TechnicalDossier.

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2 EDN GROUP INDEX 1. Concept Design page 2 2. Building..page 5 1. Structure 2. Roof and Walls 3. Floors 3. Office.page Raised Access Flooring 2. Suspended Ceiling Systems 3. Partition Wall Systems 1

3 Conceptdesign 1.Concept Design The design of industrial buildings is affected by many factors. Industrial buildings are generally designed as enclosures that provide functional space for internal activities, which may involve use of overhead cranes or suspended equipment as well as provision of office space or mezzanine floors. A single large hall is the main feature of most industrial buildings. The construction and appearance of an industrial building provides the design engineer with a wide range of possible configurations in order to realize the architectural ideas and the functional requirements. Generally, an industrial building has a rectangular floor space, which is extendable in its long direction. The design of the building has to be coordinated with functional requirements and the energy-saving concept, including lighting. The following forms of industrial buildings represent an overview of the possible architectural and constructional solutions. Concept Design Considerations Prior to the detailed design of an industrial building, it is essential to consider many aspects such as: Space optimization. Speed of construction. Access and security. Flexibility of use. Environmental performance. Standardization of components. Infrastructure of supply. Service integration. Landscaping. Aesthetics and visual impact. Thermal performance and air-tightness. Acoustic insulation. Weather-tightness. Fire safety. Design life. Sustainability considerations. End of life and re-use. In the first instance, it is necessary to identify the size of the enclosure and to develop a structural scheme, which will provide this functional space taking into account all the above considerations. The importance of each of these consider- rations depends on the type of building. For example, the requirements concerning a distribution center will be different from those of a manufacturing unit. To develop an effective concept design, it is necessary to review these consider- rations based on their importance, depending on the type of building. Table 1 presents a matrix which relates the importance of each consideration to particular types of industrial buildings. Note that this matrix is only indicative, as each project will be different. However, the matrix can serve as a general aid. 2

4 Conceptdesign 1.Concept Design Tabla 1 3

5 Conceptdesign 1.Concept Design Compartmentation & Mixed use Increasingly, larger industrial buildings are designed for mixed use, i.e. in most cases integrated office space and / or staff rooms for the employees are provided. There are different possible locations for these additional spaces and uses, as shown in Figure 1: For single-storey industrial buildings, creation of separate space inside the building and possibly two stores high, separated by internal walls. In an external building, directly connected to the hall itself. For two-storey industrial buildings, partly occupying the upper floor. This leads to special concept design requirements concerning the support structure and the building physics performance. If the office area is situated on the upper storey of the industrial building, it may be designed as a separate structure enclosed by the structure of the building. In this case, floor systems from commercial buildings can be used, often based on composite structures, e.g. integrated floor beams. Another possible solution is to attach the office to the main structure. This requires particular attention to be paid to the stabile- station of the combined parts of the building. Figure 1 4

6 Buildingstructure 2.1 Building. Structure Forms of industrial Buildings The most elementary system used for an industrial building consists of two columns and a beam. This configuration can be modified in numerous ways using various types of connections between the beams and columns and for the column base. The types of structures most commonly used in industrial buildings are portal frames with hinged column bases. Portal frames provide sufficient in-plane stability, and thus only require bracings for out-of-plane stability. Figure 2.1 shows a variety of rigid frames with fixed (a) or hinged (b) column bases. Fixed column bases may be considered when heavy cranes are used, as they deflect less under horizontal forces. Hinged column bases have smaller foundations and simple base connections. In examples (c) and (d), the structure is located partly outside the building, and so details concerning the piercing of the building envelope have to be designed carefully. The complex detail in these types of structure also serve architectural purposes. In Figure 2.2, different structures consisting of beam and columns are presented. Figure 2.2 (a) shows an example of a structure without purlins, that is stiffened by diaphragm action in the roof and bracings in the walls. In Figure 2.2 (b), purlins are used, leading to a simple design of the roof cladding, which has reduced spans and only serves to support vertical loads. The roof is stiffened by plan bracing. The structure without purlins may offer a more pleasant appearance when viewed from the inside. Figures 2.2 (c) and (d) show lattice trusses and cable suspended beams, which may be beneficial to achieve larger spans, as well as desirable for visual reasons. Arch structures offer advantageous load- carrying behavior as well as having a pleasant visual appearance. In Figure 2.3 (a), a building with a three-hinged arch is shown. Alternatively, the structure can be elevated on columns or integrated in a truss structure, as in Figure 2.3 (d). The forms of buildings with primary and secondary structural elements described above are all directional structures, for which the loads are carried primarily on individual directional load paths. Spatial structures and space trusses are non-directional structures; they can be expanded, but would become heavy for long spans. Figure 2.4 shows some examples of spatial structures. Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 5

7 Buildingstructure 2.1 Building. Structure Portal frames Steel portal frames are widely used in most of the European countries because they combine structural efficiency with functional application. Various configurations of portal frames can be designed using the same structural concept as shown in Figure 2.5. Multi-bay frames can also be designed, as in Figure 2.5 (e) and (f), either using single or pairs of internal columns. In addition to the primary steel structure, a wide range of secondary components has also been developed, such as cold formed steel purlins, which also provide for the stability of the framework (see Figures 2.6 and 2.7). These simple types of structural systems can also be designed to be architecturally more appealing by using curved members, cellular or perforated beams etc., as illustrated in Figure 2.8. Innovative structural systems have also been developed in which portal frames are created by moment resisting connections using articulations and ties, as given in Figure 2.9. Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 6

8 Buildingstructure 2.1 Building. Structure Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 Figure 2.9 Figure

9 Buildingstructure 2.1 Building. Structure Lattice trusses Long span industrial buildings can be designed with lattice trusses, using C, H or O sections. Lattice trusses tend to be beam and column structures and are rarely used in portal frames. Various configurations of lattice trusses are illustrated in Figure The two generic forms are W or N bracing arrangements. In this case, stability is generally provided by bracing rather than rigid frame action. However, columns can also be constructed in a similar way, as illustrated in Figure 2.13, in order to provide in-plane stability. Using lattice structures, a comparatively high stiffness and load bearing resistance can be achieved while minimizing material use. Besides the ability to create long spans, lattice structures are attractive and enable simple service integration. A pinned structure is an idealization used in design. Moment-resisting connections can be designed using bolted or welded connections. The resulting additional internal forces are accounted for in the design of the lattice members, when the lattice truss acts to stabilize the building against lateral loads. Figure 2.12 Figure 2.11 Figure

10 Buildingroofandwalls 2.2 Building. Roof and Walls We describes the common systems for roofing and cladding that serve as the building envelope and may at the same time provide stability for the main support structure. Also, mainly architectural aspects for industrial building such as service integration and lighting are discussed Roof systems There are a number of proprietary types of cladding that may be used in industrial buildings. These tend to fall into some broad categories, which are described in the following sections. Single-skin trapezoidal sheeting Single-skin sheeting is widely used in agricultural and industrial structures where no insulation is required. It can generally be used on roof slopes down to as low as 4 provided that the laps and sealants are as recommended by the manufacturers for shallow slopes. The sheeting is fixed directly to the purlins and side rails, and provides positive restraint (see Figure 4.1). In some cases, insulation is suspended directly beneath the sheeting. Generally steel sheeting is made of galvanized steel grades S280G, S320G or S275G to EN Due to the wide range of product forms, no standard dimensions for sheeting exist, although there are strong similarities between products and shapes. The steel sheets are usually between 0.40 and 1.50 mm thick (including galvanization). Figure 4.1 Double skin system Double skin or built-up roof systems usually use a steel liner tray that is fastened to the purlins, followed by a spacing system (plastic ferrule and spacer or rail and bracket spacer), insulation and an outer sheet. Because the connection between the outer and inner sheets may not be sufficiently stiff, the liner tray and fixings must be chosen so that they provide the level of restraint to the purlins. Alternative forms of construction using plastic ferrule and Z- are shown in Figure 4.2. As insulation depths have increased to provide greater insulation performance, there has been a move towards rail and bracket solutions, as they provide greater stability. With adequate sealing of joints, the liner trays may be used to form an airtight boundary. Alternatively, an impermeable membrane on top of the liner tray may be provided. Figure 4.2 9

11 Buildingroofandwalls 2.2 Building. Roof and Walls Standing seam sheeting Standing seam sheeting has concealed fixings and can be fixed in lengths of up to 30 m. The advantages are that there are no penetrations directly through the sheeting that could lead to water leakage, and fixing is rapid. The fastenings are in the form of clips that hold the sheeting down but allow it to move longitudinally (see Figure 4.4). The disadvantage is that significantly less restraint is provided to the purlins than with a conventionally fixed system. Nevertheless, a correctly fixed liner tray will provide adequate restraint to the purlins. Figure 4.4 Composite or sandwich panels Composite or sandwich panels are formed by creating a foam insulation layer between the outer and inner layer of sheeting. Composite panels have good spanning capabilities due to composite action in bending. Both standing seam (see Figure 4.5) and direct fixing systems are available. These will clearly provide widely different levels of restraint to the purlins. Sandwich elements for roofs generally have a width of 1000 mm with thicknesses between 70 and 110 mm, depending on the required insulation level and structural demands. Despite being relatively thick elements, the self-weights are comparatively low. Thus the elements are easy to handle and assemble. Component lengths of up to 20 m for roofs and walls permit constructions without or with few joints. The basic material for the outer layers is usually galvanized coated steel sheeting with thicknesses of 0.4 to 1.0 mm. The inner layers of sandwich panels are often lined or slotted; special designs are available with plane surfaces. Close-pitch flutings have also been established, which are fully profiled, yet appearing as a plane surface from a certain distance. Some patterns for external surfaces of sandwich panels are shown in Figure 4.6. Requirements for corrosion protection of sandwich or composite panels are the same as for trapezoidal steel sheets. For foam insulation, the following solutions have been developed: Polyurethane PUR rigid foam; Mineral fiber insulating material; Polystyrene (only used in exceptions due to its lower insulation behavior). The steel skin and the insulating foam are physiologically harmless during production and assembly as well as in the permanent use in the building. 10

12 Buildingroofandwalls 2.2 Building. Roof and Walls Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Composite or sandwich panels Composite or sandwich panels are formed by creating a foam insulation layer between the outer and inner layer of sheeting. Composite panels have good spanning capabilities due to composite action in bending. Both standing seam (see Figure 4.5) and direct fixing systems are available. These will clearly provide widely different levels of restraint to the purlins. composite or sandwich panels offer numerous advantages: Panel manufacturing provides short construction time and cost-efficiency Good building physics performance Can be installed in nearly all weather conditions Long-span capabilities which minimize the support structure Sandwich elements for roofs generally have a width of 1000 mm with thicknesses between 70 and 110 mm, depending on the required insulation level and structural demands. Despite being relatively thick elements, the self-weights are comparatively low. Thus the elements are easy to handle and assemble. Component lengths of up to 20 m for roofs and walls permit constructions without or with few joints. The basic material for the outer layers is usually galvanized coated steel sheeting with thicknesses of 0.4 to 1.0 mm. The inner layers of sandwich panels are often lined or slotted; special designs are available with plane surfaces. Close-pitch flutings have also been established, which are fully profiled, yet appearing as a plane surface from a certain distance. Some patterns for external surfaces of sandwich panels are shown in Figure

13 Buildingroofandwalls 2.2 Building. Roof and Walls Requirements for corrosion protection of sandwich or composite panels are the same as for trapezoidal steel sheets. For foam insulation, the following solutions have been developed: Polyurethane PUR rigid foam; Mineral fiber insulating material; Polystyrene (only used in exceptions due to its lower insulation behavior). The steel skin and the insulating foam are physiologically harmless during production and assembly as well as in the permanent use in the building. The core insulation is odorless, free from rot and mould-resistant. Further- more it offers good recycling possibilities. A key factor to be taken into account for the design of sandwich panels is the temperature difference across the element. The separation of the inner and outer skins leads to heating and therefore extension of the outer sheet due to solar radiation. For single span panels, this results in a flexure of the panel. Even though this does not lead to additional internal forces, it might influence the appearance of the envelope. For continuous panels, restraint of flexure leads to bending and to compressive forces in the skins, which can lead to buckling of the panel. The darker the colour of the panel, the higher are the compression forces. Therefore, for continuous panels, checks for temperature in summer and temperature in winter design situations have to be performed, taking into account the colour of the panel. At a European level, EN (in preparation) defines the structural design method as well as the production and quality principles of sandwich and composite panels. Wall systems Numerous systems exist for the design of external walls for industrial buildings. Cladding types made of steel sheeting are most frequently used, because they offer high-quality standards, short construction time and cost-efficiency. Generally, steel sheet wall cladding follows the same generic types as roof cladding, and the main types are: Sheeting, orientated vertically and supported on side rails; Sheeting or structural liner trays spanning horizontally between primary frame; Composite or sandwich panels spanning horizontally between the columns, eliminating side rails; Metallic cassette supported by side rails. Different forms of cladding may be used together for visual effect in the same facade. Some examples are illustrated in Figure 4.9 to Figure Brickwork is often used as a dado wall for impact resistance, as shown in Figure

14 Buildingroofandwalls 2.2 Building. Roof and Walls Figure 4.9 Figure 4.10 Sandwich or composite panels Sandwich or composite panels are double skin continuously produced elements with various types of core insulation. They are the most common choice of wall cladding for industrial buildings in Europe. For walls, sandwich elements have widths of 600 to 1200 mm with a thickness of 40 to 120 mm, and in some cases up to 200 mm for elements used in cold stores. To achieve a good appearance of the building, the following aspects are important: Texture of the surface. Colour. Detailing of joints. Type of fixing. Figure 4.11 In addition, for a modern construction system, the client expects practically invisible fixings and clean transitions at the building s corners. Nevertheless, through fixings are still commonly used. The details comprise either hidden fixings or elements with additional clip fasteners; as shown in Figure 4.5 and Figure By the use of additional clip fasteners, slight dents that may occur at the fixings due to improper assembly or temperature influence can be avoided. 13 For the completion of the facades, special formed components for the transitions between wall and roof have been developed. For high quality facades, manufacturers offer angled or rounded components for the roof or corner sections. These special components have to be of the same quality and colour as the adjacent elements.

15 Buildingroofandwalls 2.2 Building. Roof and Walls Fire design of walls Where buildings are close to a site boundary, national building regulations usually require that the wall is designed to prevent spread of fire to adjacent property. Fire tests have shown that a number of types of panels can perform adequately, provided that they remain fixed to the structure. Further guidance should be sought from the manufacturers. It is often considered necessary to provide slotted holes in the side rail connections to allow for thermal expansion. In order to ensure that this does not compromise the stability of the column by removing the restraint under normal conditions, the slotted holes are fitted with washers made from a material that will melt at high temperatures and allow the side rail to move relative to the column under fire conditions only. An example of this type of detail is shown in Figure Figure 4.12 Other types of facades Figure 4.13 Many other types of façade materials may be used for industrial buildings, for example glass, as shown in Figure The use of this architectural high-quality façade does not automatically lead to higher costs. In the example shown in Figure 4.14, hot-rolled sections are used for the structure as well as a standardized façade-system. By integrating solar gains into the thermal balance, running costs are also reduced significantly. The structure supporting the façade and the detailing can be adapted from solutions for multi- storey buildings, where these kinds of building envelopes are common practice. Another modern way of designing industrial buildings in an architecturally appealing way is of the use of different colours for the façade. A variety of colours, including pastel shading and metallic finishes, are available from many sheeting suppliers. Figure 4.15 shows an example of a building well integrated with its surroundings by the use of coloured facades. As an additional feature, photovoltaic panels may be integrated in the façade. Despite the fact that the angle to the sun is not optimal, the use of multi-layer coatings makes the solar cells less dependent on the angle of incidence of the sun s rays. An example of this technology is shown in Figure

16 Buildingroofandwalls 2.2 Building. Roof and Walls Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15 Figure

17 Buildingfloors 2.3 Building. Floors Ground floor slabs in Warehouses and Distribution Centers are integral to the efficient operation of the facility. They are the table top on which an operator runs his business. On the surface they appear to be one of the simplest parts of a structure to construct. However, this simplicity often leads to an underestimation of the design and construction requirements. A well designed and constructed floor will increase productivity, reduce maintenance of the building and increase the life of the equipment using the floor. A floor design should be performance-based, and this starts with understanding the requirements of how the floor will be used. There are two parts to a floor design: 1. Structural Design the ability to withstand the applied loads 2. Detailed Design joint design and other performance requirements. Structural Design The structural design of a floor will follow engineering principles and calculations and requires knowledge of the following in order to determine the slab thickness and reinforcement. 1. Ground conditions 1. Strength of the concrete 2. Thickness of the concrete 3. Method of reinforcement 4. Load transfer capability of the joints 5.Loading specification and loading pattern Detail design Detail design covers key performance requirements, including: 1. Joint layout and joint design 2. Construction methods 3. Method of reinforcement. 4. Surface regularity (flatness and levelness) 5. Abrasion resistance 16

18 Buildingfloors 2.3 Building. Floors Structural Design Sub-grade Suitable ground conditions are essential for ground supported slabs, and it is therefore important that a ground investigation is carried out and interpreted by a competent geotechnical engineer. The geotechnical engineer must advise on the suitability of the ground along with any recommendations for ground improvements. Sub-base The primary purpose of the sub-base is to provide a level base for the floor slab. It should be capable of carrying construction traffic without rutting. The sub-base should be a minimum mm thick well graded material. The level tolerance of the sub-base is of great importance. A high sub-base generally means a thinner concrete floor. + Zero 25mm is recommended. Slip membranes Slip membranes are used to reduce friction between the slab and the sub-base so as to reduce the restraint to drying shrinkage thus reducing the risk of unplanned cracking. A 300μm plastic sheeting is recommended. Concrete There are comprehensive Standards for the specification and testing of concrete. High strength concrete is not needed and should be avoided because it tends to have higher cement content and is more likely to shrink than lower strength concrete. It can also be difficult to finish. Concrete shrinks as it dries out over the first months of its life. Fresh concrete has more water than is needed for the chemical process of hardening and some of this excess water leaves the concrete causing it to shrink. Therefore, the amount of cement and water in the concrete should not be excessive. Consistency of the material properties and delivery to site is the key to a well finished floor slab. Reinforcement Although reinforcement will give some enhancement to the structural load capacity of the floor slab, the primary function is to restrain the opening of sawn induced joints and maintain good load transfer properties. The traditional method of reinforcement in jointed ground supported slabs is with steel mesh. Although in Australia the position of the mesh is usually specified 50mm from the top of the slab it is recommended that it is placed 50mm from the bottom of the slab. Alternatively, floors can be reinforced with steel fiber or Post Tensioned. Caution must be taken with nominally reinforced steel fiber slabs (less than 30Kg per cubic meter) with saw cut joints. The joints can become wider than predicted and load transfer between sections of floor can be lost. This can result in floor movement at the joints an breakdown of the joint. Steel fiber Joistless slabs, with no saw cuts joints can offer the warehouse user a floor with reduced maintenance but this method comes with some words of caution. The quantity of steel fiber should always be equal to or greater than 40kg/m3. 17

19 Buildingfloors 2.3 Building. Floors Detail Design Joints Joints are the most critical element in a floor. Most maintenance requirements are related to the breakdown of joints in some form. Joints create unavoidable discontinuities in a floor which can be damaged by mechanical handling equipment when trafficked. Joints are provided for two purposes: To form the boundaries of each day s concrete pour (Construction Joints) To reduce the risk of cracking as the floor shrinks (Contraction Joints and isolation details) Construction joints must incorporate dowels to provide a load transfer mechanism between the sections of floor. Figure 3.31 Contraction Joints Contraction joints are most commonly created by saw cutting. Sections of cast floor are usually cut into panels of 6m x 6m. The intention is that a crack will then form beneath the saw cut relieving drying shrinkage stresses. A typical detail is shown in Figure 3,32. The reinforcement must be continuous across the sawn joint to restrain the opening of the engineered crack and maintain adequate load transfer. Figure 3.32 Isolation details Floors must be isolated from fixed elements of the building to allow the floor to contract without cracking. This is achieved by surrounding columns with compressible materials. These are known as the isolation details. Joint Layouts Ground supported slabs can be jointed or jointless. 1. Jointed floors have construction joints at the edges of each day s concrete pour, and they typically have sawn joints at 6m intervals. 2. The term jointless is something of a misnomer as all slabs have construction joints at the edges of areas of floor that are poured in any one day. On a jointless floor, these are the only joints. Joints are provided to permit breaks in construction and to allow for shrinkage as the concrete dries out over a period of up to 2 years 18

20 Buildingfloors 2.3 Building. Floors Jointless Floors Some floors are built without sawn joints. These are usually fiber reinforced. The principle is that the steel fibers limit the crack widths of shrinkage cracking. Care must be taken to ensure that all possible steps are taken to minimize the restraint to shrinkage, including mix design, correct curing, and limiting pour sizes. Flatness and Levelness Requirements (Surface Regularity) There are essentially two methods for defining floor flatness requirements. Floors are divided into Free Movement Areas (FM) and Defined Movement Areas (DM). The FM criteria is where trucks operate at low level when moving, such as marshalling areas, block stacking areas, and aisles greater than 2.8m wide. See figure 3,33. DM areas refer to systems where the trucks are constrained to defined, fixed paths such as Very Narrow Aisle (VNA). See Figure Abrasion Resistance / Durability For most warehouse applications, a self-finished, powertrowelled slab will provide a durable working surface, provided that concrete selection is correct and good finishing techniques are applied. Surface durability is primarily a function of the densification of the surface by power- trowelling and most importantly by proper curing. Construction Methods The floor construction method is critical in determining the overall detailed design, construction programme and cost. The construction method will determine: 1. Daily output programme 2. Joint layout Surface regularity 2. The concrete mix design 3. How the floor is reinforced There are 3 basic methods of construction: 1. Long Strip 2. Large Area Pour Laser Screed Jointed 3. Large Area Pour Laser Screed Jointless Figure 3.33 Figure

21 Buildingfloors 2.3 Building. Floors Long Strip The long strip method of construction is a traditional method of laying industrial floor slabs. The floor is laid in a series of long strips, typically 4-5m wide. The long strip method is still commonly used when the floor must have a very high level of surface regularity such as VNA. Figure Figure 3.35 Figure 3.36 Large Area Pour - Laser Screed - Jointed Large pour, laser screed floors can be laid in areas of up to 2,000m2 between construction joints in a continuous operation but bay sizes of around 1000 square meters is recommended. The laser screed works across the floor area from left to right in 4-5m widths. The following day, the floor is sawn into panels on a 6m grid to relieve drying shrinkage stresses. This type of floor construction is typically reinforced with a single layer of mesh 50mm from the bottom of the slab. Steel fibres can be used, but steel fibres contents lower than 30kg/m3 should be avoided. Figure Large Area Pour - Laser Screed - Jointless This is constructed in the same manner as the jointed floor described above, but no joints are sawn. Jointless floors require good control of sub-base flatness and levelness to reduce the restraint on the underside of the slab. Often 40kg/m3 of steel fibres is used to control the distribution and width of the cracks caused by drying shrinkage stresses. The large distances between construction joints can often result in wider openings, and joints can open up as much as 35mm. Careful consideration should be given to the location of these joints and the impact they have on trucks. 20

22 Officesraisedaccesflooring 3.1 Offices. Raised Access Flooring Raised access flooring The raised access flooring (RAF) is a system that was born from the need to hide the large number of installations such as telephone and electricity wiring, piping, air conditioning, etc... that are located in work areas, technical rooms, etc... These installations are hidden under the system, as a technical plenum has been created with immediate and easy accessibility. It also lets us carry all the installations neatly. System application areas Facilities with a high volume of services or in rooms that house technical equipment that requires special ventilation. Commercial applications: offices, libraries, museums, schools, shopping centers, etc. Technical applications: telecommunications/electricity plants, control rooms, laboratories, data centers, etc. Advantages Ability to hide away all types of ugly and dangerous cables, pipes, etc. under the floor. Improved installation efficiency in comparison to conventional floors (installation rate of about 40 m2/day). Easy to take with you when relocating offices. Option of rerouting services following installation of floor. Advantages over other raised access floor systems Able to withstand a high mechanical load. The potential for combining different structures, as required in each particular case. It has an excellent reaction to fire under laboratory testing. It has very low dimensional tolerances, which allow for a perfect exchange of panels. Cores made of high-performance materials with very high densities. Compliance with UNE EN ISO 9001, guaranteeing quality controls during each stage of the manufacturing process. On the top surface, any 60 x 60 ceramic tile or other non-ceramic coverings (plastic laminate, linoleum, vinyl, granite, aluminum, steel, carpet, parquet etc.) can be used. The pieces are protected by a plastic material edging, in order to prevent the tiles from spalling. A wide range of complementary products to ensure a good finish. 21

23 Officesraisedaccesflooring 3.1 Offices. Raised Access Flooring Panels Panels with chipboard core. They are made of chipboard with a high-performance resin binder. Available in a thickness of 38mm, they feature an aluminum, galvanized steel or plastic lower covering, thus offering slightly different properties to suit each individual case. The panels have a plastic surround to prevent the edges from breaking Structure The structure is made up of pedestals and stringers, which support the floor covering and ensure the necessary height and rigidness. 1. Covering piece 2. Edging. 3. Lower covering. 4. Wood core. Pedestals 100% galvanized steel structure. This pedestals dictate the floor height according to the project requirements. Each pedestal incorporates a series of plastic noise-reduction heads fitted with four positioning lugs. One of the main advantages of the pedestal system is that it is fitted with a 14 mm threaded bolt that can be adjusted to accommodate different floor height requirements. Stringers Like the pedestals, the stringers are made entirely of galvanized steel. Their main function is to increase the strength of the floor. They are covered with special noise-reduction strips. The nominal heights and the way of the pedestals have been selected for greater overlap between two successive pedestals using a long screwed bolt. Because of this, it has obtained a greater range of height adjustment for each type of pedestal with the ability to better adapt to the unevenness of the floor, without resorting constantly to systematic measurements. 22

24 Officessuspendedceilingsystems 3.2 Offices. Suspended Ceiling Systems The Ceiling System works very simply, it is basically a network of grids that are suspended from the original old ceiling with strong metal wire. These grids then hold the tiles and lighting in place transforming your old ceiling into a totally new one. There are many benefits to suspended ceilings apart from how good they look, suspended ceilings also reduce sound levels and help keep your room insulated and reduce all your heating bills. This also help the environment at the same time by not wasting energy., There are many reasons to have a new ceiling system installed in your premises a few are listed below: Good insulation values which saves on heating. Reduce noise Improve. Acoustics Concealing pipes, Wires etc.. Many tile patterns & grid colours to choose from to give your ceiling a unique look. Fire resistant ceilings for up to 1 hr. & Class 0 spread of flame. This can also help reduce your insurance premium. Improved light reflection Enhancing the working environment to get the best from your employees. Moisture resistant tiles available for damp areas Special application i.e. swimming pools 100% moisture resistant tiles and corrosion resistant grid. We have tiles available to suit every design and specialist needs. Our exposed interlocking metal grid systems, provide a practical framework, whereby the tiles can be lifted out easily for access to service the ceiling void to replace damaged tiles when needed. With insulation pads you increase thermal and sound efficiency. Pad sizes come in 600 x 600 x 200 and 1200 x 600 x 200. The insulation comes fully encapsulated, in polythene so there are no loose fibres. 23

25 Officessuspendedceilingsystems 3.2 Offices. Suspended Ceiling Systems Grid System The Grid System is suspended from the original old ceiling by several wire hangers that are hung in place. There are an extensive range of Grid colours to compliment your room and environment so that it looks exactly how you want it. This range of colours gives you the opportunity to fully customize your ceiling. Once the grid is in place the tiles simply drop into it. The grid system is fully interlocking, for strength & rigidity, made from rolled steel with capped face in width of 24mm making it strong and light in weight. Tiles The tiles come in a range of colours, sizes and textures to suit you. The tiles simply lift into place on the grid system and the tiles are easily replaced. This can be a great benefit if one of the tiles gets damaged you can simply replace the tile rather than the whole ceiling. For example if a pipe burst in the room above you and the ceiling became stained and water damaged, all you would have to buy is a couple of new tiles and the ceiling would look like new at minimum expense. Alternatively many of the tiles are also paintable so they can even be painted over to give it a new clean look or to exactly match the colour of your room. Specialist Ceiling 1. Fire Ceiling Systems available to provide up to 1 hour fire resistance from above or below the ceiling this is essential as fire can travel up via the ceiling void. 2. Sound Attenuation ceilings obstruct sound waves up to 44db which drastically reduces noise to other adjoining rooms or buildings. Not only do these ceilings help sound proof the room they also help improve the acoustics within the room its self as the sound waves get bounced back into the room when they hit the ceiling. These ceilings are ideal for offices, recording studios, night clubs, bars and noisy factories. 3. Humidity resistant ceilings are available for special application i.e. swimming pools, shower areas and bathrooms. These ceiling tiles are up to 100% R/H (moisture resistant) and contain a corrosion resistant grid. 24

26 Officessuspendedceilingsystems 3.2 Offices. Suspended Ceiling Systems Ceiling Lighting Recessed modular lighting is made up of units that are fitted directly into the ceiling grid and covered by a diffuser to distribute the light evenly into the room. An example of this is pictured on the right. They are the following two sizes of suspended modular lighting: x 600 (1 tile size) x 600 (2 tile size) The 600 x 600 recessed modular light fittings come complete with 4 x 18 watt tubes and the 1200 x 600 with 4 x 36 watt tubes. The light fitting fits into the grid taking the place of a tile. This type of lighting is the most popular type as it gives lots of light to dark rooms and they can be placed where needed. 25

27 Officespartitionwallsystems 3.3 Offices. Partition Wall Systems In general, fixed partitions should be constructed from standard 64mm steel studs with a single layer of taped and set plasterboard on each side and a painted finish. If acoustic treatment is functionally necessary, then this can be achieved with additional layers of plasterboard, acoustic inflll or other specialist construction. Acoustically treated partitions involve significant direct and indirect costs and should be used only for conference rooms, confidential meeting rooms and senior executive offices (SES or equivalent). Glazed partitions should be considered for rooms that require light transmission, visual awareness or have a supervisory function. Examples include individual offices adjacent to the building core, reception areas and some conference rooms. Locks and hardware must be consistent with the building s standards and master keying system. Locks should be provided only to rooms requiring security, otherwise, latch sets should be used for economy. Card-key and other specialist security locks should be restricted to areas that cannot be properly secured by mechanical locks. Non-standard lock systems can create cleaning issues because of restricted access and need to be addressed with the building manager. 26

28 Officespartitionwallsystems 3.3 Offices. Partition Wall Systems Single Glazed Partition Single glazed partitioning allows light to flood through the workplace to create an atmosphere of space, yet effectively provides shielded office zones where concentration and creativity may flourish. Single Glazed partitioning is designed with the minimum of components, thus facilitating speed of erection without compromising strength and rigidity. It is silicone jointed yet virtually frameless system with no vertical posts between modules, corners or three way junctions. Single glazed partitioning can be installed in conjunction with solid panels from other partitioning systems. DIMENSIONS: Up to 3300mm high ACOUSTICS: Up to 38dB WEIGHT Per m 2 (kg): Up to BLINDS: N/A 27

29 Officespartitionwallsystems 3.3 Offices. Partition Wall Systems Double Glazed Partition Double Glazed brings a sensational style to the division of any office space, often enhanced by dramatic glass decoration. Providing an environment for both communicative and inspired work, its simplistic method of installation, relocatability and powerful acoustic properties make it such a practical option too. The double glazed version uses no silicone even at glass-to-glass joints. Shared support to both panes of glass is offered by the unique ghost post which means that the system is totally relocatable should future needs dictate. The system offers enhanced structural, fire and acoustic performance whilst maintaining its ability to be demountable and relocatable. This double glazed partition provides 30 minutes fire resistance for both integrity and insulation together with a sound reduction of 46db (Rw). Double glazed can be installed in conjunction with solid panels from other partitioning systems. DIMENSIONS: Up to 3300mm high ACOUSTICS: Up to 49dB WEIGHT Per m 2 (kg): Up to BLINDS: Yes - integral 28

30 Officespartitionwallsystems 3.3 Offices. Partition Wall Systems Movable Wall Movable Wall system is a top hung movable acoustic wall of light construction made up of individual panels designed to give economical but strong and long lasting use. It is ideal for use in meeting rooms, class rooms and offices. Made up of individual panels, it is designed to give economical but long lasting use in the division of spaces requiring flexibility, offering good levels of sound reduction and a high quality finish. Panels are clad with two sheets of high quality chipboard on a twist resistant aluminium frame with exposed satin anodised aluminium edge profiles to all four sides as standard. Panels incorporate top and bottom retractable seals operated by a single cam action with interlocking male/female profile rebates on the vertical edges. Panels can incorporate TE telescopic, NE Standard, DT full height hinged door, SE single leaf inset pass door, corner/junction and glazed panels if required. Panels are suspended from heavy duty aluminium ceiling tracks requiring no fllor guides. Suspention is available using type 'E' single point, type 'Z' twin point guide roller and type 'K' twin point cross roller system options. DIMENSIONS: Up to 6000mm high FIRE RATING: Class 1, Class 0, F30 or F60 ACOUSTICS: Up to 53dB WEIGHT Per m 2 (kg): Up to 52 PANELS: Panel construction aluminium frame 29

31 Officespartitionwallsystems 3.3 Offices. Partition Wall Systems Plasterboard partition wall systems Boral Plasterboard Steel Stud Partition Systems are designed for use in both fire- rated and non fire-rated applications. Description Boral Plasterboard Steel Stud Partition Systems consist of single or multiple layers of Plasterboard sheets, screw-fixed to steel framing with corrosion resistant, bugle-head screws. These partition systems are available with fire resistant ratings from 30 minutes to 3 hours. Speedily erected, Plasterboard Steel Stud Partition Systems are suitable for every type of new construction - commercial, institutional, industrial, residential and renovations. They provide smooth, durable, non-combustible walls that are lightweight and low in cost. Fire resistance Constructed of non-combustible components, these systems offer a wide range of fire-resistance ratings to meet design requirements. Lightweight These lightweight, slim partitions offer significant reduction in dead loads and save floor area. Economical Low material costs, dry construction and speed of installation enable realistic and competitive construction costs to be achieved. Sound isolation Available ratings range from STC 30 to STC 60, as achieved in acoustic tests. Comparable field performance depends on building design and careful attention to detailing and workmanship. It is important that the full perimeter of the partition be sealed with an approved flexible acoustic sealant, as also all penetrations. 30