INTRODUCTION TO ETHNOGRAPHIC LINEAR PROGRAMMING OF SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS. Peter Hildebrand

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1 INTRODUCTION TO ETHNOGRAPHIC LINEAR PROGRAMMING OF SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS Peter Hildebrand

2 SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF INTER- RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENTERPRISES SHOW INCREASING DEPENDENCY UPON INFRASTRUCTURE WITH INCREASING POPULATION PRESSURES

3 SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF INTER- RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENTERPRISES SHOW INCREASING DEPENDENCY UPON INFRASTRUCTURE WITH INCREASING POPULATION PRESSURES

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5 SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF INTER- RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENTERPRISES SHOW INCREASING DEPENDENCY UPON INFRASTRUCTURE WITH INCREASING POPULATION PRESSURES

6 SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF INTER- RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENTERPRISES SHOW INCREASING DEPENDENCY UPON INFRASTRUCTURE WITH INCREASING POPULATION PRESSURES

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9 MARKET CROPS ANIMALS HOUSEHOLD FOREST OR BUSH

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16 Modeling Small Farm Household Livelihood Systems

17 WHY? Linear Programming helps us understand the highly diverse livelihood systems which serve as the basis for simulating household livelihood strategies. HOW? To accurately simulate household livelihood strategies, ELP requires ethnographic data obtained with the participation of the farmers in the livelihood system.

18 TO DO WHAT? ELP helps us to design alternatives for incorporation into highly diverse systems, and to predict responses to changes in technology, infrastructure, policy or environment. This helps to maintain and promote diversity and improve the potential for sustainable development.

19 Linear Programming Matrix and its Components Activities (e.g., maize, cotton, livestock) Resources (e.g., land, labor) Constraints and Goals (e.g., food consumption, available cash) End year cash

20 The basic unit to be modeled is the household

21 Household composition affects:

22 Amount and kind of labor available

23 Amount of food required

24 And cash for necessary expenses

25 To start, let s consider a Produces: Maize Hay Goats And uses its: Land Labor Cash household that

26 >> Variables >> MA IZE HA Y GO ATS >> Amount >> RES OURCE RE SOURCE O R RE S/CO NST ha ha head AM OUNTS USE CO NSTRAINT LAND ha <= 3 0 LAND LABOR days <= LABOR HAY AC CTG tons <= 0 0 HA Y ACCTG CASH $ <= CA SH CA SH INCO ME $ >= CA SH INCO ME

27 >> Variables >> MA IZE HA Y GO ATS >> Amount >> RES OURCE RE SOURCE O R RE S/CO NST ha ha head AM OUNTS USE CO NSTRAINT LAND ha <= LAND LABOR days <= LABOR HAY AC CTG tons <= 0 0 HA Y ACCTG CASH $ <= CA SH CA SH INCO ME $ >= CA SH INCO ME

28 But the family needs to eat maize

29 SELL MAIZE CASH RAISE Variables >>> MAIZE HAY MAIZE STORAGE TRANSFER GOATS Value >>> RESOURCE RESOURCE OR RES/CONST ha ha cwt cwt $ head AMOUNT USE CONSTRAINT LAND <= 3 0 LAND LABOR <= LABOR HAY ACCTG <= 0 0 HAY ACCTG MZE ACCTG <= 0 0 MZE ACCTG MZE CONS'N <= MZE CONS'N CSH BEG YR = CSH BEG YR CSH END YR >= CSH END YR

30 SELL MAIZE CASH RAISE Variables >>> MAIZE HAY MAIZE STORAGE TRANSFER GOATS Value >>> RESOURCE RESOURCE OR RES/CONST ha ha cwt cwt $ head AMOUNT USE CONSTRAINT LAND <= LAND LABOR <= LABOR HAY ACCTG <= E-15 HAY ACCTG MZE ACCTG <= 0 0 MZE ACCTG MZE CONS'N <= MZE CONS'N CSH BEG YR = CSH BEG YR CSH END YR >= CSH END YR

31 Once we are satisfied with the model, we simulate the livelihood strategies of different types of households that are subject to that livelihood system.

32 And begin to ask it questions: What if the price of maize dropped? What if the price of goats increased? What if we could spend $25 for more fertilizer and increase maize yield by 20%? What if we knew what the climate would be six months from now?

33 Sources of Diversity in ELPs 1) Seasonality: Crop resource requirements, commodity prices, and yields vary seasonally and annually. 2) Household composition and competing goals. 3) Resource availability, family consumption, and household requirements. 4) Renting land

34 Sources of Diversity in ELPs 5) Credit 6) Traditional activities and new enterprises 7) Hired labor 8) Off-farm labor 9) Irrigation 10) Mechanization