence was estimated by counting the number of diseased and healthy plants in a plot using a modified cobb scale of 0-5 as prescribed by Stavely (1985). Another foliar disease known to affect bean productivity is bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum). The disease is one of the widespread, common and most important diseases of bean worldwide especially in regions with frequent rainfall. Its considered more destructive under cool to moderate temperatures with high relative humidity. However, its evaluation in Karamoja showed less potential for disease effect on improved bean varieties (Table 4). Apart from var. K132 that exhibited some characterized foliar symptoms (3.7 score), the rest of varieties appeared tolerant. Table 4: Variety reaction (severity) to naturally occurring diseases Variety B. ALS B. Anthr B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust K ±0.1 c 1.3±0.7 c 1.0±0 d 2.3±0.2 c 1.4±0.1 b K ±0.1 a 3.7±0.2 a 4.4±0.3 a 3.7±0.2 a 1.9±0.1 a Nabe1 2.8±0.2 bc 1.1±0.0 c 1.0±0 d 1.8±0.2 d 1.5±0.1 b Nabe11 3.2±0.2 ab 2.4±0.2 b 2.8±0.2 b 3.0±0.1 b 2.0±0 a Nabe15 2.9±0.1 abc 2.3±0.9 b 1.5±0.1 d 2.3±0.1 c 1.6±0.1 b Nabe2 2.8±0.1 bc 2.1±0.1 b 2.0±0.2 c 3.1±0.2 b 2.0±0 a Nabe3 2.4±0.2 c 1.7±0.1 c 1.0±0 d 1.6±0.1 d 1.0±0 c Nabe4 3.0±0.1 abc 3.5±0.2 a 1.0±0 d 3.0±0.1 b 2.0±0 a Nabe5 2.0±0.1 d 1.5±0.1 c 1.0±0 d 2.3±0.2 c 1.8±0.1 a Nabe6 3.0±0.2 abc 2.2±0.1 b 1.0±0 d 2.4±0.1 c 1.0±0 c Tapara 2.8±0.1 bc 2.0±0.0 b 2.0±0.0 c 3.1±0.2 b 2.0±0 a Lsd (Var) % CV (Scores 1-9, 1=Health, 9= highly affected) source CIAT (1987) Other significant diseases evaluated included common bean blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli). The disease is widespread throughout Africa s bean growing regions, and is favoured by warm to high temperatures and high humidity (Buruchura et al., 2010) similar to typical Karamoja hot environment. The disease affect leaf expansion potential with leaf spots enlargement and mergence to form large brown irregular lesions surrounded by a narrow yellow zone (Fig 1B appendix). The incidence on plants were relatively high ranging from 10-40% leaf area infected (Table 5) on not more than 50% plants. High severity rates were observed on var K132 (3.7 severity), Nabe 4 and 11 at 3.0 score of severity. The least 17

6 affected varieties included Nabe1,3, 5,15, K131 and Tapara bean Table 5: Incidence of foliar leaf infection (Cobb scale) to naturally occurring diseases Variety Bean ALS B. Anth B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust K K Nabe Nabe Nabe Nabe Nabe Nabe Nabe Nabe Tapara (Scores 0-5, 0=No visible infection; 1=1-5%; 2= 6-10%; 3=11-25%; 4=26-40%; 5= % leaf area infected) Source: Stavely (1985) 3.4 Evaluation of bean varieties to pest attack Results on evaluation of bean varieties against natural foliar pest attack showed important variety response. Minimal below threshold level, the Giant Coreid Bug (Anoplocnemis spp) and legume pod borer (Acanthomyyia) pest attack were observed on leaves and pods respectively. Variety susceptibility was observed to red mite and bean fly (Ophiomyia spp) attack (Fig. 1C). The effect of red mite was high on variety Nabe11 at 4.5 and 3.0 severities respectively (Table 6). Bean fly (Ophiomyia spp) is another pest of economic importance widely distributed throughout Africa and attacks beans (Fig 1C), cowpeas, soybean and other leguminous plants. The same pest affected variety Nabe4, Nabe 11, Nabe 3 and K131 (Table 6). It affected plant growth at an early stage where plants stem got rotten from the damage by maggots of adult bean flies. The attacked plant failed to grow up due to affected phloem and xylem vessels. Such susceptible varieties are however not good for seed production since the control measures justifies for high economic intervention that growers may not easily access. Table 6: Bean variety evaluation against pest attack Variety G.C. Bug Pod Red Bean Damage Mite Fly K ±0.1 a 1.0 c 2.5±0.1 cd 2.3±0.3 a K b 1.9±0.2 a 2.9±0.1 b 1.0b Nabe1 1.0 b 1.1 c 2.3±0.2 d 1.2±0.1 b Nabe b 1.0 c 4.5±0.1 a 2.0±0.2 a Nabe b 1.0 c 2.3±0.1 d 1.1±0.1 b Nabe2 1.0 b 1.5±0.8 b 2.8±0.1 bc 1.1±0.1 b Nabe3 1.5±0.1 a 1.1 c 3.0±0.2 b 1.4±0.2 b Nabe4 1.0 b 1.8±0.1 a 2.2±0.1 d 2.5±0.3 a Nabe5 1.0 b 1.0 c 2.4±0.1 d 1.1±0.1 b Nabe6 1.0 b 1.0 c 1.9±0.1 e 1.4±0.2 b Nabe6 1.0 b 1.0 c 2.0±0. e 1.4±0.2 b Tapara 1.0 b 1.0 c 2.0±0. e 1.2±0.2 b Lsd (Var) NS % CV NS (Scores 1-5, 1=Health, 5= highly affected) 18

7 4.0 Discussion of results 4.1 Performance of selected varieties Farmers identified varieties Nabe15, K131 and Nabe4 to establish well in Karamoja areas despite drought stress. However, other varieties such as Nabe11, Nabe5 and Nabe1 (Table 1) exhibited no satisfactory drought avoidance mechanisms for survival in drought prone areas. Therefore the best farmer selected varieties to grow in drought prone areas are Nabe15, K131 and Nabe4 due to possession of superior traits for drought avoidance mechanisms. Other traits of importance evaluated for selection of good performing bean varieties included the maturity periods involving days to flower and physiological maturity. Such traits are important to farmer s choice in view of projecting the time for planting, executing management practices and planning effective harvesting and marketing or market demand. Similar variables were also considered by CIAT (1987) in evaluating seed traits. In semi arid areas, varieties that can potentially grow well are preferred in a sense of escaping the stress. It was observed that early flowering varieties synchronized with peak rain season and upon moisture significant deficit, the plant had already matured. Similarly varieties such as Nabe15 exhibited outstanding potential of early flowering whereby at 32 days (50% of whole variety plot) had flowered. Varieties that flowered early also attained early physiological maturity (Table 1). Variables that potentially correlate to yield were also evaluated for selection of high yielding bean varieties. Among attributes that farmer considered to adopt varieties of interest is yield. In the results obtained variety Nabe15, Nabe4 and K132 if planted early can yield highly at 1.3 MT Ha -1, 1.2 MT Ha -1 and 1.1 MT Ha -1 respectively (Table 1) (Fig. 2), leading to abundant bean seed and food supply for subsequent production and consumption. Therefore the varieties reach physiological maturity the better are chances of harvesting reasonable yield. 4.2 Bean seed appearance characteristics Seed shape, brilliance and weight were considered to determine commercial value for marketing beans for food and in addition to viability and germination potential for commercial bean seeds. Large seeded varieties were more preferred due to early maturity period and high marketable weight than small seeded varieties. Farmers considered large seeded varieties to be easy in raising productivity and marketing for better income. Overall, variety Nabe15 possessed the most desired attributes (Table 3) considered important in seed production and delivery and marketing. The same variety excelled in maturity days, tolerance to drought stress through escape mechanisms, seed brilliance, weight and yield (Table 1 and 3). Similar traits were also found important in beans evaluation by Teshale et al., (2005). 4.3 Evaluation of bean varieties to foliar fungal and bacterial pathogens Variety K132 and Nabe11 exhibited the highest severity rate of leaf area infection to angular leaf spot (ALS) at 3.5 and 3.2 scores respectively, less than half of the whole disease score scale. The scores suggested variety tolerance and ability to perform well given the lower incidence rate of the disease effect. Therefore, selection intensity of varieties for seed production dropped var. K132 and Nabe11 due to potential susceptibility to angular leaf spot disease incidence. Another foliar disease known to affect bean productivity is bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum). Its evaluation in Karamoja showed less potential for disease effect on improved bean varieties (Table 4). Apart from var. K132 that exhibited some characterized foliar symptoms (3.7 score), the rest of varieties appeared tolerant. The tolerance was attributed to variety resistance and the hot environment characterized with bimodal rainfall that did not favour the fungus spread and activity. Though the fungus is known to penetrate through the pod or seed coat causing discoloration and distortion of the seed, however, the grown variety seeds were pure from the fungus attack. However, in case of disease build up, famers were trained in early detection in identification and management through seed dressing and phytosanitary measures. The same variety (K132) also succumbed to bean common mosaic virus (Table4) with an incidence of 40% (Table 5) infected plants in plots. Other varieties appeared resistant to the virus effect. Therefore variety K132 was dropped from other varieties for seed production. Other significant diseases evaluated included common bean blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli). The incidence on plants was relatively high ranging from 10-40% leaf area infected (Table 5) on not more than 50% plants. High severity rates were observed on var K132 (3.7 severity), Nabe 4 and 11 at 3.0 severity. The least affected varieties included Nabe1,3, 5,15 and K131. The low severity and incidence rates were attributed to variety tolerance and hence led to a suggestion that the tolerant varieties are favourable for seed production in regards to CBB effect. Whilst some varieties reacted positively to natural disease attack, all varieties exhibited general tolerance to bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) (Table 4). The tolerance was attributed to unfavourable environment (hot temperatures) for the fungus epidemiology. 4.4 Evaluation of bean varieties to pest attack The evaluation of bean varieties against natural foliar pest attack showed important variety response. Minimal below threshold level, the Giant Coreid Bug (Anoplocnemis spp) 19

8 and legume pod borer (Acanthomyyia) pest attack were observed on leaves and pods respectively. Variety susceptibility was observed to red mite and bean fly (Ophiomyia spp) attack (Fig. 1C). The effect of red mite was high on variety Nabe11 at 4.5 and 3.0 severities respectively (Table 6). The presence of mites in production plots were attributed to favourable environment for their multiplication. The attack justifies the need to breed for variety resistance in addition to screening available varieties for tolerance. Varieties that exhibited tolerance to mites attack include Nabe 6, Nabe 4, Nabe15 and Nabe 1 at severity rate ranging from (Table 6) which justifies the suitability for tolerant varieties for continued production given low level of pest damage. Bean fly (Ophiomyia spp) is another pest of economic importance widely distributed throughout Africa and attacks beans (Fig 1C), cowpeas, soybean and other leguminous plants. The same pest affected variety Nabe4, Nabe 11, Nabe 3 and K131 (Table 6). It affected plant growth at an early stage where plants stem got rotten from the damage by maggots of adult bean flies. The attacked plant failed to grow up due to affected phloem and xylem vessels. Such susceptible varieties are however not good for seed production since the control measures justifies for high economic intervention that growers lack. 5.0 General recommendation and conclusion 5.1 Recommendations The following aspects need further scrutiny for successful implementation and sustainability of farmer seed production venture. Conduct a market demand survey to know the following Potential for bean seeds demand across the region including attributes desired Potential for bean consumption and utility Knowledge of seed processing and quality control Introduction of farmer to protocol for purity monitoring and seed certification Contract farming for market linkage 5.2 Conclusion. Prior to project start up, farmers didn t know the jurisdiction between seeds and food grains since seeds were used both for food and growing new crops. Currently farmers are aware of difference between seeds and food grains and their sources. Farmers have observed that bean seeds obtained from research established well and expressed unique traits of viability, purity (uniform crop), strong vigour, tolerance to drought stress and variation in anthesis stage in this short rain season contrary to their local bean varieties. Farmers have practiced, admired and owned the method of crop growing particularly seed production where row cropping without mixing crops and varieties is conducted so as to produce quality seeds. Whilst farmers are now aware of their potential to produce and save own pure seeds for the next cropping season. The method has explored them to knowledge of producing own seeds to avoid overspending on seed purchases; and avoiding poor quality seeds from Seed Companies, and have known the potential for commercial seed production to earn a living. Famers liked the method of allowing them to select varieties based on their desired attributes, eg selection of early flowering varieties for early maturity and selection of late flowering varieties so that they mature after harvesting the early flowering varieties hence continuous harvesting. They have also identified places suitable for seed and food crop production. However, they are yet to learn seed processing methods. Varieties therefore selected for seed production are those that have exhibited high tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses and the primary trait (Yield). The considered varieties based on evaluation include Nabe 15 and Nabe 4. Acknowledgement This study was carried out in connection with my participation in a SIDA (Swedish International Development Agency financed course in Plant Breeding and Seed Production, conducted by Svalöf Consulting AB, Alnarp, Sweden. I am grateful to both SIDA and Svalöf Consulting for the training, while special thanks to NabuZARDI and NARO in General for the financial support to carry out the study List of Tables Table 1: Bean variety performance for selected traits 8 Table 2: Bean seed physiological traits 9 Table 3: Attributes considered by farmers in selection of variety for seed production 10 Table 4: Variety reaction (severity) to naturally occurring diseases.11 Table 5: Incidence of foliar leaf infection to naturally occurring diseases...12 Table 6: Bean variety evaluation against pest attack..13 Page List of Figures Figure 1: Showing duration for bean variety growth.8 20

9 Figure 2: Systematic representation of bean trial (A); foliar disease (B- C); variety observation (D) and produced bean varieties (E).20 A- Established bean trial with farmer participation in variety performance observation B- Common bacterial blight C- Effect of Bean fly D: Variety brilliance Observation E: Improved Bean Varieties Figure 2: Systematic representation of bean trial (A); foliar disease (B- C); variety observation (D) and produced bean varieties (E). Table 1: Bean variety performance for selected traits Variety DS prone DTF DTM Yield (seed) (Scores) (Days) (Days) (MT Ha -1 ) Rank K ±0.0 d 809±67.9 d 10 K ±0.0 c ±80.6 bc 3 Nabe1 3.1±0.3 c 862±14.6 d 8 Nabe11 4.0±0.0 a ±5.84 c 6 Nabe15 2.0±0.0 d ±51.0 a 1 Nabe2 3.0±0.2 c 816±31.4 d 9 Nabe3 2.3±0.2 d 1091±18.7 c 4 Nabe4 2.0±0.0 d ±7.18 ab 2 Nabe5 3.7±0.2 b ±13.4 c 5 21

10 Nabe6 3.0±0.0 c 502±42.9 e 11 Tapara Bean 2.2±0.0 d ±62 cd 7 Lsd (Var) % CV Figure 1: Showing duration for bean variety growth Bean Variety Maturity Period Days to Flower Days to maturity Duration (days) K131 K132 Nabe 1 Nabe 11 Nabe 15 Nabe 2 Nabe 3 Nabe 4 Nabe 5 Nabe 6 Varieties 22

11 Table 2: Bean seed physiological traits Seed Seed Weight of 50 seeds Seed Seed Acceptance Variety Colour Shape 50 seeds : 1 seed Size Brilliance (Desirability) K131 Brown (Gold orange flecked) Round Small seeded Opaque Fair Nabe2 Black Oval Small seeded Opaque Fair Nabe3 Purple-wish Brown Oval Small seeded Opaque Fair Nabe6 White Oval Small seeded Brilliant Good Tapara White Oval Small seeded Opaque Fair Nabe15 Dark Brown (Dark-red flecks) Oval Medium size Brilliant Excellent Nabe1 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Truncate fastiate Large seeded Opaque Fair K132 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Kidney shaped Large seeded Intermediate Good Nabe11 Brown (Dark-red flecks) Kidney shaped Large seeded Brilliant v. good Nabe4 Dark red (Brown flecks) Cuboids Large seeded Intermediate Good Nabe5 Cream- Brown (Dark red flecks) Kidney Shaped Large seeded Intermediate Fair 23

12 Table 3: Attributes considered by farmers in selection of variety for seed production Attribute Variety selected Drought Resistance Nabe15: K131: Nabe4 Days to flower Nabe15: Nabe4 Days to maturity Nabe5: Nabe4 Seed Brilliance Nabe15 Seed shape Oval Disease resistance Varieties with mean separation letter c (Tab. 4) Insect resistance Varieties with mean separation letter d,c,b (Tab. 6) Seed weight Nabe3, Nabe15, and K132 Yield Nabe15 Table 4: Variety reaction (severity) to naturally occurring diseases Variety B. ALS B. Anthr B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust K ±0.1 c 1.3±0.7 c 1.0±0 d 2.3±0.2 c 1.4±0.1 b K ±0.1 a 3.7±0.2 a 4.4±0.3 a 3.7±0.2 a 1.9±0.1 a Nabe1 2.8±0.2 bc 1.1±0.0 c 1.0±0 d 1.8±0.2 d 1.5±0.1 b Nabe11 3.2±0.2 ab 2.4±0.2 b 2.8±0.2 b 3.0±0.1 b 2.0±0 a Nabe15 2.9±0.1 abc 2.3±0.9 b 1.5±0.1 d 2.3±0.1 c 1.6±0.1 b Nabe2 2.8±0.1 bc 2.1±0.1 b 2.0±0.2 c 3.1±0.2 b 2.0±0 a Nabe3 2.4±0.2 c 1.7±0.1 c 1.0±0 d 1.6±0.1 d 1.0±0 c Nabe4 3.0±0.1 abc 3.5±0.2 a 1.0±0 d 3.0±0.1 b 2.0±0 a Nabe5 2.0±0.1 d 1.5±0.1 c 1.0±0 d 2.3±0.2 c 1.8±0.1 a Nabe6 3.0±0.2 abc 2.2±0.1 b 1.0±0 d 2.4±0.1 c 1.0±0 c Tapara 2.8±0.1 bc 2.0±0.0 b 2.0±0.0 c 3.1±0.2 b 2.0±0 a Lsd (Var) % CV (Scores 1-9, 1=Health, 9= highly affected) source CIAT (1987) Table 5: Incidence of foliar leaf infection (Cobb scale) to naturally occurring diseases Variety Bean ALS B. Anth B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust K K Nabe Nabe Nabe Nabe Nabe Nabe Nabe Nabe Tapara (Scores 0-5, 0=No visible infection; 1=1-5%; 2= 6-10%; 3=11-25%; 4=26-40%; 5= % leaf area infected) Source: Stavely (1985) Table 6: Bean variety evaluation against pest attack Variety G.C. Bug Pod Red Bean Damage Mite Fly K ±0.1 a 1.0 c 2.5±0.1 cd 2.3±0.3 a K b 1.9±0.2 a 2.9±0.1 b 1.0b Nabe1 1.0 b 1.1 c 2.3±0.2 d 1.2±0.1 b Nabe b 1.0 c 4.5±0.1 a 2.0±0.2 a 24

13 Nabe b 1.0 c 2.3±0.1 d 1.1±0.1 b Nabe2 1.0 b 1.5±0.8 b 2.8±0.1 bc 1.1±0.1 b Nabe3 1.5±0.1 a 1.1 c 3.0±0.2 b 1.4±0.2 b Nabe4 1.0 b 1.8±0.1 a 2.2±0.1 d 2.5±0.3 a Nabe5 1.0 b 1.0 c 2.4±0.1 d 1.1±0.1 b Nabe6 1.0 b 1.0 c 1.9±0.1 e 1.4±0.2 b Nabe6 1.0 b 1.0 c 2.0±0. e 1.4±0.2 b Tapara 1.0 b 1.0 c 2.0±0. e 1.2±0.2 b Lsd (Var) NS % CV NS (Scores 1-5, 1=Health, 5= highly affected) References 1. Beaver J.S A simple method for producing seed a Wild Population and an Improved Cultivar of from crosses hybrid dwarfs derived from crosses Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) between Middle American and Andean gene pools. 5. Hall R The bean plant. p. 1-5 In R. Hall (ed). Ann. Rep. of the Bean Improv. Coop. 36: Compendium of bean diseases. APS Press. Saint Paul, 2. Buruchara R., Mukankusi C. and Ampofo K. (2010). Minnesota. Bean disease and pest identification and management: 6. Schoonhoven A., Pastor-Corrales, MA. (1994). Standard International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); system for evaluation of bean germplasm. International Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA), 67 p. Centre for tropical Agriculture (CIAT). (CIAT publication no Handbooks for small-scale 7. Stavely, J.R The Modified Cobb Scale for seed producers no. 04). ISSN estimating bean rust intensity. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. 3. CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical). Coop. 28: Standard system for the evaluation of bean 8. Teshale A., Girma A., Chemeda F., Bulti T., Abdelgermplasm. Van Schoonhoven, A. and M.A. Pastor- Rahman M. (2005) Participatory Bean Breeding with Corrales (compilers). Cali, Colombia. 54 p. Women and Small Holder Farmers in Eastern Ethiopia 9. Turner, M. (2010). The Tropical agriculturalist SEEDS. 4. Garcia E. H., Valdivia C.B., Aguirre J.R., and Muruaga CTA MACMILLAN. J.S.M. (1996). Morphological and Agronomic Traits of Abbreviations BCMV : Bean Common Mosaic Virus DTM : Days to Maturity DTF : Days to Flower MAP : Month after Planting NabuZARDI : Nabuin Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute NaCRRI : National Crop Resources Research Institute NARO : National Agricultural Research Organization POC : Program of change ALS : Angular Leaf Sport Anthr : Anthracnose CBB : Common Bean Blight 25