Drip irrigation management and water saving in protected culture

Transcription

1 Drip irrigation management and water savg protected culture Castilla N. ChoukrAllah R. (ed.). Protected cultivation the Mediterranean region Par : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan II Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n pages Article available on le / Article dponible en ligne à l adresse : To cite th article / Pour citer cet article Castilla N. Drip irrigation management and water savg protected culture. In : ChoukrAllah R. (ed.). Protected cultivation the Mediterranean region. Par : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan II, p (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31)

2 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes N Abstract: its use. reduces cultivation, use one the most An adequate management system, fkequently due drippers cloggg and the subsequent the emsion UnXonnity, limits the potential advantages system. pots achieve a successll management the systems and save cultivation, fim a view, cluded. only its potential advantages. The high fiequency A that low flow for sality An will schedulg, that volves know known low flow that can, lype cloggg. savg. (ET) about 70% not just lited Th paper summarizes, from a management cluded. v

3 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes the tal follows a The high size takes when the very high and the ability the a 1). These aspects have a O dtance (cm) Vertical dtance (cm Eigure l. Water dtribution potsource emitters sandy (up) loam s (down), at two water application, A (4 literhour) B (20 literhour). The numbers on the curves rekr iakqnantities water applied. Adapted h m Bressler (1977). diffient mathematical models have developed know the size and volume the wetted Cahiers 190

4 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes volume. choice and wetted a close enough, the wetted accumulate at the an olated sale zone will develop 2) and a deep zone salt accumulation whose location depends on the efficiency 2). ( salts turned on keep the salts away A good with a sufficient fiequency so high enough duce low soluble salt contents. 17 % LEACHINQ 2% LEACHING O ctnovn3 A U O. 4 W O n.4 DISTANCE Figure 2. The dtribution salt under a multiemitter drip system with narrow crop rows after two years and without rafall. Chloride concentration the measure.. sality. Adapted from Fereres (1981). A a leach the accumulated salts 'ifthe used greenhouses, as close d a s. 1977). that the objective optimizg its Cahiers Options vol31 191

5 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes the best yields (Castilla, 1990). As method 1). When 2) the high (unless the as it used, the applied et al, 1976; Stegman et al, Evapotmspiration (ET) greenhouses 3). on the the the ET unheated greenhouse, 70% 1990). n u Transpiration (T) l <=.~ Applied water /',/, Wet percolation ' '\!P. Wetted zone boundary \ Fifpre 3. and water balances a plant under localized irrigation. Adapted from Ferres (1981) The amount by the (E) fkom the the (T) with vok31 192

6 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes E will E s iiom use efficiency, fiom avoid copious 8 15 (ET,) which al, 1976). ET, =. ET, (1) (KC> sowg the cycle, the et al, al, A as well as (FAO) and as method. The ease management estimated (Castilla, 1989; Castilla et al, al, al, 1990; et al, 1980). When usg the class A pan method: = pan coefficient E, = ET,=&.E, (41 show that ; Castilla et et 1. (Orgaz, values detailed Table 1, potg that (3) 193

7 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes al, those dicated table 1. used a subestimation ETo, possibly affwted by the type A C E F G o o o O o o o TOT ET, _, 1.46 ",393 The dicated ET, as no et al, 1979). The real value each case, designed as actual 194

8 CIHEAM Options as the efficiency and leach salts. (IR& l&, = (5) = (6) s, 1.O the (0.9 sandy Eu 1) E, values ). Th coefficient should be al, 1980). mimum amount leachg needed = (7) EC,: 6.5 et al, 1980). Frequency always be based wil avoid excessive depletion. the that systems, good management will conventional...) have been suggested detect drip (Cada,. 195

9 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes been suggested as (Idso et al, 19Sl), but it not easy use. s, conditions fix "Dnflllll the adequacy the at at two depths, a few cm away fiom gypsum blocks, need a g ~ d dependiig on the composition Wettg the usefùl salt leackg 1990A). less be a guide developed. Some them based matag a mimum electrodes less aumatic devices have been a balance very deficiencies. that and The high high efficiemcy 1977). Th we et al, 1976), d a l 1977), contem 19771, sality due when an not a above the botm the wettg agents a few cm 196

10 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes A difficult achieve. at constant held by so as N et al, 1982b). s mobility applied at moves a limited extent Feer Use Efficiency use an efficient management system, as the TpJH4/N03 adquate impact due conventional less lit OF a A goodmanagementmustmataagoodemsion easy quanta al al 1978). the good decay, due salts pesticides) vol

11 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes can 2 should be adequate, while, and The biological cloggg can be solved with the jection a biocide followed by flushg USE the. apply. A the level, can help the...) An Castilla, 1994). (C02) jectg an easy way ; (as as they do not melons (Castilla et al, 1990C; Castilla et also help et al, 1989). level, o fiquently be et WC> 51 and 93%, the UC beg 76%. Only 4% UC. was unacceptable 20% them. 50% vol

12 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes as 3.2, unit name it et al, 1991). The 20 the ). unheated plastichouse (Castilla ET AL, less quantag at 2 plastichouses 2), showg the need applied Table 2. Agronomic water use efficiency or water productivity (economic yield, kg., per appliedwater) variousdripirrigatedcrops,evaluated commercialunheated greenhouses Almeria (Spa), conventional and less cultures, the autumn and sprg cycle (up) and long season cycle (down) Autumn Soil Soilless Soil Soilless Short Cycle Coops Squash 41.0 bean cycle Coops Toma peppm 13.5 Eggplant 18.0 fiquently Adapted Carreñc+Sanchez et al (1996) A good The use the class A save 199

13 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes Ayem, ]B.W. Wescot, pp. Bacon, P. E., Bacon, P.E., BarYosef, B., N and 1. BarYosef,B, Sheikholslami,1976. s fatigated Soil Boulard, T., Baille, A., J., a 245: Boulard, T., Baille, A., Etude de 1 1 : Bressler, Advances CarremSanchez, J., Gass de agua y cosechas obtenidas en los Cas N., 1986, al estudio de los cultivos Castilla,..N.,, chauffk. Castilla, on the use plastics N. F. Brenes, J. : N., Fereres, 1990B. The maes unheated plastic N., Fereres, Toma and yield Castilla, N., management. Acta 361: vo

14 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes N., Gallego, G., plastic mulch and J., W Las brembos, J., AB FAO FAO. Fereres nipap, J..?., The on T.A.., no. 30. ASACSSASSSA. USA %&o, S.B., Jalason, P.J. Pter, s. U., B. BwYose& J., P974 Corp. (Calif) 197 pp. Gdvq J., A. Gallego, F. Brenes, suela Vm ez, A., N. Cas 85: lm. G Evaluación de J., stemas de bajo vemd la, zone:evaluation : elhi, C., $baghehi, Tecnología de m.) st,e., J. J. Stwart, In: (USA): Verneken, Joblg., FAO FAO. Cahiers 201

15 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes Veschambre, P.vaYsse pp. Villele, O., Les besos en sous 15 pp. vo