BOLIVIA LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO

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1 LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF BOLIVIA Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Livestock Information, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch AGAL March 2005

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface...ii 1. General Information... 1 Human population, land and socio-economics... 1 Human population trends... 2 Trends in agricultural land Livestock Resources... 3 Livestock populations...3 Contribution of different species to total livestock units... 3 Selected indicators of livestock resources... 4 Agro-ecological zones and densities of livestock species (2000) Livestock Production... 7 Trends in annual production of meat, milk and eggs... 7 Composition of total meat production... 7 Carcass weights and percentage slaughtered by species... 8 Milk yields and proportion of dairy animals... 8 Egg yields and proportion of laying birds... 8 Estimated feed used for livestock production... 9 Trends in annual per capita production of meat, milk and eggs Consumption of Meat, Milk and Eggs...10 Trends in annual consumption of meat, milk and eggs Trends in annual per capita consumption of meat, milk and eggs Production versus consumption for meat, milk and eggs (2002) Trade in Livestock and Livestock Products...12 Trade in agricultural and livestock products Export/import dependency for livestock products Trade in live animals Trade in livestock products Livestock Health...16 Total number of cases/outbreaks of selected diseases reported in all susceptible species References and Further Reading...17 Data contained in this Livestock Sector Brief are taken from official sources. Official sources are no guarantee for data accuracy and the figures reported in this brief should be taken as indicative and not be used for official purposes. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations assumes no responsibility for its accuracy, completeness and coherence. FAO AGAL i

3 PREFACE The Livestock Sector Briefs (LSB) are intended to provide a quick overview and an approximate outlook for the livestock sector of the respective country using figures and quantitative indicators originating from official sources. The LSBs are complemented by a synthesis of policy documents available in the public domain. The majority of the data in the LSBs refer to the country as a whole and come from FAOSTAT, which is available on the internet ( FAO, as part of its mandate, compiles information and data on various aspects of food and agriculture from all countries. The data are analysed and interpreted to support FAO's programmes and activities and, in accordance with the basic functions of the Organization, they are disseminated to the public through publications, CD-ROM, diskettes and the Internet. The country level data are officially submitted to the Division for Statistics of FAO (ESS) by various ministries of the respective countries. For details of data collection procedures see The figures submitted often display inconsistencies across ministries, for example reported meat production does not always match reported meat consumption when taking into account imports and exports. FAO tries to reconcile the figures, to the effect that FAO statistics may differ from those originally submitted. The LSBs utilise FAOSTAT data from the following domains: human population, land use, agriculture production, food supply and agricultural and food trade. These are used to derive a standard set of indicators that can quickly be compared across the countries. Data on the economy are from the World Bank s World Development Indicators CD-Rom, which is also available online and is updated every year. Animal health data are taken from the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) HANDISTATUS II These are official data supplied by member nations. For any feedback and comment, please contact: Pius Chilonda - Livestock Information Analyst Livestock Information, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch Animal Production and Health Division Food and Agricultural Organisation Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Rome, Italy Tel: Fax: Pius.Chilonda@fao.org FAO AGAL ii

4 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Human population, land and socio-economics Human population 8.6 million Population density on total land 8.0 persons/sqkm Annual growth rate ( ) 2.2 % Population in agriculture 3.7 million As proportion of total population 42.5 % Total land area 1,084,380 sqkm Agricultural land 369,370 sqkm As proportion of total land 34.1 % Land under pasture 338,310 sqkm As proportion of total land 91.6 % Irrigated area 1,320 ha Agricultural land per 100 people 427 ha Agricultural land per 100 people in agriculture 1,006 ha Agricultural population density on agricultural land 9.9 persons/sqkm GDP 1 8,276 million US$ GDP annual growth rate ( ) 3.5 % GDP per capita/year US$ GDP per capita annual growth rate ( ) 1.0 % Agriculture, GDP 1,170 million US$ As proportion of total GDP 14.1 % Livestock, GDP million US$ As proportion of agricultural GDP 41.8 % Human development Rank 114 Ranking 2 Human development index 0.7 Poverty incidence 3 Total 62.7 % Urban na % Rural 81.7 % 1 Constant 1995 US$ 2 The HDI rank is determined using HDI values to the fifth decimal point from 177 countries, as compiled by the UNDP; 3 National poverty line; na: not available Source: World Bank (2002); UNDP (2004); FAO (2005a) Bolivia is a lower middle-income rural economy, with livestock contributing around 6 percent to GDP. Since the second half of the 1980s, the country has been implementing programs of macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms, aimed at creating conditions for sustained growth and alleviating poverty. These policies, which also embrace the rural sector, attempt to reduce the role of the state in the economy, liberalize markets for goods and factors of production, open the country to foreign trade, and liberalize the financial system. FAO AGAL 1

5 Human population trends Values expressed in 1,000 Population segment Year Annual growth rate (%) Total 5,355 6,669 8,317 8, Rural 2,921 2,962 3,168 3, Urban 2,434 3,706 5,149 5, Trends in agricultural 1 land Values expressed in sqkm Land type Year Annual growth rate (%) Total 335, , , , Cropped 2 20,620 22,550 31,310 31, Pastures 315, , , , The sum of area under arable land, permanent crops and permanent pastures 2 Arable and permanent crops Agricultural land consists predominantly of pastures and the land tenure pattern is heterogeneous. 60 percent of the farmers live in the highlands (the Altiplano), at an average altitude of 4000m, and have small plots between 1 to 3 ha. 20 percent of the farmers live in the Yungas, the fertile valleys that run down towards the northern lowlands, with plots averaging between 5 to 10 ha. 20 percent of the farmers live in the northern and eastern lowlands, which account for 65 percent of the land area; an average sized farm in the lowlands being 50 to 75 hectares, while in the Santa Cruz department farms can exceed 5,000 hectares. FAO AGAL 2

6 2. LIVESTOCK RESOURCES Livestock populations Values expressed in 1,000 Species Year Annual growth rate (%) Cattle 4,699 5,543 6,725 6, Sheep and goats 11,063 9,115 10,252 10, Pigs 1,601 2,176 2,793 2, Poultry 18,223 24,264 74,286 74, Total LUs 4,978 5,579 7,174 7, LU: Livestock unit; conversion factors: cattle (0.70 ), sheep and goats ( 0.10 ), pigs ( 0.25 ), poultry ( 0.01 ) Contribution of different species to total livestock units 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Poultry Pigs Sheep and goats Cattle 0% YEAR FAO AGAL 3

7 Selected indicators of livestock resources 200 LIVESTOCK UNITS LUs per 100 people, total population LUs per 100 people, agricultural population YEAR 20 LIVESTOCK UNITS LUs per sqkm, total land LUs per sqkm, agricultural land YEAR FAO AGAL 4

8 Agro-ecological zones and densities of livestock species (2000) Density calculated on total land area 1 Agro-ecological zones People/sqkm Cattle/sqkm 1 Densities for livestock populations and production is based on total land suitable for livestock production Source: FAO (2001); LandScan (2002); FAO (2005b) FAO AGAL 5

9 Sheep/sqkm Pigs/sqkm Poultry/sqkm Source: FAO (2005b) The lowland departments of Beni, Santa Cruz and Pando account for 54.2 percent of the ruminant stock, the Altiplano departments of La Paz, Oruro and Potosí have 26 percent (mainly sheep, llamas and alpaca) and the remaining 19.8 percent are found in the inter-andean departments of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Tarica (especially pigs). Even though most livestock is concentrated in large ranches in the lowlands, livestock production significantly contributes to the livelihood of many households in marginal rural areas. FAO AGAL 6

10 3. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Trends in annual production of meat, milk and eggs 1,000 metric tonnes Product Year Annual growth rate (%) Meat, total Beef Mutton and goat Pig Poultry Milk, total Eggs, total Composition of total meat production 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Poultry Pig Mutton and goat Beef 0% YEAR FAO AGAL 7

11 Carcass weights and percentage slaughtered by species Species/year Carcass weight (kg/animal) Percentage slaughtered/year Cattle Sheep Goat Pigs Poultry Milk yields and proportion of dairy animals Species/year Milk yield (kg/year) Percentage milked Cattle 1,400 1,395 1,689 1, Egg yields and proportion of laying birds Species/year Eggs (kg/year) Percentage laying Chicken FAO AGAL 8

12 Estimated feed used for livestock production 1,000 metric tonnes Product Year Annual growth rate (%) Maize Barley Sorghum Millet Wheat Brans Rice Paddy, equivalent Roots and Tuber, dry equivalent Pulses Oil crops Blanks represent no data Trends in annual per capita production of meat, milk and eggs KG/CAPITA/YEAR Meat, total Beef Mutton and goat meat Pig meat Poultry meat Milk, total Eggs, total YEAR Pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems are present in the highland, grassland-based ruminant production systems dominate in the lowlands and mixed production system in the inter-andean valleys. Intensive to semi-intensive dairy production is common in valleys near large urban centres. With the exception of poultry, growth in animal numbers accounted for almost the entire output growth in the last twenty years. Livestock yields, milk extraction rates and reproductive performance are low due to limited livestock support services in terms of training, technical assistance, FAO AGAL 9

13 technology transfer, veterinary services, organizations, especially in the highlands. This has led to the stagnation of traditional production activities, and stymied the introduction of new technologies or adaptation to new market opportunities. 4. CONSUMPTION OF MEAT, MILK AND EGGS Trends in annual consumption of meat, milk and eggs 1,000 metric tonnes Product Year Annual growth rate (%) Meat, total Beef Sheep and goat Pig Poultry Milk, total Eggs, total Trends in annual per capita consumption of meat, milk and eggs 60 KG/CAPITA/YEAR Meat, total Beef Mutton and goat meat Pig meat Poultry meat Milk, total Eggs, total YEAR Meat and milk consumption have steadily increased in the last two decades. In particular, poultry consumption has been increasing both at aggregate and percapita level in contrast to red meat consumption, which has been decreasing in per capita terms. FAO AGAL 10

14 Production versus consumption for meat, milk and eggs (2002) METRIC TONNES (1,000) Production Consumption PRODUCT Meat, total Beef Mutton and goat meat Pig meat Poultry meat Milk, total Eggs, total FAO AGAL 11

15 5. TRADE IN LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS Trade in agricultural and livestock 1 products Values in million US$ Product Exports Imports Total 682 1,109 1,504 1, ,165 2,300 2,099 Agricultural % agricultural Livestock % livestock Total trade in goods and services expressed in current US$. Source: World Bank (2002) Agricultural trade refers to all agricultural products, while livestock trade refers to trade in livestock products and live animals. Source: FAO (2005b) Export/import dependency for livestock products Product Exports as percentage of production Imports as percentage of consumption Meat, total Beef Sheep and goat Pig Poultry Milk, equivalent Eggs, total Product Net exports as percentage of production Net imports as percentage of consumption Meat, total Beef Sheep and goat Pig Poultry Milk, equivalent Eggs, total Bolivia runs a deficit on its trade balance. Major export products are natural gas, tin, zinc, coffee, silver, tungsten, wood, gold, jewelry, soybeans, and by-products. Main imports are machinery and transportation equipment, consumer products, construction and mining equipment; it is also a net although modest importer of meat products and dry whole cow milk. FAO AGAL 12

16 Bolivia is a member of the Andean Community and enjoys nominally free trade with other member countries (Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela). It began to implement an association agreement with MERCOSUR (Southern Cone Common Market) in March 1997 to create a free trade area covering at least 80% of the trade between the parties over a 10-year period. The U.S. Andean Trade Preference and Drug Enforcement Act (ATPDEA) allows numerous Bolivian products to enter the United States free of duty on a unilateral basis, including alpaca and llama products and, subject to a quota, cotton textiles. Finally, Bolivia is member of the Free Trade Area of the Americas and of WTO. FAO AGAL 13

17 Trade in live animals Species Export Import Net trade Export Import Net trade Quantities (count) Cattle 20, , , , , , ,005 Sheep and goats Pigs Poultry (1,000) ,078-1, Value (1,000 US$) Cattle 11, ,343 49, , Sheep and goats Pigs Poultry (1,000) ,241-1, ,882-1,880 Total 11, ,219 49,500 1,218 48, ,797-1, ,015-1,271 Net trade: Exports less Imports Blanks represent no data Export Import Net trade Export Import Net trade FAO AGAL 14

18 Trade in livestock products Product LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF BOLIVIA Export Import Net trade Export Import Net trade Export Import Net trade Export Import Net trade Quantities (metric tonnes) Meat, total ,704-2, , Beef ,832-1, Mutton and goat Pig Poultry Other Milk, equivalent 0 86,521-86, ,556-18,406 19,438 68,038-48,601 24,067 54,785-30,718 Eggs, total Hides and skins , , , ,197 Value (1,000 US$) Meat, total ,120-1, ,734-2, , Beef ,521-1, Mutton and goat Pig Poultry Other Milk, equivalent 0 18,052-18, ,852-4,576 5,379 17,683-12,304 8,536 14,596-6,060 Eggs, total Hides and skins 4, ,118 7, , , ,888 Total 4,118 18,138-14,020 7,889 6,029 1,860 7,483 21,543-14,060 11,278 15,852-4,574 Net trade: Exports less Imports Blanks represent no data FAO AGAL 15

19 6. LIVESTOCK HEALTH Total number of cases/outbreaks of selected diseases reported in all susceptible species Disease African swine fever Avian Influenza Bluetongue BSE CBPP Classical swine fever (1996) 6/1 10/2 (08/1999) Foot and mouth disease 835/33 80/33 22,667/22 5,716/ 3,303/ /18 968/16 Lumpy skin disease Newcastle disease - 17/1 (1998) (1998) /3 20/4 / Peste des petits ruminants Rift Valley fever Rinderpest Sheep and goat pox Swine vesicular disease Vesicular stomatitis (1991) (1991) (1991) (1991) (1991) (1991) (1991) 1 Highly pathogenic avian influenza; 2 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy; 3 Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia no./no. number of cases/outbreaks,... no information, - disease not reported, 000 disease never reported, (month/year) date of the last reported occurrence of the disease in previous years Source: OIE (2004) Veterinary services are provided both by the private and public sector. The government plans to modernize the national service of animal health, through strengthening the National Decentralized System of Animal Health (SIDESA) and through modernizing the present legislation. As a first step, in March 2004 the Government endorsed the National Program for Poultry Health (PRONASA). FAO AGAL 16

20 7. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Bellot Alcazar, R., Morales Sanchez M.A., Rojas, A. (2003) Livestock services and the poor in Bolivia: A Case Study, Mimeo, Danida, IFAD & The World Bank. FAO (2001) Agro-ecological Distributions for Africa, Asia and North and Central America, Consultants Report. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. FAO (2005a) FAOSTAT data. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. (accessed March, 2005). FAO (2005b) Global Livestock Production and Health Atlas. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. (accessed March, 2005). Government of Bolivia (2001) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, La Paz. Government of Bolivia (2002) Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganaderia Y Desarrollo Rural, Cadenas Productivas, La Paz. LandScan (2002) Global Population Database. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge. OIE (2004) HANDISTATUS II. Office International des Epizooties, Paris. (accessed March, 2005). UNDP (2004). The Human development Reports, United Nations Development Programme, New York. World Bank (2002) The 2002 World Bank development indicators CD-Rom. The World Bank, Washington DC. FAO AGAL 17