w. Michaelis Air Pollution

Transcription

1 w. Michaelis Air Pollution

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3 W. Michaelis Air Pollution Dimensions) Trends) and Interactions with a Forest Ecosystem With 89 Figures, 2 in Color and 26 Tables, Springer

4 PROFESSOR DR.RER.NAT.HABIL.WALFRIED MICHAELIS GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht Max-Planck-StraBe D Geesthacht Germany ISBN Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Michaelis, W. (Walfried), Air pollution: dimensions, lrends, and interactions with a forest ecosystem I Walfried Michaelis. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN-13: e-isbn- I3: : I. Norway spruce - Effect of air pollution on-gennany-hamburg Region. Norway spruce-ecology-gennany-hamburg Region. 3. Forest declincs-gennany-hamburg Region. 4. Air-Pollution Environmental aspecls-gennany-hamburg Region. I. Title. SB608.N67M '276' dc This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in dala banks. Duplication of this Oblication or parts lhereof is pennitted only under the provisions of the Gennan Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and pennission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the Gennan Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1997 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence ofa specific statement, that such names areexempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover Design: D & PGmbH, Heidelberg Cover Illustration: W. Michaelis Camera ready by UKT, Reichartshausen SPIN I 0 - Printed on acid free paper

5 Preface In the early 1980s, forest decline became a matter of public and scientific concern when forest stands with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) showed evident damage on a large geographical scale throughout Europe. The causes of the observed symptoms could not be elucidated on the basis of the state of knowledge at that time. Therefore, several research projects were launched both in Germany and in some other countries in order to identify the relevant pathogenic factors. In 1985, the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology decided to include the site "Postturm", forest district Farchau/Ratzeburg, in the sponsorship of the research on forest decline as a site typical for lowlands and a sphere of anthropogenic urban influence. The investigation area is situated about 40 krn east-northeast of the city of Hamburg. Since spruce trees in particular showed severe decline, emphasis was laid on this species. The programme started in 1986 and extended to 1992, with some activities continuing beyond this time. Working groups from 13 institutions took part in the overall project. The investigations concentrated on the following objectives: - A comprehensive evaluation of air pollution including status, temporal trends and interaction with the forest ecosystem; the examination of possible direct relations between pollution and response of above-ground tree compartments; - with respect to indirect impacts, a study ofthe influence ofchemical soil quality on the element supply to the fine roots and other tree components; an assessment of the impact with regard to tree growth, wood formation and wood properties; the performance of fertilization experiments in order to explore the possibilities for stabilization of the forest stand, and finally - with increasing progress in the field experiments a corroboration of the in-situ findings by studying model systems of spruce cultures under controlled laboratory conditions. This volume concentrates on the first aspect which was the focal point of the research performed by the Institute of Physics of the GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht. However, other topics will also be treated, insofar as they

6 VI Preface are in close connection with the first subject and the GKSS working group was involved in these studies. An important feature of the project dealt with in this book was the aim not only to measure concentrations, but also fluxes with the final goal to derive flux balances. In this respect the project contrasts with other studies. The author hopes that this volume will provide useful assistance in developing more profound insight into the complexity of air pollution and its interaction with a forest ecosystem. Walfried Michaelis Geesthacht, January 1997

7 Acknowledgements The research reported in this volume was sponsored by the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology and by the Environmental Ministry of the Schleswig-Holstein State Government. This support is gratefully acknowledged. The author is very much indebted to the following colleagues for their dynamic and effective collaboration: R. Pepelnik, P. Rademacher, M. Schonburg, R.-P. StaGel and F. Theopold. Thanks are also due to H.-T. Mengelkamp for helpful discussions in connection with the meteorological aspects. The author also thanks R. Baumgart, M. Bormacher, W. Ehlers and H. Erbsloh for their active assistance in ion chromatography, trace element and gas analysis. Many thanks are also due to I. Eck for her effective support in producing the numerous figures of this volume. The friendly cooperation with the colleagues from the other working groups of the overall project was a source of encouragement and inspiration. This is gratefully acknowledged. Particular thanks are due to J. Bauch for his work in coordinating the activities of the various research groups and for the many valuable discussions we had together during the course of this project.

8 Contents 1 Introduction. References 3 2 The Investigation Site 5 References 8 3 Research Concept and Coordination 9 References 12 4 General Outline ofthe Measuring Station References 19 5 Experimental Procedures Sampling Techniques Rainwater Sampler Throughfall Measurements Sampling of Size-Fractionated Particulates Gas Measurements Sampling of Soil Solution and Plant Components Analytical Techniques General Aspects Sample Preparation for Trace Element Analysis Total-Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) Ion Chromatography and ph Measurements Gas Analysis 40 References 41

9 X Contents 6 Methodology for the Determination ofatmospheric Deposition and of Fluxes within the Ecosystem Compartments Basic Considerations on Dry Deposition Aerosol Measurements Turbulent Fluxes in the Boundary Layer Fluxes in the Stand and the Seepage Water 53 References 54 7 Trace Elements in Rainwater: Concentrations and Wet Deposition Concentrations of Dissolved and Particulate Constituents Wet Deposition Meteorological Aspects Long-Term Mean Values Seasonal Variations Annual Means and Long-Term Trends 70 References 71 8 Deposition of Anions and Cations Via Precipitation Meteorology and Source-Receptor Relationship Deposition of SOl-, N0 3 -, CI-, P- and NH 4 +: Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends ph Values and H+-Ion Deposition 78 References 80 9 Trace Elements in Size-Fractionated Particulates: Concentrations and Dry Deposition into a Forest Ecosystem Differential Trace Element Concentrations Dry Deposition of Trace Elements Meteorological Aspects Long-Term Average Values Seasonal Variations Annual Mean Values and Long-Term Trends 88 References Total Deposition of Trace Elements References 95

10 Contents XI 11 Element Supply and Element Fluxes in the Forest Ecosystem Compartments Element Supply in the Mineral Soil and the Humus Layer Biomass and Element Content in the Tree Compartments Balance of Element Fluxes 117 References Concentrations and Deposition of Gaseous Pollutants: S02' N02, NO, NH3and Gas Concentrations and Weather Conditions Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends of the Gas Concentrations Nocturnal Ozone Maxima Dry Deposition: Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends Deposition Velocities References Impact of Gaseous Pollutants on the Forest Ecosystem Interrelations Between the Concentrations of Pollutants and Carbon Dioxide Associated Vertical Fluxes 160 References Summary and Conclusions 167 References 173 Subject Index