Impact of mulches and disks in nursery container production
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1 Impact of mulches and disks in nursery container production Mario Lanthier 1, Sonja Peters 1, James Atland 2, Sylvie Harel 1 1 CropHealth Advising & Research, Kelowna, Canada 2 USDA-ARS, Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio, USA European Weed Research Society Physical and cultural weed control Working Group Zaragoza, Spain, March 2009
2 Nursery production area in Canada Source: Statistics Canada, Sod & Nursery Industry Survey, 2005 British Columbia 2705 ha Prairies Ontario 3371 ha 7284 ha Québec 3379 ha Maritimes 350 ha
3 Trials conducted in British Columbia
4 Mulch for weed control in a container
5 Mulch for weed control in the landscape
6 Field trials with mulches and disks conducted in British Columbia Impact on weed control Costs for commercial use Impact on irrigation Impact on plant nutrition Impact on plant growth Impact on slow-release fertilisers
7 : Products tested Moulded plastic lid (1 disk) Woven coco-fiber (1 disk) Sawdust (1.25 cm thick) Crumb rubber (1.25 cm thick) BioTop (1.25 cm thick) Corn gluten (10kg / 100 m 2 )
8 Measuring plant growth in 2003
9 Treatment 2003 trial: Selected results Each value is the mean of 30 measures Weeds (over 1 year) Height (increase, cm) Weight (top dry, g) Hand weeding (control) Herbicide Ronstar * Sawdust 1.07 ** ** 20.5 Biotop 0.67 ** Crumb rubber 0.23 ** Corn gluten * Plastic lid 0.20 ** * Coco fiber disk 0.07 ** ** 23.1 * Number followed by asterix is statistically different than control at ** p=0.01, * p=0.05, ANOVA
10 trial: Impact on weed control Mean number of weeds removed per container between July 2003 and May 2004 Each bar is the mean of 30 measures Treatment with a star is statistically different than hand weeding at p=0.01, ANOVA
11 Weed growth with disk or without
12 Weed growth in the opening of the disk
13 Cost of mulches and disks for containers Product Amount per 4.5 L container Cost of product per container Hand weeding 2 times per year labour $ 0.10 to $ 0.25 Herbicide Ronstar label rate under $ 0.01 Sawdust 240 ml under $ 0.01 Biotop 90 ml $ 0.04 Crumb rubber 240 ml $ 0.08 Moulded plastic lid 1 lid $ 0.09 Coco fiber disk 1 disk $ 0.14 to $ 0.17 Source: James Atland, Oregon State University, The Digger Magazine, March 2004
14 Quality of coco fiber disk over time Year of installation After 1 year After 2 years After 3 years
15 Commercial use in greenhouse crop
16 Best use: on slow growing plants
17 Commercial use in a wet climate
18 Field trials with mulches and disks Impact on weed control Costs for commercial use Impact on irrigation practices Impact on plant nutrition Impact on plant growth Impact on slow-release fertilisers
19 What is the impact on fertilization?
20 Is mulch preventing fertilizer release?
21 Control: no mulch, on media Treatments Fertiliser Osmocote placed under or over Sawdust BioTop Crumb rubber Plastic lid Coco fiber disk
22 Fertilizer placed over or under the mulch
23 Same procedure for sawdust mulch
24 Same procedure for coco fiber disk
25 Results were published in 2007 Atland and Lanthier 2007 Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25(4):
26 2005 trial: Impact on irrigation water Least-squared means of water loss (liters) in 24 hours, adjusted for plant size Each value is the mean of 16 measures Treatment 4 weeks after potting 16 weeks after potting Hand weeding (control) Sawdust Biotop Crumb rubber 0.14 * 0.29 Plastic lid 0.14 * 0.26 Coco fiber disk Number followed by asterix is statistically different than control at p=0.05, Dunnett-Hsu
27 2005 trial: Measures of plant growth 25 weeks after potting. Each value is the mean of 20 measures. Mulch Fertiliser Dry weight (g) Flowers Chlorosis None (control) Sawdust Sawdust Biotop Biotop Crumb rubber Crumb rubber Plastic lid Plastic lid Cocofiber disk Cocofiber disk Surface Above Under Above Under Above Under Above Under Above Under
28 2005 trial: Measures of plant growth 25 weeks after potting. Each value is the mean of 20 measures. Mulch Fertiliser Dry weight (g) Flowers Chlorosis None (control) Surface Sawdust Above ** Sawdust Under * Biotop Above * Biotop Under ** Crumb rubber Above Crumb rubber Under 36.1 ** Plastic lid Above 30.0 ** Plastic lid Under 30.3 ** Cocofiber disk Above 29.0 ** Cocofiber disk Under 30.0 ** Number followed by asterix is statistically different than control at *p=0.05, ** p=0.01, Tuckey s LSD
29 2005 trial: Growing media 25 weeks after potting. Each value is the mean of 5 measures. Mulch Fertiliser ph EC Nitrate K Mg Fe None (control) Sawdust Sawdust Biotop Biotop Crumb rubber Crumb rubber Plastic lid Plastic lid Cocofiber disk Cocofiber disk Surface Above Under Above Under Above Under Above Under Above Under
30 2005 trial: Growing media 25 weeks after potting. Each value is the mean of 5 measures. Mulch Fertiliser ph EC Nitrate K Mg Fe None (control) Surface Sawdust Above Sawdust Under 6.4* Biotop Above * Biotop Under Crumb rubber Above Crumb rubber Under * * 0.8 Plastic lid Above Plastic lid Under * * 0.8 Cocofiber disk Above Cocofiber disk Under Number followed by asterix is statistically different than control at p=0.05, Tuckey s LSD
31 Less fertilizer released above the mulch Fertiliser below mulch Fertiliser above mulch
32 Is it immobilisation? Lack of moisture??? Nitrogen deficiency caused by immobilisation in fresh compost Controlled release is unaffected by rainfall or irrigation
33 Field trials with mulches and disks Impact on weed control Costs for commercial use Impact on irrigation Impact on plant nutrition Impact on plant growth Impact on slow-release fertilisers
34 trial: Treatments Mulch Fertiliser Fertiliser placement 1 None 2 Coco fiber disk 3 Coco fiber disk 4 None 5 Coco fiber disk 6 Coco fiber disk 7 None 8 Coco fiber disk 9 Coco fiber disk 10 Crumb rubber 11 Crumb rubber
35 trial: Treatments Mulch Fertiliser Fertiliser placement 1 None Nutricote On media surface 2 Coco fiber disk Nutricote Under disk 3 Coco fiber disk Nutricote Over disk 4 None Plantacote On media surface 5 Coco fiber disk Plantacote Under disk 6 Coco fiber disk Plantacote Over disk 7 None Osmocote On media surface 8 Coco fiber disk Osmocote Under disk 9 Coco fiber disk Osmocote Over disk 10 Crumb rubber Osmocote Under mulch 11 Crumb rubber Osmocote Over mulch
36 Measures of chlorophyll content
37 Leaf size measured with digitally
38 2008 trial: Impact of fertiliser placement Measure Leaf N (July 31) Chlorophyll (SPAD Jul 31) Leaf area (Access Oct 31) Top weight (dry Oct 31) Mulch treatment (none, coco fiber, crumb rubber) Fertiliser product (nutricote, osmocote, plantacote) Fertiliser placement (on media, above mulch, under mulch)
39 2008 trial: Impact of fertiliser placement Measure Leaf N (July 31) Chlorophyll (SPAD Jul 31) Leaf area (Access Oct 31) Top weight (dry Oct 31) Mulch treatment (none, coco fiber, crumb rubber) Fertiliser product (nutricote, osmocote, plantacote) Fertiliser placement (on media, above mulch, under mulch) Not sig. Not sig. Not sig. Not sig. Not sig. Not sig. Not sig. Not sig. Significant Not sig. Not sig. Not sig.
40 Impact is not immobilisation but irrigation Nitrogen deficiency caused by immobilisation in fresh compost Controlled release is unaffected by rainfall or irrigation
41 Water is required to release from prills
42 Fertilizer prills were removed
43 Prills were analysed for residual fertilizer
44 Comments 1) Mulches and disks provide effective weed control in nursery container production. 2) The method is cost effective for greenhouse production of high value plants, or outdoor production of single-stem slow growing plants. 3) Fertiliser placement on top of the mulch or disk results in less plant fertilisation compared to placement under. 4) The difference in plant fertilisation is not from binding of nutrients in the mulch or disk but likely from reduced nutrient release from the dryer surface.
45
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