ECUADOR LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO

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1 LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF ECUADOR Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Livestock Information, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch AGAL July 2005

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface...ii 1. General Information... 1 Human population, land and socio-economics... 1 Human population trends... 2 Trends in agricultural land Livestock Resources... 3 Livestock populations...3 Contribution of different species to total livestock units... 3 Selected indicators of livestock resources... 4 Agro-ecological zones and densities of livestock species (2000) Livestock Production... 7 Trends in annual production of meat, milk and eggs... 7 Composition of total meat production... 7 Carcass weights and percentage slaughtered by species... 8 Milk yields and proportion of dairy animals... 8 Egg yields and proportion of laying birds... 8 Estimated feed used for livestock production... 9 Trends in annual per capita production of meat, milk and eggs Consumption of Meat, Milk and Eggs...10 Trends in annual consumption of meat, milk and eggs Trends in annual per capita consumption of meat, milk and eggs Production versus consumption for meat, milk and eggs (2002) Trade in Livestock and Livestock Products...12 Trade in agricultural and livestock products Export/import dependency for livestock products Trade in live animals Trade in livestock products Livestock Health...16 Total number of cases/outbreaks of selected diseases reported in all susceptible species References and Further Reading...17 Data contained in this Livestock Sector Brief are taken from official sources. Official sources are no guarantee for data accuracy and the figures reported in this brief should be taken as indicative and not be used for official purposes. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations assumes no responsibility for its accuracy, completeness and coherence. FAO AGAL i

3 PREFACE The Livestock Sector Briefs (LSB) are intended to provide a quick overview and an approximate outlook for the livestock sector of the respective country using figures and quantitative indicators originating from official sources. The LSBs are complemented by a synthesis of policy documents available in the public domain. The majority of the data in the LSBs refer to the country as a whole and come from FAOSTAT, which is available on the internet ( FAO, as part of its mandate, compiles information and data on various aspects of food and agriculture from all countries. The data are analysed and interpreted to support FAO's programmes and activities and, in accordance with the basic functions of the Organization, they are disseminated to the public through publications, CD-ROM, diskettes and the Internet. The country level data are officially submitted to the Division for Statistics of FAO (ESS) by various ministries of the respective countries. For details of data collection procedures see The figures submitted often display inconsistencies across ministries, for example reported meat production does not always match reported meat consumption when taking into account imports and exports. FAO tries to reconcile the figures, to the effect that FAO statistics may differ from those originally submitted. The LSBs utilise FAOSTAT data from the following domains: human population, land use, agriculture production, food supply and agricultural and food trade. These are used to derive a standard set of indicators that can quickly be compared across the countries. Data on the economy are from the World Bank s World Development Indicators CD-Rom, which is also available online and is updated every year. Animal health data are taken from the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) HANDISTATUS II These are official data supplied by member nations. For any feedback and comment, please contact: Pius Chilonda - Livestock Information Analyst Livestock Information, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch Animal Production and Health Division Food and Agricultural Organisation Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Rome, Italy Tel: Fax: Pius.Chilonda@fao.org FAO AGAL ii

4 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Human population, land and socio-economics Human population 12.8 million Population density on total land 46.3 persons/sqkm Annual growth rate ( ) 1.8 % Population in agriculture 3.3 million As proportion of total population 26.1 % Total land area 276,840 sqkm Agricultural land 80,750 sqkm As proportion of total land 29.2 % Land under pasture 50,900 sqkm As proportion of total land 63 % Irrigated area 8,650 ha Agricultural land per 100 people 63 ha Agricultural land per 100 people in agriculture ha Agricultural population density on agricultural land 41.5 persons/sqkm GDP 1 23,021 million US$ GDP annual growth rate ( ) 2.0 % GDP per capita/year 1 1,796 US$ GDP per capita annual growth rate ( ) 0.2 % Agriculture, GDP 4,561 million US$ As proportion of total GDP 19.8 % Livestock, GDP 1 1,838 million US$ As proportion of agricultural GDP 40.3 % Human development Rank 100 Ranking 2 Human development index Poverty incidence 3 Total 35.0 % Urban 25.0 % Rural 47.0 % 1 Constant 1995 US$ 2 The HDI rank is determined using HDI values to the fifth decimal point from 177 countries, as compiled by the UNDP; 3 National poverty line; na: not available Source: World Bank (2002); UNDP (2004); FAO (2005a)! Ecuador is a lower middle income country with a GDP per capita of US$ 1,796. Agriculture accounts for 20% of the GDP; population is 13.4 million: 34% live in rural areas and 31% are employed in agriculture. The GDP is structurally dependent on oil sector revenue (36% of foreign earnings), which makes the economy fragile to external shocks.! Over the period the economy grew at only 1.8% per annum, hampered by an economic recession in 1998/1999. This was followed by a currency and a FAO AGAL 1

5 banking crisis, accompanied by rising inflation in In 2000 the Government adopted a plan for the total dollarisation of the economy with a fixed exchange rate of sucres to US$ dollar and since then has been engaging in major economic and institutional reforms, including a new Constitution, the strengthening of the judicial system, a Comprehensive Law on Responsibility, Stabilization and Fiscal Transparency, a 2004 anti-corruption strategy, tax reform to improve the effectiveness of public spending, and the establishment of contingency funds for social programs. Human population trends Values expressed in 1,000 Population segment Year Annual growth rate (%) Total 7,961 10,264 12,420 12, Rural 4,223 4,610 4,931 4, Urban 3,739 5,655 7,489 7, Trends in agricultural 1 land Values expressed in sqkm Land type Year Annual growth rate (%) Total 64,780 78,460 80,660 80, Cropped 2 24,620 29,250 29,790 29, Pastures 40,160 49,210 50,870 50, The sum of area under arable land, permanent crops and permanent pastures 2 Arable and permanent crops! Land distribution has been traditionally skewed in Ecuador, and over the years a number of agrarian reform laws have attempted to equalize access to land. In 1994, the government abolished the Ecuadorian Institute of Agrarian Reform and established the National Institute of Agrarian Development to implement a new Agrarian Reform Law, intended to create a free market for land, strengthen individual land titles, and provide economic assets to small farmers to be used as bank collateral. Results have been relatively unsuccessful. The agricultural census reveals that farms of under 5 ha represent 63% of all holdings, but occupy 6.3% of the agricultural land; farms over 200 ha are 0.78% of the total number and cultivate 29% of the total land. FAO AGAL 2

6 2. LIVESTOCK RESOURCES Livestock populations Values expressed in 1,000 Species Year Annual growth rate (%) Cattle 3,005 4,359 4,486 4, Sheep and goats 1,354 1,730 2,505 2, Pigs 3,549 2,220 2,721 2, Poultry 32,799 51, , , Total LUs 3,454 4,293 5,433 5, LU: Livestock unit; conversion factors: cattle (0.70), sheep and goats (0.10), pigs (0.25) and poultry (0.01)! Livestock accounts for about 40% of Ecuador agricultural valued added, and about 8% of GDP, and over the last five years has been the fastest growing sub-sector in agriculture.! Livestock production is widespread throughout the country. Poor livestock keepers mainly raise cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens. A distinctive characteristic, typically of the region, is the general predominance of dual-purpose livestock production over specialised beef and dairy production systems. Contribution of different species to total livestock units 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Poultry Pigs Sheep and goats Cattle 0% YEAR FAO AGAL 3

7 Selected indicators of livestock resources 200 LIVESTOCK UNITS LUs per 100 people, total population LUs per 100 people, agricultural population YEAR 100 LIVESTOCK UNITS LUs per sqkm, total land LUs per sqkm, agricultural land YEAR FAO AGAL 4

8 Agro-ecological zones and densities of livestock species (2000) Density calculated on total land area 1 Agro-ecological zones People/sqkm Cattle/sqkm 1 Densities for livestock populations and production is based on total land suitable for livestock production Source: FAO (2001); LandScan (2002); FAO (2005b) FAO AGAL 5

9 Sheep/sqkm Pigs/sqkm Poultry/sqkm Source: FAO (2005b)! Pasture land presently accounts for about 18% of national land, or 63% of agricultural land. Ruminant livestock production systems cover nearly half of the national territory; dairy production has been traditionally concentrated in the inter-andean valleys; pig production is spread throughout the country; sheep and goat raising is concentrated in the Andean regions. FAO AGAL 6

10 3. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Trends in annual production of meat, milk and eggs 1,000 metric tonnes Product Year Annual growth rate (%) Meat, total Beef Mutton and goat Pig Poultry Milk, total , , , Eggs, total Composition of total meat production 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Poultry Pig Mutton and goat Beef 0% YEAR FAO AGAL 7

11 Carcass weights and percentage slaughtered by species Species/year Carcass weight (kg/animal) Percentage slaughtered/year Cattle Sheep Goat Pigs Poultry Milk yields and proportion of dairy animals Species/year Milk yield (kg/year) Percentage milked Cattle 1,484 2,167 1,797 1, Egg yields and proportion of laying birds Species/year Eggs (kg/year) Percentage laying Chicken FAO AGAL 8

12 Estimated feed used for livestock production 1,000 metric tonnes Product Year Annual growth rate (%) Maize Barley Sorghum Millet Wheat Brans Rice Paddy, equivalent Roots and Tuber, dry equivalent Pulses Oil crops Blanks represent no data Trends in annual per capita production of meat, milk and eggs KG/CAPITA/YEAR Meat, total Beef Mutton and goat meat Pig meat Poultry meat Milk, total Eggs, total YEAR! In the last decades, livestock has been one of the fastest growing sectors in the economy, with poultry growth averaging 10.8 percent per year in Increased number of animals rather than increased productivity contributed to output growth, with the exception of pig meat production. Productivity, as defined by carcass/weight, is similar to developing countries average, but below that of developed countries. FAO AGAL 9

13 4. CONSUMPTION OF MEAT, MILK AND EGGS Trends in annual consumption of meat, milk and eggs 1,000 metric tonnes Product Year Annual growth rate (%) Meat, total Beef Sheep and goat Pig Poultry Milk, total , , Eggs, total Trends in annual per capita consumption of meat, milk and eggs 100 KG/CAPITA/YEAR Meat, total Beef Mutton and goat meat Pig meat Poultry meat Milk, total Eggs, total YEAR! Despite of the recent economic recession, demand for livestock products, particularly for milk and poultry, has steadily increased in the last dozen years. Between 1990 and 2001, meat and milk consumption increased in aggregate by 108 and 39 percent and by 66 and 11 percent in per-capita terms. Expected growth in population and per-capita income are likely to fuel further increases in meat demand. FAO AGAL 10

14 Production versus consumption for meat, milk and eggs (2002) METRIC TONNES (1,000) Production Consumption PRODUCT Meat, total Beef Mutton and goat meat Pig meat Poultry meat Milk, total Eggs, total FAO AGAL 11

15 5. TRADE IN LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS Trade in agricultural and livestock 1 products Values in million US$ Product Exports Imports Total 2,969 3,416 5,909 5,829 3,225 3,314 4,941 7,644 Agricultural ,325 1, % agricultural Livestock % livestock Total trade in goods and services expressed in current US$. Source: World Bank (2002) Agricultural trade refers to all agricultural products, while livestock trade refers to trade in livestock products and live animals. Source: FAO (2005b) Export/import dependency for livestock products Product Exports as percentage of production Imports as percentage of consumption Meat, total Beef Sheep and goat Pig Poultry Milk, equivalent Eggs, total Product Net exports as percentage of production Net imports as percentage of consumption Meat, total Beef Sheep and goat Pig Poultry Milk, equivalent Eggs, total ! Ecuador runs a deficit on its trade balance of around US$1.4 billion US$. Oil accounts for 36% of all export earnings, followed by manufactures (25%) and bananas (19%). Other agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee and cut-flowers. Main FAO AGAL 12

16 imports are capital goods, fuel and energy. Livestock products are marginally traded. Its main trading partners are USA, Japan, Latin America, Caribbean countries and Germany.! Ecuador is party to a number of international and regional treaties, including the Andean Community of Nations (CAN), the Treaty for Amazonian Cooperation, the Rio Group, the Regional Infrastructure Integration in South America initiative (IIRSA), the Free Trade Area of the Americas. It has been a member of WTO since January FAO AGAL 13

17 Trade in live animals Species Export Import Net trade Export Import Net trade Quantities (count) Cattle 0 1,100-1, Sheep and goats Pigs ,404-1,404 Poultry (1,000) ,379-1, ,473-2,473 Value (1,000 US$) Cattle Sheep and goats Pigs Poultry (1,000) ,688-1, ,233-3, ,826-4,826 Total 0 1,813-1, ,948-1, ,475-3, ,244-6,244 Net trade: Exports less Imports Blanks represent no data Export Import Net trade Export Import Net trade FAO AGAL 14

18 Trade in livestock products Product LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF ECUADOR Export Import Net trade Export Import Net trade Export Import Net trade Export Import Net trade Quantities (metric tonnes) Meat, total ,103 1,726 3,376 3,293 3, Beef Mutton and goat Pig ,859-1,810 Poultry , ,875 3,229 1,199 2,030 Other Milk, equivalent 0 40,525-40, ,841-6,841 7,660 5,042 2, ,122-12,218 Eggs, total , ,276 8,501 1,250 7,251 Hides and skins , ,398 Value (1,000 US$) Meat, total ,057 2,314 3,743 3,978 5,747-1,769 Beef ,037-1,037 Mutton and goat Pig ,973-2,691 Poultry , ,645 3,645 1,560 2,085 Other Milk, equivalent 0 7,778-7, ,477-1,477 2,247 2, ,270-6,101 Eggs, total ,480 1,786 1,694 5,642 3,984 1,658 Hides and skins Total 606 8,413-7, ,611-1,459 11,879 6,879 5,000 10,781 16,050-5,269 Net trade: Exports less Imports Blanks represent no data FAO AGAL 15

19 6. LIVESTOCK HEALTH Total number of cases/outbreaks of selected diseases reported in all susceptible species Disease African swine fever Avian Influenza Bluetongue BSE CBPP Classical swine fever / 11/11 4/1 1/1 (02/2000) / / Foot and mouth disease 1,226/64 1,015/81 193/19 609/19 576/23 1,880/ 304/23 Lumpy skin disease Newcastle disease (1996) 7/7 (07/1998) 648,000/55 (03/2000) (03/2000) (03/2000) Peste des petits ruminants Rift Valley fever Rinderpest Sheep and goat pox Swine vesicular disease Vesicular stomatitis 181/18 478/15 980/3 281/9 68/20 29/2 13/12 1 Highly pathogenic avian influenza; 2 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy; 3 Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia no/ no number of cases/outbreaks,... no information available, - disease not reported, 000 disease never reported; (month/year) date of the last reported occurrence of the disease in previous years Source: OIE (2004)! Animal diseases and parasites severely lower productivity of livestock sector. The absence of veterinarians and medicines remains a serious concern. The Animal Health Inspection Service (SESA) is in charge of elaborating plans, monitoring and controlling diseases, maintaining and updating information systems. In addition, it is responsible to set up, jointly with the private sector, local veterinary committees. FAO AGAL 16

20 7. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING FAO (2001) Agro-ecological Distributions for Africa, Asia and North and Central America, Consultants Report. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. FAO (2005a) FAOSTAT data. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. (accessed July, 2005). FAO (2005b) Global Livestock Production and Health Atlas. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. (accessed July, 2005). Gobierno del Ecuador (2003) Programa de Ordenamiento Economico y Desarrollo Humano, , Quito. Gobierno del Ecuador (2004) Estrategia Nacional Para La Reduccion de la Pobreza, Quito. Gobierno del Ecuador (2004) Programa de Caminos Vecinales, Quito. Hentschel J., Waters W. F. (2002) Rural Poverty in Ecuador: Assessing Local Realities for the Development of Anti-poverty Programs, World Development, 30(1), pp LandScan (2002) Global Population Database. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge. OIE (2004) HANDISTATUS II. Office International des Epizooties, Paris. (accessed July, 2005). UNDP (2004). The Human development Reports, United Nations Development Programme, New York. World Bank (2004) Ecuador Poverty Assessment, Report No EC, Washington D.C.: World Bank. World Bank (2002) The 2002 World Bank development indicators CD-Rom. The World Bank, Washington DC. FAO AGAL 17