Biologically-Inspired Systems

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1 Biologically-Inspired Systems Volume 9 Series Editor Stanislav N. Gorb Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany

2 Motto: Structure and function of biological systems as inspiration for technical developments Throughout evolution, nature has constantly been called upon to act as an engineer in solving technical problems. Organisms have evolved an immense variety of shapes and structures from macro down to the nanoscale. Zoologists and botanists have collected a huge amount of information about the structure and functions of biological materials and systems. This information can be also utilized to mimic biological solutions in further technical developments. The most important feature of the evolution of biological systems is multiple origins of similar solutions in different lineages of living organisms. These examples should be the best candidates for biomimetics. This book series will deal with topics related to structure and function in biological systems and show how knowledge from biology can be used for technical developments in engineering and materials science. It is intended to accelerate interdisciplinary research on biological functional systems and to promote technical developments. Documenting of the advances in the field will be important for fellow scientists, students, public officials, and for the public in general. Each of the books in this series is expected to provide a comprehensive, authoritative synthesis of the topic. More information about this series at

3 Jan Knippers Klaus G. Nickel Thomas Speck Editors Biomimetic Research for Architecture and Building Construction Biological Design and Integrative Structures 123

4 Editors Jan Knippers Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) University of Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany Klaus G. Nickel Applied Mineralogy (AMIN) University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany Thomas Speck Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ISSN ISSN (electronic) Biologically-Inspired Systems ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 Preface This book comprises the first survey of the topics addressed by the Collaborative Research Centre SFB-TRR 141 Biological Design and Integrative Structures Analysis, Simulation and Implementation in Architecture, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft since October The SFB-TRR 141 provides a collaborative framework for architects and engineers from the University of Stuttgart, biologists and physicists from the University of Freiburg and geoscientists, material scientists and evolutionary biologists from the University of Tübingen. The programme is based on the belief that biomimetic research has the potential to lead everyone involved to new findings far beyond his/her individual reach and the realm of his/her intrinsic field of research. The contributions in this book summarize the presentations concerning the various research projects given at the first public conference of the SFB TRR 141 that took place during the initial stages of our collaborative research programme at the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, in November Hence, the contributions to this book present topics, targets and the first interesting findings rather than the final results of the SFB TRR 141. In addition, the book comprises the contributions of some external speakers who were invited to the conference. We wish to thank everyone who contributed to the conference and to the book but, even more than that, to the creative spirit of mutual inspiration that the SFB TRR 141 has developed, even at its earliest stages. We are also grateful for the funding that is provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and that has made all of this possible. Stuttgart, Germany Tübingen, Germany Freiburg, Germany Jan Knippers Klaus G. Nickel Thomas Speck v

6 Acknowledgements We would like to thank our reviewers whose comments have markedly improved the articles presented in the book. Maria Abou Chakra, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionsbiologie, Plön Joachim Bluhm, Universität Duisburg-Essen Roland Ennos, University of Hull Claudia Erbar, Universität Heidelberg Claudia Fleck, Technische Universität Berlin Maik Gude, Technische Universität Dresden Michael Herdy, INPRO, Berlin Marc-Thorsten Hütt, Jacobs University, Bremen George Jeronimidis, University of Reading Roland Kappel, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Cezar Khursigara, University of Guelph Axel Kilian, Princeton University Wilfried Konrad, Universität Tübingen Johannes Kreißig, DGNB, Stuttgart Wolfgang Maier, Universität Tübingen Jürgen Meinhardt, Fraunhofer ISC, Würzburg Göran Pohl, Pohl Architekten, Stuttgart Wolfgang Rähle, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart Markus Rüggeberg, ETH Zürich Michael Scheffler, Universität Magdeburg Simon Schleicher, UC Berkeley Thomas Stützel, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Peter Supancic, Montanuniversität Leoben Oliver Tessmann, Technische Universität Darmstadt Georg Toepfer, Zentrum für Literatur- und Kulturforschung, Berlin Georg Vrachliotis, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Peter Weiliang Xu, The University of Auckland The editors are very grateful to Kristina Hajek, Manager of the SFB-TRR 141, for coordinating this book with utmost patience and commitment. vii

7 Structure and Function of Biological Systems as Inspiration for Technical Developments Throughout evolution, organisms have evolved an immense variety of materials, structures and systems. This book series deals with topics related to structurefunction relationships in diverse biological systems and shows how knowledge from biology can be used for technical developments (bio-inspiration, biomimetics). Prof. Dr. Stanislav N. Gorb, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany ix

8 Contents 1 Biomimetic Research: A Dialogue Between the Disciplines... 1 Jan Knippers, Thomas Speck, and Klaus G. Nickel 2 From Minimal Surfaces to Integrative Structures The SFB-TRR 141 in the Light of the Legacy of Frei Otto and the SFB 230 Natürliche Konstruktionen... 7 Jan Knippers 3 Bionics and Biodiversity Bio-inspired Technical Innovation for a Sustainable Future Wilhelm Barthlott, M. Daud Rafiqpoor, and Walter R. Erdelen 4 Insect-Inspired Architecture: Insects and Other Arthropods as a Source for Creative Design in Architecture Stanislav N. Gorb and Elena V. Gorb 5 In Search of Some Principles of Bio-mimetics in Structural Engineering Bill Addis 6 Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transport in Frost-Resistant Plant Tissues Lukas Eurich, Rena Schott, Arndt Wagner, Anita Roth- Nebelsick, and Wolfgang Ehlers 7 Plants and Animals as Source of Inspiration for Energy Dissipation in Load Bearing Systems and Facades Katharina Klang, Georg Bauer, Nicu Toader, Christoph Lauer, Kathrin Termin, Stefanie Schmier, Daria Kovaleva, Walter Haase, Christoph Berthold, Klaus G. Nickel, Thomas Speck, and Werner Sobek xi

9 xii Contents 8 Adaptive Stiffness and Joint-Free Kinematics: Actively Actuated Rod-Shaped Structures in Plants and Animals and Their Biomimetic Potential in Architecture and Engineering Oliver Betz, Annette Birkhold, Marco Caliaro, Benjamin Eggs, Anja Mader, Jan Knippers, Oliver Röhrle, and Olga Speck 9 Compliant Mechanisms in Plants and Architecture Simon Poppinga, Axel Körner, Renate Sachse, Larissa Born, Anna Westermeier, Linnea Hesse, Jan Knippers, Manfred Bischoff, Götz T. Gresser, and Thomas Speck 10 Branched Structures in Plants and Architecture Larissa Born, Florian A. Jonas, Katharina Bunk, Tom Masselter, Thomas Speck, Jan Knippers, and Götz T. Gresser 11 The Skeleton of the Sand Dollar as a Biological Role Model for Segmented Shells in Building Construction: A Research Review Tobias B. Grun, Layla Koohi Fayegh Dehkordi, Tobias Schwinn, Daniel Sonntag, Malte von Scheven, Manfred Bischoff, Jan Knippers, Achim Menges, and James H. Nebelsick 12 Continuous Fused Deposition Modelling of Architectural Envelopes Based on the Shell Formation of Molluscs: A Research Review James H. Nebelsick, Christoph Allgaier, Benjamin Felbrich, Daniel Coupek, Renate Reiter, Günter Reiter, Achim Menges, Armin Lechler, and Karl-Heinz Wurst 13 Analysis of Physcomitrella Chloroplasts to Reveal Adaptation Principles Leading to Structural Stability at the Nano-Scale Pouyan Asgharzadeh, Bugra Özdemir, Stefanie J. Müller, Oliver Röhrle, and Ralf Reski 14 Developing the Experimental Basis for an Evaluation of Scaling Properties of Brittle and Quasi-Brittle Biological Materials Stefanie Schmier, Christoph Lauer, Immanuel Schäfer, Katharina Klang, Georg Bauer, Marc Thielen, Kathrin Termin, Christoph Berthold, Siegfried Schmauder, Thomas Speck, and Klaus G. Nickel

10 Contents xiii 15 Evolutionary Processes as Models for Exploratory Design Long Nguyen, Daniel Lang, Nico van Gessel, Anna K. Beike, Achim Menges, Ralf Reski, and Anita Roth-Nebelsick 16 Fabrication of Biomimetic and Biologically Inspired (Modular) Structures for Use in the Construction Industry Daniel Coupek, Daria Kovaleva, Hans Christof, Karl- Heinz Wurst, Alexander Verl, Werner Sobek, Walter Haase, Götz T. Gresser, and Armin Lechler 17 Structural Design with Biological Methods: Optimality, Multi-functionality and Robustness Debdas Paul, Layla Koohi Fayegh Dehkordi, Malte von Scheven, Manfred Bischoff, and Nicole Radde 18 Bio-inspired Sustainability Assessment A Conceptual Framework Rafael Horn, Johannes Gantner, Ludmila Widmer, Klaus Peter Sedlbauer, and Olga Speck 19 Making Life Visible : Organism Concepts in Biology and Architecture as the Basis for an Interdisciplinary Synopsis of Constructional Biomimetics Gerd de Bruyn, Oliver Betz, James H. Nebelsick, Manfred Drack, and Mirco Limpinsel 20 Perceptual Orientation and Spatial Navigation in Dense Urban Environments Patrik Schumacher

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