9/16/2011. Fluorescent Dye-based Methods to Detect Changes in Higher Order Structures. Protein aggregation

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1 9/16/211 Fluorescent Dye-based Methods to Detect Changes in Higher Order Structures Wim Jiskoot native protein native stressed protein + bound dye intermediate unfolded unbound dye partially unfolded aggregate disordered aggregate Division of Drug Delivery Technology Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR) CASSS, Rockville September 28, 211 Protein aggregation An immunological concern Simplified summary: protein aggregates are immunogenic An analytical challenge Range of detection of various analytical techniques Visual inspection Microscope Light Obscuration Micro Flow Imaging Field Flow AF4 Fractionation Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis Dynamic Light Scattering SDS-PAGE SE-HPLC 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 µm 1 µm 1 µm 1 mm Frokjaer & Otzen, Nat Rev Drug Disc 4 (25), Protein monomer Soluble aggregates Insoluble aggregates Protein aggregation: an analytical challenge Look at aggregates from different angles! Dynamic light scattering hydrodynamic size Analytical ultracentrifugation soluble and insoluble aggregates Extrinsic fluorescent dyes structural changes aggregates UV/VIS presence of particles structural changes Multi-angle laser light scattering determination MW HP-SEC soluble aggregates FTIR intermolecular -sheets Turbidimetry, light obscuration presence of particles SDS-PAGE covalent aggregates Emerging techniques MFI, MacroIMS, NanoSight, Asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation soluble and insoluble aggregates 1

2 9/16/211 Fluorescent dyes for monitoring protein aggregation Addition of dye Detection of few aggregates, in presence of excess native protein No limitations with respect to aggregate size Well suited to use in high-throughput assay formats Can be used in combination with separation methods Fluorescent dyes ANS Nile red DCVJ Thioflavin T Congo red Hawe et al. (28) Pharm. Res. 25: Fluorescent dyes - physical principle absorption emission nonradiative decay S 2 S 1 solvent relaxation S 1 (T)ICT S (T)ICT S hydrophobic environment; aggregated protein High fluorescence hydrophilic environment; native protein Low fluorescence; red shift Hawe et al. (28) Pharm. Res. 25:

3 fluorescence intensity [a.u.] fluorescence intensity [a.u.] 9/16/211 fluorescence is sensitive to polarity 15 ethanol 1 Decreasing polarity methanol glycerol buffer wavelength [nm] Hawe et al. (21) Pharm. Res. 27: fluorescence with heat stressed IgG 1. mg/ml (6.7 µm) IgG in 1 mm phosphate ph µm 3.5E+5 3.E+5 2.5E+5 8 C 75 C 7 C unstressed 2.E+5 1.5E+5 1.E+5 5.E+4.E emission [nm] Hawe et al. (28) Analytical Biochemistry 378: µm with increasing concentrations of heatstressed IgG ( µm ) Applicable to a wide protein concentration range (<.5 mg/ml to >1 mg/ml) 3

4 relative UV signal relative fluorescence signal 9/16/211 Enbrel 5 mg/ml pre-filled syringe, 7 days 5 C ns = not significant, * p<.5, ** p<.1, *** p<.1 day 1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 7 *** *** *** *** *** DLS, Zave ns ns *** *** *** DLS, PDI ns ns *** *** * HP-SEC ns ** *** *** *** LO, >1 µm ns ns ns ns ns LO, >1 µm ns ns ns ns ns LO, >25 µm ns ns ** ns ns CD 222 nm * ns *** *** *** UV 2 nd der ns ns ns ns *** ELISA ns ns ns * *** Van Maarschalkerweerd et al. (211) Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 78: Combination of with size-exclusion exclusion HPLC 1 µm in mobile phase Size-exclusion HPLC Fluorescence detection Excitation 385 nm, Emission 488 nm Size-exclusion HPLC: comparing UV and detection UV detection detection C 7 C before C 7 C before Hawe et al. (28) Analytical Biochemistry 378:

5 relative detector signals relative detector signals MW [kda] MW [kda] 9/16/211 Size-exclusion HPLC: comparing UV, and MALLS detection 1. mg/ml IgG unstressed and stressed at 8 C 1 1 UV MALLS Hawe et al. (28) Analytical Biochemistry 378: Same approach in flow-field flow fractionation: comparing UV, and MALLS detection 1. mg/ml IgG unstressed and stressed at 8 C UV MALLS Hawe et al. (28) Analytical Biochemistry 378: Do the dyes influence aggregation behavior? Dyes can either promote or inhibit aggregation (as any substance used in analysis, HP-SEC, ) Pharm. Res. 25: (28) In our hands, effects are negligible when the dye is added after applying stress, just before analysis However, always to be tested (HP-SEC, DLS ) 5

6 Relative intensity [a.u] UV [mau] UV signal 28 nm Relative intensity [a.u] 9/16/211 Do the dyes influence aggregation behavior? HP-SEC of heat-stressed IgG UV28 absorbance in mobile phase without dye, with or CCVJ no dye CCVJ no dye CCVJ Hawe et al. (29) Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 38: Do all aggregates interact with the dyes? Use of multiple dyes in parallel provides additional info Insulin: amorphous aggregates versus fibrils emission [nm] Thioflavin T emission [nm] native amorphous aggregates fibrils Tantipolphan, unpublished results Do all aggregates interact with the dyes? Heat stressed versus freeze-thawed IgG HP-SEC with UV28 absorption detection 5.E-2 9.9E-1 4.E-2 7.9E-1 3.E-2 unstressed FT 1 min 75 C 5.9E-1 2.E-2 3.9E-1 1.E-2 1.9E-1.E+ -1.E Hawe et al. (29) Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 38:

7 fluorescence [mau] second derivative 9/16/211 Do all aggregates interact with the dyes? Heat stressed versus freeze-thawed IgG HP-SEC with fluorescence detection 1.2E+ 9.9E-1 unstressed FT 1 min 75 C 7.9E-1 5.9E-1 3.9E-1 1.9E-1-1.E Hawe et al. (29) Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 38: Do all aggregates interact with the dyes? Second derivative FTIR spectrum of isolated aggregates xFT, prec. 77 C heat, prec. NS wavenumber [cm -1 ] Hawe et al. (29) Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 38: Do surfactants interfere with dye detection? Almost 7% of the marketed monoclonal antibody formulations contain polysorbate 2 or polysorbate 8 Concentrations range between.1% (w/v) polysorbate 8 (Reopro ) and.16% (w/v) polysorbate 2 (Raptiva ), with most formulations containing between.5-.2% polysorbate 2 or 8 Chames et al. (29) Therapeutic antibodies: successes, limitations and hopes for the future. Br J Pharmacol 157: Daugherty & Mrsny (26) Formulation and delivery issues for monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58: FDA ReoPro@, Abciximab, For intravenous administration, (BLA) EMEA 28. European Public Assessment Report of Raptiva (25/11/28 Raptiva-H-C-542- II-26) EMEA website 7

8 intensity of emission maximum [a.u.] 9/16/211 and polysorbate fluorescence as function of polysorbate 2 concentration in 1 mm phosphate, ph 7.2, containing 1. mg/ml IgG HT+PS2 1 NS+PS2 placebo+ps polysorbate 2 concentration [%] Hawe et al. (21) Pharm. Res. 27: Fluorescent molecular rotors DCVJ CCVJ 9-(dicyanovinyl)-julolidine 9-(2-carboxy-2-cyanovinyl)- julolidine Free rotation possible in excited state Deviation from planar structure abolishes fluorescence Rotation hindered in viscous environments fluorescence versus CCJV fluorescence fluorescence is sensitive to polarity Molecular rotor CCVJ fluorescence is sensitive to viscosity Hawe et al. (21) Pharm. Res. 27:

9 fluorescence intensity [a.u.] intensity of emission maximum [a.u.] 9/16/211 CCVJ and polysorbate CCVJ fluorescence as function of polysorbate 2 concentration in 1 mm phosphate, ph 7.2, containing 1. mg/ml IgG 1 8 HT+PS2 NS+PS2 placebo+ps polysorbate 2 concentration [%] Hawe et al. (21) Pharm. Res. 27: Use of CCVJ to analyze Humira 4 mg (contains.1% polysorbate 8) 5 M CCVJ (Exc: 435 nm) min 65 C 1 min 6 C NS placebo emission wavelength [nm] Hawe et al. (21) Pharm. Res. 27: Conclusions Fluorescent dyes are highly sensitive, selective and versatile tools to detect structurally altered protein Fluorescent dye-based assays complement our analytical arsenal to monitor protein aggregation Not all aggregates interact strongly with the dyes, so no dye signal does not mean no aggregates Molecular rotors such as DCVJ and CCVJ can be used for polysorbate-containing formulations 9

10 9/16/211 Acknowledgments The ProFormA team Miranda van Beers Vasco Filipe Riccardo Torosantucci Andrea Hawe Robert Poole Ruediporn (Sun) Tantipolphan Basak Kukrer UIPS Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Marc Sutter Tudor Arvinte And many others students, technicians, collaborators 1