Bioremediation and Emerging Contaminants. Donna E. Fennell Department of Environmental Sciences
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1 Bioremediation and Emerging ontaminants Donna E. Fennell Department of Environmental Sciences
2 Emerging and Legacy Pollutants Historical discharges Sorbed to sediments, transported throughout the estuary Input from contaminated sites Stormwater, wastewater effluent, and combined sewer overflows Modified from USEPA & Sediment Management Working Group Fennell et al., 2011 ombined Sewer verflows Wastewater Effluent Volatilization Deposition Dissolved ontaminants Suspended Biological Uptake Particles Sorption Desorption Biodegradation Deposition Resuspension Recent Sediment ldest Sediment Impervious layer? Erosion Legacy Industrial Discharges Stormwater Runoff Groundwater- Surface Water Interaction ontaminated Groundwater
3 Bacteria Biodegrade Pollutants Biodegradation occurs naturally Biodegradation can be enhanced as part of a bioremediation process Bioremediation is a viable technical solution for some pollutants Application in riverine systems is less common than for soils or groundwater aquifers Pollutant as food or air Microbe end product
4 Biodegradation/Bioremediation When it is complete original pollutant is completely degraded or transformed the breakdown product (metabolite) is non-toxic the metabolite is known When it is incomplete original pollutant remains the breakdown product (metabolite) is toxic the metabolites are unknown and/or not monitored
5 Biodegradation/Bioremediation Anaerobic transformation of halogenated organic compounds (rganohalides) rganohalides are/were widely used in industry rganohalides are common environmental pollutants Dehalogenation occurs in the absence of oxygen Dehalogenating bacteria breathe using the halogen-carbon bond Trichloroethene
6 Biodegradation/Bioremediation Dichloroethenes When it is complete Trichloroethene Vinyl hloride Ethene ML = 1 ppb MLs = 2, 100, 70 ML = 2 ppb ML = none
7 Biodegradation/Bioremediation Dichloroethenes When it is incomplete Trichloroethene ML = 1 ppb MLs = 2, 100, 70
8 Parallels for Different ontaminant asses All these reactions are mediated by the same bacterial species Different enzymes Synergistic interactions Freedman & Gossett 1989 Liu & Fennell, ,3,7,8-TeDF 1,4,7,8-TeDF 3,4,7,8-HxDF 1,2,3,7,8-PeDF 2,3,4,7,8-PeDF 1,2,4,7,8-PeDF 1,3,4,7,8-PeDF 1,2,3,4,7-PeDF 1,3,4,8-TeDF 2,3,6,8-TeDF 2,3,7,8-TeDF 1,3,7,8-TeDF 1,4,7,8-TeDF 3,4,7,8-HxDF 1,2,3,7,8-PeDF 2,3,4,7,8-PeDF 1,2,4,7,8-PeDF 1,3,4,7,8-PeDF 1,2,3,4,7-PeDF 1,3,4,8-TeDF 2,3,6,8-TeDF 2,3,7,8-TeDF 1,3,7,8-TeDF 1,4,7,8-TeDF l -PeDF 1,2,4,7,8-PeDF 1,3,4,7,8-PeDF 2,3,6,8-TeDF 2,3,7,8-TeDF 1,3,7,8-TeDF 1,4,7,8-TeDF l -PeDF 1,2,4,7,8-PeDF 1,3,4,7,8-PeDF 2,3,6,8-TeDF 2,3,7,8-TeDF He et al., 2006 Dibenzofurans hloroethenes PBDEs 1,3,7,8-TeDF 1,4,7,8-TeDF 1,2,3,4,8-PeDF 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxDF 2,3,4,7,8-PeDF 1,2,4,7,8-PeDF 1,3,4,7,8-PeDF 1,2,3,4,7-PeDF 1,3,4,8-TeDF 2,3,6,8-TeDF 1,3,7,8-TeDF 1,4,7,8-TeDF 1,2,3,4,8-PeDF 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxDF 2,3,4,7,8-PeDF 1,2,4,7,8-PeDF 1,3,4,7,8-PeDF 1,2,3,4,7-PeDF 1,3,4,8-TeDF 2,3,6,8-TeDF 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxDF
9 Parallels for Emerging ontaminants Perfluoroalkyl Acids -F bond energetically stable Biotransformation mainly of carbon side chain Defluorination is rare and highly fluorinated chains are resistant We do not know what types of microbes are active Research still in early stages Zhang et al., 2013
10 Interactions Between Legacy and Emerging ontaminants Legacy pollutants or metabolites sorb to microplastics Pollutants are concentrated Does this provide a bigger driving force for biodegradation? Rochman et al., 2013, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 3,
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