MANURE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OF LIQUID SYSTEMS AND AN OVERVIEW OF THE COMPOST BEDDED PACK SYSTEM Joseph Taraba

Transcription

1 MANURE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OF LIQUID SYSTEMS AND AN OVERVIEW OF THE COMPOST BEDDED PACK SYSTEM Joseph Taraba Extension Professor Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering University of Kentucky

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3 Challenges That Milk Producers Confront Cost of production (particularly for small herd) Cow Productivity Environmental impacts Water quality Air quality (odor and GHG) Animal welfare Feed Energy Capital Bedding Quality of life Health Milk quality Reduced somatic cell counts

4 Dairy facilities in KY are a significant source of water pollution. -- Ky DOW

5 Animal Waste Management Systems Total Systems A total system accounts for all the waste associated with an agricultural enterprise throughout the year from production to utilization. It is the management of all the waste, all the time, all the way.

6 Manure Handling Systems The best system is a compromise that depends on: Personal preferences Available labor Available capital Soil type Cropping practices Amount of manure produced Applicable regulations Etc.

7 Discharge from Waste Storage

8 Discharge Elimination

9 Discharge Elimination

10 Discharge Elimination Feedlot Unguttered roof Overgrazed exercise lots

11 Discharge Elimination Storage Runoff

12 Discharge Elimination Cow cooling sprinkler water

13 Water Pollution Sources on Dairy Farm? Semi-solid/solid manure (w/wo sand) Covered solid manure stack pad Concrete alleyway feedlot runoff Silage leachate Liquid parlor wastes Pasture heavy use area runoff

14 The site can be more complicated to manage waste streams

15 The site can be simpler to manage waste streams

16 Storage Ponds

17 Bedding Type Impact On Waste System

18 Storage Ponds - Maintenance berm erosion inadequate free board tree growth on berm

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20 Impact of Injection Tool on Residue Coverage

21 Manure Application

22 Nitrogen Losses Because of microorganisms without oxygen Manure organic-n Ammonia-N Lost to Atmosphere Nitrogen Gas-N2 Lost to Atmosphere

23 Nutrient Levels in Dairy Manures Are Highly Variable Compost bed manure(lb/ton) range (lb/1,000 gal) 21 (11 to 32) 5 (0.6 to 10) 5 (4 to 9) 13 (10 to 19) (0.8 to 5) (0.4 to 8) (0.5 to 21) For planning purposes, yearly manure testing will give you the nutrient content trend of your operation if there is no significant changes

24 Compare Crop Nutrient Needs to Nutrients Supplied by Manure Compost Bed % loss Ratio to P 25%

25 Costs and Economics of Manure Handling System A complete economic analysis may not support the selection of the lowest capital MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. SYSTEM. Manure handling system should be viewed as a COST CENTER not a PROFIT CENTER Do not limit your ability to expand a system or that you can afford now to the system that is ideal.

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27 New Concept in Dairy Cow Housing ---- Compost Bedded Loose Housing Dairy Barn

28 The COMPOST BEDDED LOOSE HOUSING BARN and the solid composted waste is an important alternative manure management practice to allow flexibility in utilization of plant nutrients and organic matter for soil fertility. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS: - Improved air quality odor, GHGs (?) - Reduced fly populations

29 Non-Confinement-Grazing

30 Confinement-Freestalls

31 Confinement- Bedded Pack Loose Housing Barn

32 Success for the dairyman is based on both the management of the bed and Compost Bedded Pack the interaction of the bed and the Loose Housing Dairy Barn surrounding managed environment within the structural envelope

33 General Compost Barn Layout

34 History of the Compost Bedded Pack Concept introduced in Virginia in late 1980s by producers Kentucky s first barn built in 2002 in Monroe County In 2008 there were approximately 30 barns in Kentucky, in Feb 2011 there were 60 Today we know of 80 barns in Kentucky

35 This cow is in deep sleep Is this good or bad?

36 This is hottest day in 2012 Is this good or bad?

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38 Potential Benefits Improved cow comfort Lower somatic cell count Less clinical mastitis Increased milk production Reduced lameness Improved hoof health Less hairy heel warts? Increased cow longevity Reduced culling rates Improved heat detection Reduced odor Reduced fly population Improved consumer acceptance?

39 Potential Liabilities Mastitis Availability of sawdust Considered the best type bedding Only for small producers (??) Heat production in hot weather that increases heat stress Poor understanding of bed and barn management leading to significant costs to operation

40 The Ideal Composting Process NH3 N2O

41 Temperature Dynamics Adding feces, urine and bedding continuously changes static bed composting process Feces Urine Bedding

42 Stirring the Bed 2 x per day religiously Rototiller tillage depth stirring depth with deep tillage

43 Compost Bedded Pack Temp, of 24 to to 12 Depth of Compost Bed Ventilation/Circulation Air Ambient F Aerobic Zone Aerobic/ Anaerobic Transition Zone Anaerobic Zone Soil

44 Compost Bedded Pack Gas Pathways

45 Pack Moisture Control Biological activity generates heat which helps to dry the bedding material Bedding cannot absorb all the water from urine and manure without area per cow more evaporation of water Unless than doubles in winter Too wet of a bedded pack reduces aeration, slows biological activity, slow heat generation and water evaporation

46 % Added Water Evaporated 66% 70% 85% 97% COMPOSTING BED MATERIAL INCREASES WATER EVAPORATION Composted Bedded Pack Water in Bedding % Added Water Evaporated 36% 53% 80% Bedded Pack 95% INCREASING AIR VELOCITY OVER BED MATERIAL INCREASES WATER EVAPORATION

47 Heat Losses from Compost Bedded Pack Radiation Ventilation/Circulation Air Evaporation and Convection Conduction

48 Questions?

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52 Manure Application

53 Bedding Source Farmer comfort Cow comfort Dry bedding surface Nonabrasive bedding - cow comfort Good bedding choices: - farmer comfort Infection of mastitis organisms Injury reduction Cow comfort Limit growth of pathogens Pathogen growth Keep the cows clean Cow spend time to lie down and ruminate Bedding must to be comfortable to lie on

54 CH4 N2O Feces Urine Bedding --Greenhouse Gases

55 Cow Comfort Issues in Freestall Barns Hock lesion Lamps Fans skin wounds Headlocks Stall Sand Digital dermatitis Limited space Feed driveway Inadequate positioning Waterers surface ofhard stalllying hardware

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58 Irrigation

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60 outside lot runoff milking center waste water silage leachate building wash down water stock trailer and manure equipment wash down water

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