Rice Invertebrate Pests. Larry Godfrey Dept. of Entomology Univ. of California-Davis

Transcription

1 Rice Invertebrate Pests Larry Godfrey Dept. of Entomology Univ. of California-Davis

2 Rice Invertebrate Pests Several pests hinder rice production is CA

3 Rice Invertebrate Pests California Rice seed midge Bloodworms Tadpole shrimp Crayfish Rice leafminer Rice water weevil Armyworm Seedling to 4-leaf stage 4-leaf stage to Flowering Flowering to Harvest

4 Rice Invertebrate Pests Not in California Rice Stem Borer Brown Planthopper Green Leafhopper

5 Rice Invertebrate Pests Not in California but in U.S. Rice Stink Bug Mexican Rice Borer Sugar Cane Borer Borer Damage (in sugar cane)

6 Rice Invertebrate Pests Not in California (now) but in U.S. Rice Panicle Mite

7 Rice Invertebrate Pests In California but not in Rice Production Area Channeled Apple Snail/Golden Apple Snail

8 Rice Invertebrate Pests In California but not in Rice Production Area Channeled Apple Snail/Golden Apple Snail Destroy stands in waterseeded system I had one of these guys until recently. They are gorgeous, however they are hearty eaters. They will eat just about anything, including plants, right down to the gravel. I had a beautifully planted tank, and when I got home that night, everything was gone! They get very large, the size of a tennis ball, or larger. I gave it to my friend, who has no live plants, and it's doing great!

9 Rice Invertebrate Pests Rice water weevil Lambda-cyhalothrin - Warrior and others Dimilin Mustang Proaxis not marketed Rice Seed Midge Lambda-cyhalothrin - Warrior and others (2ee reg.) Tadpole shrimp Sevin copper sulfate Crayfish none Rice leafminer malathion Armyworms Lambda-cyhalothrin - Warrior and others Mustang Dimilin Proaxis

10 Rice Pesticides most applications for RWW made to borders so this represents a larger number of fields

11 Rice Pesticides

12 Rice Seed Midge Several species damage rice and several species of midge occur around rice fields that do no damage Adults occur in clouds soon after flooding Adults do not bite Mate and drop eggs into water

13 Rice Seed Midge Eggs hatch and larvae drop to soil, form a mud tube and feed on germinating seed hollow out seed also feed on emerging shoot, leaves, roots once the seedling spike is several inches long it is tolerant of damage

14 Rice Seed Midge Monitoring look for emerged plants Examine seeds - if hollowed (seed midge), end nipped off (tadpole shrimp, crayfish) damage can be spotty

15 Rice Seed Midge Management minimize time from flooding to stand establishment seed as soon as possible lower water level/drain cool weather is a problem insecticidal control difficult Seed treatments would be the best Warrior very early is a possibility but by the time you notice the damage it is probably too late

16 Tadpole Shrimp enter fields in ditches usually over a few years lay eggs in soil eggs are very resistant and survive dry conditions for 10 years once water is applied they hatch in 1-2 days

17 Tadpole Shrimp Two types of damage feed on coleoptile, roots, and leaves of seedlings, uproot seedlings, damage a larger seedling than seed midge muddy water which reduces light penetration In addition to muddy water, often see floating seedlings, molted skins, etc.

18 Tadpole Shrimp Readily available from pet stores for school classes, allergen-free pets, etc.

19 Tadpole Shrimp Management minimize time from flooding to stand establishment drain field if dry enough they will die, if there are puddles they will concentrate there copper sulfate not as effective as it used to be Sevin Pyrethroids not listed on label

20 Crayfish Two species common in waterways and rice fields Eggs are laid in mother s burrow, some development occurs there Continue to molt and reach adults in fields Adults live 2 years

21 Crayfish Damage Burrows create problems in levees feed on coleoptile, roots, and leaves of seedlings, uproot seedlings, damage a larger seedling than seed midge muddy water which reduces light penetration

22 Crayfish Management Drain fields to drive crayfish into burrows and allow plants time to establish Fallow fields No insecticides registered

23 Rice Leafminer Adult fly deposits an egg on floating leaf Resulting larva feeds between epidermis layers of the leaf

24 Management Rice Leafminer Can find some in every field but seldom if ever a pest Why? Only deposit eggs on floating leaves Two species of parasites help control the leafminer especially in weeds where it builds up Worst during cool weather Malathion is registered

25 Rice Water Weevil first found in California in 1959 occurs throughout Sacramento Valley and upper SJV occurs in southern rice production areas found throughout much of Asian production areas RWW differs between California and South CA - all females, one generation/yr. South - both sexes, ~3 generations per year rice production also differs water management, seeding method

26 Rice Water Weevil eggs hatch in ~7 days Larvae feed on roots Rice Water Weevil Eggs Rice Water Weevil Larva Adults break diapause and fly or crawl to infest newly-flooded fields Rice Water Weevil Larva + Pupa and Plant Damage Rice Water Weevil Adult Adults overwinter on levees, ditchbank, and in crop residue in basins New generation of adults emerge

27 RWW Spring Flight RWW 2010 seasonal total = RWW Collected per Night /15/2010 3/29/2010 4/12/2010 4/26/2010 5/10/2010 5/24/2010 6/7/2010 6/21/2010

28 RWW Spring Flight RWW Flight total capture = RWW Collected per Night Mar Mar Apr Apr-09 8-May May-09 5-Jun-09

29 RWW Spring Flight RWW Flight 2008 total capture = 2311

30 RWW Spring Flight 9000 Seasonal Total

31 RWW Spring Flight Date When the Majority of the Flight is Completed 38-year average April 1 May 15 May 1 June

32 Rice Water Weevil Timing of Flight Peaks Flight occurs: 7 11 pm 70-80F Calm winds Muggy

33 Light Trap Sampling ,020 1,454 Light trap location 865 4,158 majority of flight in April majority of flight in May

34 Timing of RWW Egg-Laying 25 Eggs per 10 Seedlings Rice Leaf Stage

35 Timing of RWW Egg-Laying Eggs per 10 Seedlings Days after Seeding

36 Damage from RWW Grain Yield (gr./0.75 sq. m.) leaf 2 leaf + 7 days 2 leaf + 14 days 2 leaf + 28 days 2 leaf + 21 days 2 leaf + 35 days RWW Immatures per Core Sample

37 Damage from RWW one generation per year up to 45% yield loss possible from RWW infestations in areas of field infestations often most severe in first 50 feet adjacent to levee relationship between larval number and grain yield damage worse on small plants and larger plants are tolerant threshold in CA is 1 larva per plant threshold in southern rice is 5 to 10 larva per plant depending on the state early infestation (small plant size) accounts for lower value in CA

38 History of Control RWW Control Aldrin and Bux in the 1960 s and early 1970 s Furadan (carbofuran) to voluntary phase-out of carbofuran agreed to because of avian hazard Warrior was registered in 1999 Dimilin registered later in 1999 Mustang was registered for 2003 season Proaxis in 2005 Next?

39 RWW Control Started out timing applications with Dimilin and Warrior at ~5-leaf stage Results were poor thought RWW infested fields at this stage

40 RWW Control Moved applications to 2-3 leaf stage results improved Dimilin insect growth regulator 1. sterilizes females for ~ 7 days 2. kills 1-3 day old eggs already in plant 3. consistently see less adult feeding Warrior pyrethroid insecticide 1. kills RWW adults for ~ 7 days 2. kills larva as it hatches from egg before it reaches soil Mustang pyrethroid insecticide Proaxis pyrethroid insecticide same attributes as Warrior

41 RWW Control Environmental concerns starting to appear with pyrethroids Pyrethroid pesticides in many Central Valley stream sediments at levels toxic to bottom-dwelling organisms (May 2004) Study finds pesticide effect in local creeks - Scientists say three Roseville streambeds show poisons that threaten tiny crustacean (Sac Bee, 10/30/05)

42 RWW Biology Adult Sampling Do I Need to Treat?? previously used evaluation of leaf scarring by adults as an indication of RWW severity for post-emergence Furadan application this is too late for Dimilin or Warrior working with floating barrier trap as a sampling tool

43 RWW Biology Adult Sampling 60 Percentage of RWW Captured leaf 2 leaf 3 leaf 4 leaf 5 leaf 6 leaf 7 leaf Rice Leaf Stage

44 RWW Biology Adult Sampling Examined trap functioning in 9 grower fields in each of 2001, 2002, and adults per trap per day during the first 5-7 days after flooding is an acceptable threshold

45 RWW Adult Sampling Need for Treatment 14 RWW Adults Collected /3 6/10 6/ Field 1 seeded 1 leaf 2 leaves 3 leaves

46 RWW Adult Sampling Need for Treatment 14 RWW Adults Collected /21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 1 leaf 2 leaves3 leaves 2003 Field 2

47 RWW Adult Sampling Need for Treatment 3.5 RWW Adults Collected /22 5/29 6/ Field 3 1 leaf 2 leaves 3 leaves

48 Rice Water Weevil Concerns with Post-Flood Materials Resistance probably not great concern Environmental concerns Effects on non-targets misapplication, drift beneficial insects Effects on mosquito management killing beneficials that feed on mosquito larvae exposing mosquitoes to pyrethroid insecticides

49 Rice Water Weevil Control Other Insecticidal Controls Biologicals Bacillus thuriengensis tenebrionsis Possibility for GMO rice Neem products Pyrethroid materials used preflood Warrior no more than 5 days before flooding Light incorporation (roller) recommended Mustang Not effective preflood Cruiser 5 FS (thiamethoxam) dry-seeded rice only Expires 22 March 2011

50 Rice Water Weevil

51 Rice Water Weevil Control Experimentals effective as a preflood material 6 lbs./a 3-leaf stage registered for mosquito control as well registered as Section 18 in South, very little sold, too expensive Japanese company that seems to have ceased development

52 Rice Water Weevil Control Experimentals rynaxypyr) seed treatment (1.75 to 2.5 oz./100 lbs. seed), preflood, and 2-3 leaf lbs. AI/A Seed treatment marginally effective at highest rate Preflood and postflood effective Registered in southern as seed treatment Registrant did not want to register here as preflood or postflood material 4. DPX-HGW86 (Cyazypyr ) not effective enough

53 Rice Water Weevil Control Experimentals initially as a seed treatment, not effective enough, discontinued preflood and 2-3 leaf 3.5 to 5.5 oz./a, rescue treatment (5.5 oz./a) registration process progressing

54 Rice Water Weevil Control Experimentals previous research at 6-10 oz./a % control

55 Rice Water Weevil Control Experimentals

56 RWW Control Ring Plots - Etofenprox Etofenprox

57 Rice Arthropod Pest Control Effects on Nontargets West Nile Virus How is Rice Involved? mosquito larvae in the water are fed upon by a range of predators, populations of predators can be impacted by insecticide applications pyrethroids (permethrin) are used for adult mosquito control; exposing mosquitoes to Warrior via rice may build resistance in mosquito population to this chemistry

58 RWW Control Non-Target Study

59 RWW Control Non-Target Study Daphnia- water flea (Cladocera) clam shrimp (Conchostraca) seed shrimp (Ostracoda) Nematode Annelids

60 Non-Target Study Aquatic Insects Preflood Treatments Ratio of Aquatic Insects in Treated Plots to Untreated Plots V10170 WDG Warrior PF HGW86 Untreated 15 DAT 24 DAT 31 DAT 38 DAT 45 DAT 52 DAT Application to 52 DAT Days after Treatment

61 Non-Target Study Aquatic Invertebrates (not insects) Preflood Treatments Ratio of Aquatic Invertebrates (excluding Insects) in Treated Plots to Untreated Plots V10170 WDG HGW86 Warrior PF Untreated 15 DAT 24 DAT 31 DAT 38 DAT 45 DAT 52 DAT Application to 52 DAT Days after Treatment 8.0

62 Non-Target Study Aquatic Insects Postflood Treatments Ratio of Aquatic Insects in Treated Plots to Untreated Plots Warrior Mustang Max EW Dimilin 2L V SC Trebon 3G Untreated 10 DAT 17 DAT 24 DAT 31 DAT 38 DAT 46 DAT Application to 46 DAT Days after Treatment

63 Non-Target Study Aquatic Invertebrates (not insects) Preflood Treatments Ratio of Aquatic Invertebrates(excluding Insects) in Treated Plots to Untreated Plots Warrior Dimilin 2L Trebon 3G Mustang Max EW V SC Untreated 10 DAT 17 DAT 24 DAT 31 DAT 38 DAT 46 DAT Application to 46 DAT Days after Treatment

64 Rice Water Weevil Control Non-Target Study Pre-flood treatments minimal effects populations of non-targets low July Armyworm treatment with Pyrethroid significant effects reductions for remainder of season

65 RWW Control Integrated Management Cultural Controls control weeds on levees delayed seeding drill seeding winter flooding Biological Control minimal Host Plant Resistance potential but nothing now

66 RWW Response to Rice Variety Infestation Severity seedling vigor some form of attraction leaf color, etc. Yield Impacts ability to regrow root system size of root system vigor relationship of timing of damage to timing of PI days to maturity time to compensate for damage

67 RWW Biology Response to Rice Variety Variety % Scarred Plants RWW Larvae per Core L M M Calmati Calhikari M M M M S Calmochi Calamylow

68 RWW Biology Response to Rice Variety Grain Yield Loss from RWW (lbs./a) Grain Yield Loss per RWW Larva (lbs./a) % Yield Loss per RWW Larva Variety L M M Calmati Calhikari M M M M S Calmochi Calamylow

69 4 RWW Control non-flood winter flood no effect of other treatments - burning, baling, etc. RWW Larvae per Plant

70 Armyworms two species true armyworm western yellow-striped armyworm moth deposits egg mass on leaves true armyworm will lay on rice western yellow-striped armyworm prefers to lay on broad-leaf weeds

71 Armyworms Damage leaf feeding problem if more than 25% of leaf area is removed feeding on panicle problem if 10% or more of panicles are fed upon should see live worms as well, remember they may not be present during heat of day be sure to separate rat and disease panicle damage

72 Armyworms Control Naturally occurring biological control very important and effective Insecticides Pyrethroids Dimilin Bacillus thuriengensis

73 Armyworm Moth Flight 125 Moths per Trap per Week Butte Co. -WYSA Butte Co. -TAW Colusa Co. -WYSA Colusa Co. -TAW 0 7/26 8/2 8/9 8/16 8/23 8/30 9/6 9/13 9/20

74 Armyworm Parasitism % Parasitized Larvae /18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 8/22 Western Yellow-Striped armyworm parasite Hyposoter exiguae (adult and cocoon). Armyworm parasite Apanteles militaris (adult and cocoon)

75 Armyworm Biology Interaction with Weed Populations 6 Armyworms per 5-minute Search 4 2 Untreated Clincher Shark Clincher & Shark 0 27-Jul 10-Aug 24-Aug 7-Sep 21-Sep

76 Panicle Rice Mite PRM was found in July 2007 in a rice research facility in Texas followed by detections in Louisiana, Arkansas, and New York Rice in field plots and greenhouses in CA was surveyed for PRM in 2007 and 2008 and no PRM were found PRM was found on rice in the UC-Davis greenhouses in January 2009 How did these infestations occur? Movement on infested seed? found in ~12 greenhouses Microscope images of PRM by Eric McDonald, USDA-APHIS-PPQ

77 Panicle Rice Mite PRM is a very small, translucent mite. adults are 0.01 (one-hundredth) of an inch long and about ½ this wide, the immature stages of PRM are much smaller special equipment and techniques are needed to separate PRM from plant detecting PRM in the field with a hand-lens is very difficult, for positive identification the specimens have to be mounted on a glass slide.

78 Panicle Rice Mite Data on biology, damage, and management of PRM are almost entirely from Asia and Central America and there are substantial gaps in the knowledge especially as it applies to U.S. conditions in the lab, PRM completes its life cycle from eggs to adults in 11 days at 68 0 F and 3 days at 86 0 F PRM can survive winters on rice stubble/ratoon (China) survival during cool to cold periods is poor but exact quantification of this is lacking would it survive here?

79 Panicle Rice Mite up to 90% crop losses in the Cuba and up to 45% Costa Rica PRM attacks rice plants by feeding on the inside of leaf sheaths and developing grains and injects a toxin while feeding damage plant sterility, partial panicle infertility, and grain malformation rice is the preferred host found on some 18 other plant species including plants in the same genera as common weeds in and around rice fields including barnyardgrass, spikerushes, smallflower umbrella plant, watergrass, smartweed, chickweed, and crabgrass. Switchgrass, a plant being studied as a biofuels source, is a host

80 Panicle Rice Mite Campus Response/Current Situation PRM is a Q rated (quarantine) pest in California. The immediate responses were: treat infested plants with appropriate miticides infested plants were either harvested (if mature), destroyed, or a limited number of plants were moved to the Contained Research Facility (a highly controlled and contained research facility designed for work with exotic organisms) so as to develop to maturity press releases were made in February One month rice-free period was instituted on the UC-Davis campus during April-May to help break the cycle of PRM. A PRM Task Force was formed by the UC-Davis College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Dean s office to draft a campus protocol and policy regarding the PRM infestation.

81 Panicle Rice Mite Campus Response/Current Situation 1. All rice seed, regardless of source, must be treated prior to planting by freeze treatment at -8 C for 72 hours, followed by fumigation with Phostoxin. 2. Old, unwanted rice seed from labs, storage buildings, etc. was destroyed. 3. Greenhouses with rice research are monitored for PRM with sentinel rice plants. 4. Rice in greenhouse facilities will be treated on a regular rotation schedule with miticides. 5. Different rice research programs will be separated and not located in contiguous greenhouses. 6. Presently eradicated

82 Thank You -- Questions