The importance of accurate pest diagnostics. Dr. Mary Burrows Professor, Extension Plant Pathology Specialist, MSU

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1 The importance of accurate pest diagnostics Dr. Mary Burrows Professor, Extension Plant Pathology Specialist, MSU

2 Where do you go to get your pest questions answered? What are your greatest challenges when identifying and managing pests?

3 Outline Overview of resources Montana IPM Program, Urban IPM Online ID resources Schutter Diagnostic Lab Why pest identification and management is important to global food security How you can become a First Detector Diagnostics: The good, bad and ugly The importance of getting it right

4 Definition of IPM a sustainable approach to managing pests (insects and other arthropods, weeds, plant pathogens, nematodes, mammals) by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks --National Coalition for IPM IPM Organic

5 IPM Concepts- PAMS Prevention Keep pest from infesting crop or field Implementation Quarantine laws-federal/state pest free planting material Plant resistant cultivars Pathogen races Avoidance Use of cultural techniques to avoid losses to pests Monitoring Scouting, weather & nutrient monitoring Suppression Use of cultural, physical, biological or pesticide-based tools to suppress pest populations

6 Montana IPM Program

7 Montana IPM Program Primary Priority 1: IPM Implementation in Agronomic Crops (Burrows, Menalled, Reddy, Stougaard, Wanner) Primary Priority 2: IPM Implementation in Communities (Day, Kerzicnik, Grimme, Mangold, Menalled, Parkinson) Secondary Priority 1: IPM Support for Pest Diagnostic Facilities (Burrows, Day, Grimme, Kerzicnik, Mangold, Menalled, Parkinson) Secondary Priority 2: IPM Education for Pesticide Applicators (Tharp, all other PIs)

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9 Realtor noxious weed training

10 Montana App for grass ID

11 Schutter Diagnostic Lab Identify plant diseases, insects, weeds/plants, mushrooms, toxic molds, etc. Provide management recommendations Education and outreach on plant pests Process approximately 2000 samples/yr (~50% homeowner/horticulture)

12 Number of diagnoses performed at the Schutter Diagnostic Laboratory in Plant Disease 2,227 Insect & Spider Identification 730 Plant & Mushroom Identification 492 Number of Diagnoses Herbicide Injury 65 Total 3,514

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14 Extension Plant Pathology Workshops Diagnostics and management of plant diseases On-farm research In-field diagnostics and training Lab and field research K-12 Education Public outreach

15 Local, national, and international teams

16 169 diagnostic laboratories

17 The Importance of Plant Biosecurity Currently there are 7.4 billion people on the planet; by 2050, 9.9 billion Agriculture consumes more water than any other source and aquifers are being depleted faster than they can be replenished. At the current rate of consumption, two-thirds of the global population will face water shortages by The world will not be able to feed itself by 2050 (Global Harvest Initiative) Fuel is finite Poverty; Environment; Overcrowding; Conflict

18 Current state of the world Plant Health is the foundation for 1980 s: 15 food emergencies/year : 30 food emergencies/year In 2010, 93 million people in 70 countries required Plant food biosecurity aid for survival is essential (WFP) to Four plant species provide 59% of the calories that feed the world: Rice (23%) Wheat (17%) Potato (10%) Maize (9%) Human Health Food Security Food security is essential to National Security

19 To reduce world hunger.. Increase production Increase world trade with that food Pests move

20 Plant Biosecurity: why it matters : One new exotic pest was intercepted in the US every 8-12 days 2009 US through all ports: Imported 2.5 billion live plants Only 56 plant inspectors 6.7 seconds/plant US Forest Service reports 2.5 new pests/year 1 in 4 cause major damage

21 International Plant Protection systems fail Failure of detection techniques Insufficient monitoring Failure of inspections because of large volumes, poor sampling, etc. Only 1-2% of plants entering US are inspected Work (2005) predicted that with an establishment rate of only 2%, 42 new species of nonindigenous, phytophagous (plant eating) insects transported to the U.S. in cargo may have become established in the U.S. between 1997 and Pest/disease is at a cryptic stage at the time of entry or is difficult to identify or diagnose

22 Be a First Detector First Detectors are the front line for early discovery of new invasive pests. First Detectors are most likely to encounter new pests.

23 Your role as a First Detector Receive First Detector training Take online modules ( Attend presentations and classes like this one Be alert to the unusual or different Be placed on a national notification registry of First Detectors Receive pest alerts and other relevant updates

24 NPDN Crop Biosecurity Online modules: Mission of the NPDN Course Monitoring for High Risk Pests Diagnosing Plant Problems Submitting Diagnostic Samples Photography for Diagnosis Disease and Pest Scenarios VISIT THE NPDN TRAINING SITE AT

25 What invasive pests are on our horizon? Emerald Ash Borer Japanese Beetle Asian Longhorn Beetle Phytophthora ramorum (R3B2) Pale potato cyst nematode Potato wart Ug99 stem rust of wheat Wheat blast Plum pox virus

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27 Xerolenta obvia Distribution North America: U.S.: Michigan Europe: England, Ireland, Germany, Bulgaria, Italy, Turkey

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31 Some successes Small hive beetle beetlehttps://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em9143_6.pdf Spotted wing drosophila Pea rust

32 Diagnosis Diseased vs. damaged plants (or what you expect) Roots, shoots, fruits Hypothesis of cause Look for causal agent Microscopic examination Culturing on artificial media Immunological methods (ELISA, etc) Nucleic acid methods (PCR, etc) Electron microscope

33 What questions do you ask? History: chemical applications, insect activity, cultural practices, weather, plant age Pattern: isolated plant, entire field, near edges, etc? Any spread? Any variety differences? Certified seed?

34 Good sample + Good information = Good diagnosis (or garbage in, garbage out.) In our code: insufficent sample

35 Disease Form Print out form Fill out questionnaire with as much detail as possible Place form in box with sample Take to County Agent If Possible

36 Collect samples with mild, moderate, and severe symptoms as well as a healthy comparison.

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38 Packaging and Shipping Keep soil on roots not on foliage

39 Include photographs illustrating the problem and field patterns if possible.

40 The good

41 The good

42 The good

43 The good

44 The good

45 The bad

46 The ugly

47 The ugly

48 The ugly

49 The ugly

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51 Agalerts by or fax Mary Burrows Fax: Name, fax, phone no.

52 The importance of accurate identification c. Mike Ivie, MSU

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55 I tried to have an organic garden, and I even bought and released ladybugs to control pests, but these are eating all of my plants. I tried squishing them, but there are too many. I am willing to spray to save my garden, but what is the safest thing to use?

56 Don t be intimidated by diagnostics! Get help!

57 Diseased lentil Healthy lentil Photo: S. Mills, MSU