PPP in Pre breeding within France

Transcription

1 PPP in Pre breeding within France M. Renard INRA Biology & Plant Breeding Division (1160 persons (35% scientists), 22 RU; 16 EU,14 BRC) 1 Evolution of the public scientist s missions in our BAP Division in France Moving gradually from plant breeding to more academic sciences, which goes along with a strong message to scientists: To publish or to perish! because breeding has been taken over by seed companies to better focus on developing fundamental knowledge necessary for plant breeding a growing gap between the scientists and the end users? Focusing on few major crops; stopping breeding but also research on many species (e.g. orphan species) However INRA is definitely involved in targeted research and must ensure innovation transfer to end users (INRA Transfert, Agri Obtentions,..) 2 1

2 Definition of Pre breeding Pre breeding (PB) refers to all activities designed to identify desirable characteristics and/or genes from unadapted materials that cannot be used directly in breeding populations and to transfer these traits to an intermediate set of materials that breeders can use further in producing new varieties for farmers. It is a necessary first step in the use of diversity arising from wild relatives and other unimproved materials. 3 Where does pre breeding start and where does it stop? PB starts after germplasm screening and after identification of interesting progenitors. It really starts when introducing genetic variability, new traits in adapted material. It includes all the methodologies to make use of genetic variability PB stops when applying conventional breeding schemes to an introgressed gene pool to create varieties 4 2

3 Pre breeding steps all along the research process Research process is running from the characterization of Genetic Resources to plant material more or less workable for direct use in plant breeding schemes (Recurrent Selection, BC, PB, DH, SSD, ) Traits are introgressed into adapted material from: related species (wild or cultivated) more or less exotic genetic resources within the selected species induced mutants (mutagenesis) Research Collections GMOs (gene transfer technologies) GeneBanks The PB goal is to produce a donor parent (line,,.), a source population, even an elite gene pool with the new trait fixed PB approach is generally focused on monogenic and oligogenic traits but can also be applied to polygenic traits 5 Role of Pre breeding in the plant breeding development chain To stimulate innovation transfer at the farm level ; To ensure innovation transfer to elite material To translate academic knowledge in workable tools, adapted materials To be able to introduce primary diversity (eg. a necessity for triticale human made cereal), in breeding programs without too drastic collapse of agronomic value To adapt diversity before use in economical breeding programs It s a kind of buffer between primary diversity and elite material To develop a prospective approach of the introgression of new relevant traits, including validation phase To include an integrative multi trait approach To contribute to gradually better understand the genetic architecture of the introgressed traits 6 3

4 Organisation of the PPPartnership Criteria to choose partners: FTO: non exclusive and open partnership vs exclusive partnership French vs European/international partnership Specific professional organisations in connection with INRA breeding projects (IFV, CEP Innovation,,..) Long term PB approaches are set up with A large federated PPP consortium : Promosol (oilseeds), Promaïs, UFS Vegetable crops, UNIP (pea),.. A sub group PPP consortium: Rapeseed GIE for access to elite germplasm A bilateral PPP: IFV (grapevine), CEP Innovation (fruit trees) No private partners : INRA breeding projects 7 Federated PPPP Promosol: rapeseed CMS for hybrid production: MS cybrid lines but also restorer lines with a radish chromosome fragment (Rfo gene) ; dwarf line from mutagenesis (Bzh gene), blackleg resistance lines (QTLs). Introgression of genetic variability from B oleracea and B rapa in a B napus population, boosting homologous recombination GIE Durum wheat: exotic populations GIE Triticale: improved populations Promaïs: source populations UNIP/Cetiom: winter pea resistant to diseases (BC MAS; QTL combinations) 8 4

5 Restricted PPPP Rapeseed GIE : production of elite populations using elite material from private partners HOLLI quality using MAS (4 desaturase genes) Clubroot resistance with and without MAS (oligogenic) Conversion of a spring gene pool into a winter type with and without MAS 9 Bilateral PPPP Fruit trees resistant to diseases (CEP Innovation): in progress Grapevine resistant to diseases (IFV): in progress 10 5

6 No direct Breeding Partnership Tomato adapted to low input and organic farming (Garance) combining resistances and fruit quality; for a market where companies are poorly represented (Agri Obtentions) 11 SWOT analysis 12 6

7 Strengths Long term partnership with professional organisations, plant breeders; Effective public/private pre breeding through many multi partners projects; Direct feedback from breeders to the scientists; Shared work or cost; A join consolidated approach focused on the main present and prospective needs (low inputs, climate changes, pest & disease control, quality statement...) The private sector enables to multiply the experimental resources to be allowed for an accurate phenotypic assessment (yield, quality ) in conventional or specific (organic farming,..) conditions; 13 Weaknesses Often restricted to few common partners and not the whole breeders community, to work on elite germplasm Complex when too many partners Limitations in the discussion for access to the materials For some species, private partners are SMEs with strong agronomic expertise but reduced genetics and molecular genetics expertise Easy for oligogenic traits; not so efficient for polygenic traits up to now? Need for improved control of recombination 14 7

8 Opportunities Development of genomic approaches to boost gene transfer and germplasm valorisation Impact of new gene transfer technologies (to switch/mutate a gene rather than to transfer a gene with surrounding linked genes) Use of short cycling genes in perennial species (Grapevine,..) Re emergence of new actors and users of diversity : farmer's network and participatory Breeding? 15 Threats More academic research at expense of the involvement in technology transfer (eg PB) More international big companies more powerful than academic research to transfer new alleles from exotic germplasm, without PB contribution from public actors Discontinuous production of new traits/innovations to be integrated vs need for a continuous partnership 16 8

9 Issues to debate How to bridge the gap between research and PB transfer activities? How to support PB? How to support PB on minor/orphan species? = To mutualise a part of the breeding benefits? What is the impact of the size of the seed company/private Partner on the real expectations (allelic variation,..)? What will be the impact of MAS, Genomic Selection on the future expectation of the private partners? How to improve the efficiency of pre breeding schemes? Prebreeding approaches can induce research questions on breeding methodologies, on dynamic management of gene pools, on how to boost recombination,.. 17 Conclusion An efficient long term partnership with private actors An increasing gap between academic research and targeted research An increasing number of orphan species A need to urgently clarify how to collectively improve the efficiency of PB on major and minor species. PB process applied through a case by case approach 18 9

10 Many thanks to French contributors André Gallais (breeding schemes) Anne Françoise Adam Blondon (genetic resources) Annaig Bouguennec (triticale) Jacques David (durum wheat) J Jahier (wheat) Mathidle Causse (tomato & fruit trees) Jean Marc Audergon (fruit trees) Marc Ghesquière (forages) Alain Charcosset (maize) Marie Laure Pilet (pea) Anne Marie Chèvre (rapeseed) Remy Cailliatte (INRA breeding projects) Laurence Garmendia (DBAP Partnership) Carole Caranta (DBAP vision) 19 10