Development of the ventilation system in historical buildings of St. Petersburg

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1 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols (2014) pp Submitted: (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Accepted: doi: / Development of the ventilation system in historical buildings of St. Petersburg Vera Murgul 1,a, Dusan Vuksanovic 2,b, Viktor Pukhkal 3,c, Nikolay Vatin 4,d 1,4 St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Politekhnicheskaya ul., 29, , Saint-Petersburg, Russia 2 University of Montenegro, Faculty of Architecture in Podgorica, Cetinjska br , Podgorica, Montenegro 3 St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2-Krasnoarmejskaja ul. 4, St. Petersburg, , Russia a october6@list.ru, b dusan.vuksanovic@gmail.com, c pva1111@rambler.ru, d vatin@mail.rul Keywords: ventilation, heating, reconstruction, energy efficiency, historic building. Abstract. The article presents an analysis of the primary technologies used to arrange air ventilation systems in residential buildings in Saint-Petersburg during the late 18 th and early 20 th centuries. The historic buildings construction and engineering systems is indisputable interest and can be subject to conservation of historic buildings in addition to conservation of architectural facades. The article analyzed historical techniques ventilation device in conjunction with the heating system. Introduction With the policy to tighten the rules and regulations for energy consumption the need for energy upgrades in reference to historic buildings constructed before industrial times including the buildings of Saint-Petersburg, has appeared to be vital and up-to-date [1-5]. As a result, it seems to be an up-to-date issue to develop a controlled heat recovery ventilation system with respect to the object chosen for this study residential historic apartment building in Saint-Petersburg. To achieve of this aim it is necessary to analyze the technologies how ventilation systems were organized in residential historic buildings in Saint-Petersburg long time ago [6, 7]. Analysis of the primary technologies used to arrange air ventilation systems in residential historical buildings Over the last centuries a ventilation system has undergone a range of changes as with respect to functioning principles as with respect to structural features. Let s take interconnection between heating and ventilation systems into consideration. Since the late 18 th till early 20 th century heating was executed by means of solid-fuel stoves (in particular, with firewood) for the greatest part of buildings [8]. Outer air intake needed for fuel burning and ventilation was headed to the rooms where the stoves were located. The air was pre-heated in a specific sector of a stove or in a combustion chamber [9, 10]. In the case of the stoves located on the first floors an air intake channel was made of bricks, and it was arranged under the floors (Figure 1, a). Such channels were used only in the cases when a lower room was with a vaulted ceiling (there were enough space for air intake channels - Figure 1, b). In the cases of the floors based on wooden beams air intake channels, which were headed to stoves on the upper floors, were arranged between subfloors and finished floors or were suspended under the ceilings of lower floors (Figure 2). All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP, (ID: /09/14,00:27:23)

978 Advanced Materials and Processes IV Figure 1. Air intake arrangement. [taken from 11] Figure 2. Air intake arrangement. [taken from 11] Outer air was heated with fuel gases up to the temperature of intake air.

It is a regular stove with the lower part of a chamber connected with outer air, and its upper part is connected with («offset») indoor air.

This device was used in the cases when a stove was located near external wall. The stoves were normally placed near internal walls; and outer air was headed through longer channels.

2 978 Advanced Materials and Processes IV Figure 1. Air intake arrangement. [taken from 11] Figure 2. Air intake arrangement. [taken from 11] Outer air was heated with fuel gases up to the temperature of intake air. An example of such a heater is shown in the Figure 3. It is a regular stove with the lower part of a chamber connected with outer air, and its upper part is connected with («offset») indoor air. The stove is a combined device: it heats the room and at the same time increases the temperature of intake air. This device was used in the cases when a stove was located near external wall. The stoves were normally placed near internal walls; and outer air was headed through longer channels. Fig. 3. Combustion chamber for intake air heating. [taken from 11] Outer air intake for buildings ventilations were widely used in reference to the cases when air was taken into the residential buildings with the help of Z-shape channels which had flap air chutes with cutting and valves designed to take dispersed air inside (Figure 4 and 5) [21]. Z-shape channels were normally placed in external walls.

Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 633-634 979 Figure 4. Air intake valve.

air pockets 1 a frame made of wooden rails; 2 a chaser made from steel Figure 5. A slot for outer air intake. A fragment of a historic building façade in Saint-Petersburg.

3 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols Figure 4. Air intake valve. [taken from 12] a) section of external wall; b) view on a valve in a room; c) a grate with upper shield which is placed outside the building to take outer air in; d) dispersive сlapping valve with air pockets 1 a frame made of wooden rails; 2 a chaser made from steel Figure 5. A slot for outer air intake. A fragment of a historic building façade in Saint-Petersburg. Exhaust ducts in the walls were carried out up to an attic of a building where they were grouped with common standpipes arranged on a roof. Grouping channels all together was executed with the aim to reduce the costs and decrease the number of the slots made in the roofs to put the ducts and pipes through. If it was possible pipes and ducts were grouped inside the walls of the buildings (Figure 6). At the same time the ducts and pipes were inclined so that it was convenient to clean them up. It was not recommended to make horizontal grouping alongside a floor of an attic. Such option could reduce draught force. Figure 6. Exhaust ducts in the walls. [taken from 11] In small-sized kitchens exhaust outlets of exhaust ducts were arranged in upper parts of the walls. As a rule polluted air disposal was implemented through independent exhaust ducts. Exhaust ducts

980 Advanced Materials and Processes IV were normally placed near chimney flues; in this case heat produced by combustion products was conveyed to the air recovered through the half-brick wall

The Figure 7 shows the arrangement in large-sized kitchens: a brick chimney flue was built starting from hearth up to a point where slide dampers were required, and the following part of a chimney

4 980 Advanced Materials and Processes IV were normally placed near chimney flues; in this case heat produced by combustion products was conveyed to the air recovered through the half-brick wall separating two ducts to achieve draught increasing. The Figure 7 shows the arrangement in large-sized kitchens: a brick chimney flue was built starting from hearth up to a point where slide dampers were required, and the following part of a chimney was made out of steel or iron pipes. With such an option air consumption increased significantly. An exhaust outlet was arranged in an upper part of a room. It was usually closed when there was no need in having more ventilation. For the reason that recovered air was not heated draught in an exhaust duct weakened. Figure 7. Exhaust ducts inside the walls. [taken from 11] In the end of XIX century thermal expansion was forced to emerge in exhaust ventilation chambers placed on attics (not always) to ensure functioning of the ventilation systems. This thermal expansion was executed by heating the air recovered with the help of hot water or heated air steam, ribbed pipes or other heating devices. Exhaust ventilation systems with thermal expansion existed until the 30 th years of the XX century (Figure 8). Summary Figure 8. Scheme exhaust ventilation systems with thermal expansion [taken from 13] The historic building construction system is of indisputable interest and can be subject to conservation of historic buildings in addition to conservation of architectural facades. But modern requirements for energy efficiency in buildings necessitate upgrading the ventilation system. According to the contemporary research works 50% of heat losses in buildings are caused by ventilation emissions. Taking the building into consideration as a complex energy system it may be concluded that a new approach with higher standards in refer ence to ventilation system was formed due to contribution of the following background factors: changes in heating system, increase of

5 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols sealing performance of the fillers for window (if to compare with primary ones), existing requirements to reduce energy consumption reduction [14, 15]. On the basis of the analysis the technologies how ventilation systems were organized in residential historic buildings in Saint-Petersburg it is advisable to offer the use of a decentralized controlled heat recovery ventilation system, which is necessary to make the installation with all the features with due account for historic construction features found when investigating. References [1] V. Murgul: Features of energy efficient upgrade of historic buildings (illustrated with the example of Saint-Petersburg). Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol. 12 (1) (2014), pp 1-10 [2] D. Vuksanovic, V. Murgul, N. Vatin, E. Aronova: Shadowing impact on amount of power generated by photovoltaic modules. Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vols (2014), pp [3] G. Radovic, V. Murgul, N. Vatin: Fast urban development of Cetinje old royal capital of Montenegro. Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vols (2014), pp [4] V. Murgul: Solar energy systems in the reconstruction of heritage historical buildings of the northern towns (for example Sankt-Petersburg). Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol. 12 (2) (2014), pp [5] V. Murgul: Improvement of the energy efficient properties of the houses in the historical area of Saint-Petersburg, Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education, 4 (40) (2012), pp [6] E. Aronova, V. Murgul: The evaluation of the appropriateness for using solar energy technologies in the historical building of Saint-Petersburg and the climatic conditions of the North-West region, Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2 (23) (2013), pp [7] V. Murgul: Solar energy in the reconstruction of urban environment of historic building Saint-Petersburg, Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2 (23) (2013), pp [8] A. Gorshkov, P. Rymkevich, D. Nemova, N. Vatin: Method of calculating the payback period of investment for renovation of building facades, Construction of Unique Buildings and Structures. 2 (17) (2014), pp [9] L. Pakrastinsh, K. Rocens, D. Serdjuks: Deformability of hierarchic cable roof. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 62 (12) (2006), pp [10] N. I.Vatin, D. V. Petrosov, A. I. Kalachev, P. Lakhtinen: Use of ashes and ash-and-slad wastes in construction. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 4(22) (2011) [11] A.K. Pavlovskiy, Kurs otopleniya i ventilyatsii. Chast 1. Obshchiye svedeniya i mestnyye pribory. 3-e izdaniye, ispravlennoye i dopolnennoye, S.-Peterburg: «Stroitel», 1909, p. 158 [12] Yu. A. Yermakov, Ventilyatsiya kvartir v tipovykh zhilykh domakh, Vodosnabzheniye i sanitarnaya tekhnika, 12, (1956). pp [13] S.B. Lukashevich: Kurs otopleniya i ventilyatsii. Atlas s 46 tablitsami chertezhey. Tretye ispravlennoye i dopolnennoye izdaniye. S.-Peterburg: Tipografiya Ya.I.Libermana, (1896). [14] E. Aronova, G. Radovic, V. Murgul, N. Vatin: Solar Power Opportunities in Northern Cities (Case Study of Saint-Petersburg). Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vols (2014), pp [15] D. Nemova, V. Murgul, A. Golik, E. Chizhov, V. Pukhkal, N. Vatin: Reconstruction of administrative buildings of the 70s: the possibility of energy modernization. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol. 12 (1), (2014), pp 37-44

The use of decentralized ventilation systems with heat recovery in the historical buildings of St. Petersburg

The use of decentralized ventilation systems with heat recovery in the historical buildings of St. Petersburg Applied Mechanics and Materials Submitted: 2014-07-08 ISSN: 1662-7482, Vols. 635-637, pp 370-376 Accepted: 2014-07-22 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.370 Online: 2014-09-19 2014 Trans Tech Publications,