PHARMACY ORIENTATION PP 150 FOR THE FIRST LEVEL. Associate Prof. Dr. Hosny A Elewa, Head of pharmacy Practice Department

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2 PHARMACY ORIENTATION PP 150 FOR THE FIRST LEVEL. Associate Prof. Dr. Hosny A Elewa, Head of pharmacy Practice Department 2

3 Vision To achieve excellence in pharmacy through innovative education, contemporary practice, and valuable scientific contributions. Mission The faculty of pharmacy, Horus University, provides an exemplary pharmacy education, to prepare graduates capable of providing high quality pharmacy practice and health care to the community, and making meaningful contributions to the scientific research. 3

4 Aims of the course Gain good knowledge about the history of pharmacy and drug discovery. Know the basic information about pharmacy profession including the counseling, pharmaceutical care, drug information resources, different pharmacy organizations and the prescriptions. Recognize the different routes of drug administration and pharmaceutical dosage forms. 4

5 Intended learning outcomes of course (ILOs) a-knowledge and understanding Upon completion this course, students will be able to: a1-illustrate the history of pharmacy from its origins in ancient times through the twentieth century. a2- recognize the progress in pharmacy education. a3- recognize the strategies of effective patient counseling on OTC

6 B- intellectual skills:- At the end of this course, the students will be able to: b1- evaluate the role of Islam, Ancient Egyptians, Babelions on other on pharmacy profession development. b2- distinguish between the different career opportunities for a pharmacist. b3- differentiate between the different routes of administration. 6

7 C- professional and practical skills:- At the end of this course, the students will be able to: c1- apply the regulations in various pharmacy situations he meets in different careers. c2- use available documentation and references to understand the pharmacy ethics and to list the pharmaceutical organizations and their roles. 7

8 d- general and transferable skills:- At the end of this course, the students will be able to: d1- work effectively in a team. d2- communicate clearly verbal and written means. d3- perform self and continuous education and study. 8

9 Course code Course title Credit hours Prerequisite Exam Marks Max Mark Exam Time L T total CW P O F PP 150 Pharmacy orientation

10 History of pharmacy and drug discovery

11 Definitions Pharmacy Derived from the Greek word Pharmakon. (which means medicine or drug.) Pharmacy is the art and science of preparing, dispensing and proper utilization of medications and the provision of drug related information to the public. 11

12 Drug Is a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation (alleviation: the action of reducing the severity, or painfulness of something), treatment, or prevention of disease. 12

13 Pharmacist The profession of pharmacy exists to safeguard the health of the public. The pharmacist is one who is licensed to prepare and dispense medications, counsel patients, and monitor outcomes pursuant to a prescription from a licensed health professional. The role of the modern pharmacist evolved from compounding and dispenser to providing medication information and preventing medication related problems. 13

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15 They just count a few tablets 15

16 They just weigh and measure things 16

17 A bunch of shop-keepers 17

18 Tell me how and when to use the Medicine 18

19 Counter-prescribing 19

20 Not really health care practitioners They re Businessmen 20

21 Compounding Manufacture Dispensing Supply medicines. 21

22 In the last 4 decades the trend in the pharmacy practice moved from medicine supply More inclusive patient care 22

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24 Product oriented More patient oriented 24

25 Effective drug therapy Safe drug therapy Aims of Pharmacy practice Improve Economic drug therapy quality of life 25

26 What is Pharmacy Practice? Pharmacy Practice is the discipline within Pharmacy that involves developing the professional roles of the pharmacist.

27 Pharmacy Practice is a health science discipline in which pharmacists provide patient care that: Promotes *Promotes health, wellness, Optimizes medication therapy Promotes disease prevention. Contribute to the generation of new knowledge that advances health and quality of life. 27

28 The practice of clinical pharmacy embraces the philosophy of pharmaceutical care; it blends a caring orientation with: Specialized therapeutic knowledge, Experience, and Judgment for the purpose of ensuring optimal patient outcomes. 28

29 o Shifting from a dispensing focus to a patient focus has been particularly challenging, o Which has included offering oexpanded patient counseling, o Immunizations, and omedication-dependent disease management for persons with certain chronic conditions. 29

30 it s Professionalism HOW you DO the isn t job JUST the job you DO... 30

31 Eight Star Pharmacist Caregiver Communicator Decision-maker Teacher lifelong learner Leader Manager Researcher 31

32 Pharmacy Practice Sites ocommunity Pharmacy ohospital Pharmacy olong-term Care Facilities oacademia 32

33 Achievement of Treatment Goals Confirmation of Safety Profile of Patient s Characteristics Patient Comprehension/Participation Confirmation of Need Drug History Contra-indications/Interactions Treatment Plan Conformity to Guidelines Unwanted Symptoms Recorded Adverse Reaction Clinical Monitoring Laboratory Markers Adherence to Treatment Individualised Dose, Dose Frequency, Means of Administration

34 Documentation Pharmaceutical care plan Responsibility

35 Study the history of pharmacy. WHY????? 35

36 Why we study the history of pharmacy? To tell us How the concept of drug evolved over time. 36

37 History of pharmacy The history of pharmacy consists of the knowledge of the past of the art of pharmacy in order to better prepare the future. It puts together the study of the evolution of medicines and the men, pharmacists or not, discovering, conceiving, making, controlling and distributing those medicines, as well as the patients to whom it is handed out. 37

38 The history of pharmacy, a discipline of public health, is closely related to the history : Of medicine, as well as to the history Of chemistry, of botany, of natural sciences, of physiology, of hygiene etc. The multidisciplinary aspect of pharmacy are to be considered in its history. 38

39 The considered period is very extended as it runs from the Neanderthal man (an extinct species of human that was widely distributed in ice-age Europe between circa 120,000 35,000 years ago), chewing his purgative leaves, up to the present times, with its genetic and cellular therapy. 39

40 Years Before and After. So 550 BC means 550 years before Jesus was born. And 2000 AD almost means 2000 years after Jesus was born 40

41 Eras age, time, period, date Before the Dawn of History 41

42 Eras Ancient era beginning of time to 1600 AD Empiric Era 1600 to 1940 Industrialization Era Patient care Era 1970 up until now Biotechnology and genetic engineering 42

43 Ancient Era From the beginning of time to 1600 AD Early man used materials in his surroundings, leaves, mud, and, cool water were used to stop bleeding and heal wounds. Dry clay was used to splint broken bones, they copied animal behavior. 43

44 Hippocrates Hippocrates the father of medicine was a philosopher, physician, and, pharmacist. He liberated medicine from the mythical (Bad Spirits) He wrote the Oath of Hippocrates which still taken today. 44

45 Theophrastus Greek philosopher and scientist and known as the father of botany. Paracelsus Swiss physician: He developed a new approach to medicine (through chemical treatment of disease rather than botanical) and philosophy based on observation and experience. 45

46 The Arabian influence Formularies : the continuation of documentation of drug information They had different drug dosage forms which are now used (syrups, conserves, confections and juleps) The first pharmacy shop in the world was in Baghdad about 792 A.D.(after birth of Jesus). 46

47 The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician, establishing in Bagdad late in the eighth century the first privately owned drug stores. They preserved much of the Roman wisdom, added to it, developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids 47

48 The Empiric Era Pharmacopeias were used to protect public health Roots, bark, herbs,..were used and controlled by the government. They examined the toxicological effects on human body. Started to test drugs in order to discover how the drug gives their effects on the body. The first hospital started in 1751 by Benjamin Franklin. 48

49 Islamic contribution The Islamic civilization added many scientific terms as : Kemia Alcohol. Abu al Hassan Ibn-Sina: His book (canon of Medicine) 49

50 Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni AL-BUIRUNI and his book Kitab alsaydala fi al-tibb Biruni's most important work was a major pharmacopoeia, the "Kitab alsaydala fi al-tibb, (Book on the Pharmacopoeia of Medicine), describing essentially all the medicines known in his time. 50

51 Jabirbin Hayan( AD) He was a great chemist: Prepared Nitric acid, Sulphuric acid, Hydrochloric acid. He considered a Godfather of modern chemistry Also he introduced a different chemical technique: sublimation, distillation, melting, crystallization, composition of Alchemy. (Alchemy is a philosophical and proto-scientific tradition practiced throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia. It aims to purify, mature) 51

52 William Proctor The father of American Pharmacy He owned an apothecary shop 52

53 Introduction of new drugs and chemicals The 17 th and 18 th centuries many new drugs and chemicals were identified: Nitrogen, Chlorine, Zinc, Oxygen, Atropine Morphine, Penicillin.. In 1756, John Morgan supposed prescription writing in USA. The first college of pharmacy was in

54 Industrialization Era As a result of Civil war and World War 1, more people needed drugs for their injuries and illnesses from the wars, a mass production of drugs were made through this Era using industrial machines. Scientific research was growing in this Era. 54

55 PATIENT CARE ERA Due to: Drug-drug interactions Food-drug interactions Drug-disease interactions Comorbidities of diseases in one patient needed the pharmacist should be more patient oriented. 55

56 Biotechnology Era Focused on DNA Genetic DNA Technology Gene Therapy 56

57 DNA Technology Recombinant DNA is a form of synthetic DNA that is engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands Combining DNA sequences that would not normally occur together (genetic modification). 57

58 Gene therapy Some diseases are caused by genetic defects, so modifying the genetic make up of those people may prevent or cure from these diseases. 58