Liner Constructions. GSE-liner. Building worldwide on our strength

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1 A m s t e r d a m B r a t i s l a v a S i n g a p o r e Liner Constructions GSE-liner Sensor DDS Geolock Building worldwide on our strength S t o c k h o l m

2 Geolock GSE-liner

3 Sensor DDS Liner Constructions Cofra is specialized in the processing and application of synthetic liners both for environmental and civil engineering applications. As well as standard PE liner, Cofra also installs liner panels to protect concrete and vertical cut-off walls. A thorough knowledge of synthetics is used for designing new products and applications as well as for maintaining the quality of the work to be carried out. GSE-liner Cofra represents GSE, the world s largest liner manufacturer. Our experienced installation teams have been carrying out their work according to strict quality control standards for over 20 years. Whether base protection for landfills, or upper wall sealants, Cofra can help in carrying out every project on time and within budget. Sensor DDS Sensor DDS is a damage detection system for synthetic liners. The system detects any leaks in the liner via a web of sensors. The position of the leak is detected electronically and is thus easy to locate and repair. The system can be applied either permanently or by mobile means and gives the customer extra assurance as to the quality of the sealing. Geolock Vertical synthetic cut-off walls are used for both environmental and civil engineering projects. Cofra has years of experience in the manufacture and installation of such anti-seepage screens. Cofra has carried out projects with Geolock in Europe, North America and Asia. Geolock can be applied for isolating existing landfills and for cut-off walls in dikes, dams and lowered carriageways. Geolock has an unrivalled number of applications which are very competitive compared to traditional materials.

A m s t e r d a m B r a t i s l a v a S i n g a p o r e S t o c k h o l m GSE geomembranes GSE Liners GSE-HD is a high-quality synthetic liner made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE).

4 A m s t e r d a m B r a t i s l a v a S i n g a p o r e S t o c k h o l m GSE geomembranes GSE Liners GSE-HD is a high-quality synthetic liner made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE). More than 500 million m 2 of GSE-HD have been applied in thousands of projects all over the world, making GSE- HD the most widely used HDPE liner for the sealing of landfills, dredging depots, sediment basins and water reservoirs. At 7.5 m, GSE-HD is the widest unwelded liner. This does not just save on installation costs, but the low number of welding joints is also safer for the customer. The material is available in thicknesses from 0.75 mm to 3.5 mm. Assessment Guidelines for non-reinforced highdensity polyethylene sealant liner (PE-HD), that does not just approve the material for normal underground applications, but also as sealing material exposed to UV radiation. GSE-HD is also approved as a liner for the laying of manure basins. GSE-HD is resistant to chemicals, including acids, salts, bases, alcohol, oils and hydrocarbons. A great number of tests have also been carried out on leakages from refuse dumps and chemical waste depots. It has also become apparent that GSE-HD is resistant to a number of combinations of chemicals as used in practical applications. Material characteristics GSE-HD has a considerably higher tensile and tear strength than other materials. The material satisfies the demands laid down in BRL-K 538/01 Quality control Quality control during the production of GSE-HD liner is an important aspect of the manufacturing process. The material is regularly checked for the GSE-PP GSE-HD PVC LDPE tensile strength (MPa) density, melt index, thickness, elasticity, carbon black content and tensile strength, thus guaranteeing a constant quality of liner delivered. On request, additional tests can be carried out for special applications. This strict control on demands was the motivation for KIWA to issue the first liner certification to GSE-HD. The NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) carries out spot checks on quality control in factories in the United States.

Welding Systems The ultimate effectiveness of a sealing construction, using HDPE liner, is determined by the reliability of the welding joints.

Here, not only the strength, but also the thickness of the welding joint is checked. Extrusion welds are tested using sparks or a vacuum clock.

Using pressure rollers, the liner is converted into a homogenous connection. For test purposes, a double weld with test channel is normally made.

of expertise, both in regard to their workmanship as well as testing for guaranteeing optimum weld quality.

5 Welding Systems The ultimate effectiveness of a sealing construction, using HDPE liner, is determined by the reliability of the welding joints. Generally there are two basic methods of welding lengths of liner. In order to test the quality of double weld connections, all welding joints are tested using compressed air. Here, not only the strength, but also the thickness of the welding joint is checked. Extrusion welds are tested using sparks or a vacuum clock. All welding methods demand a great deal - The hot wedge weld: In this method, a heated copper wedge is pulled between two layers of liner, whereby the upper surface of the material melts. Using pressure rollers, the liner is converted into a homogenous connection. For test purposes, a double weld with test channel is normally made. - The extrusion weld: Using a hand held extruder, a bead of molten HDPE is placed on the edge of the liner, whereby this connects with the lower lying liner. of expertise, both in regard to their workmanship as well as testing for guaranteeing optimum weld quality. Before work is commenced, the qualified technicians are tested (as to their competency) as well as the welding machines (for operation and adjustment) which are checked by way of test welds. The checks are carried out by an independent institute, such as the RTD. As well as the standard quality GSE-HD, a number of other types of liner are available. GSE-VF This very low-density polyethylene combines very favorable mechanical characteristics with an outstanding chemical resistance. Mainly the large biaxial elasticity makes this liner very suitable as a sealant in those places where major subsoil Double weld with test channel deformation is to be expected. Building worldwide on our strength

GSE-DRS and MRS As well as the normal GSE liners, there are special liners developed with a rough upper surface, whereby By combining this liner with the normal GSE-HD, a

These liners, GSE-DRS and MRS, are extremely well suited for use on slopes and top coverings.

Specialties Co-extrusion makes it possible to manufacture liners combining all the best characteristics of various qualities of polyethylene.

There are also liners available with colored upper Gundseal By applying a layer of high-quality sodium bentonite to the upper surface of the HDPE liner, a sealing construction

6 GSE-DRS and MRS As well as the normal GSE liners, there are special liners developed with a rough upper surface, whereby By combining this liner with the normal GSE-HD, a self-repairing construction occurs providing extra security. the angle of friction with the ground is increased to 25. These liners, GSE-DRS and MRS, are extremely well suited for use on slopes and top coverings. These make the use of steeper slopes possible, whereby the content of a depot can be considerably increased. These liners can be welded in the same way as smooth liner. Specialties Co-extrusion makes it possible to manufacture liners combining all the best characteristics of various qualities of polyethylene. By applying two layers of HDPE to a core of VLDPE, a flexible liner with high chemical resistance occurs. There are also liners available with colored upper Gundseal By applying a layer of high-quality sodium bentonite to the upper surface of the HDPE liner, a sealing construction occurs that does not require welding with special apparatus. The bentonite expands when surfaces, reducing heat absorption. Using Gundnet, HDPE drainage net, a drainage sys tem can be created for detecting leaks or for placing overpressure underneath the liner, whereby leaks can be prevented. in contact with water, whereby the connections and any damage can be sealed watertight. Trisoplast Drainmat Geogrid GSE HDPE Anchor trench Building worldwide on our strength

7 geomembranes GSE all information, illustrations and specifications are based on the most recent product information at the time of printing. All rights reserverd. For the most recent details. see www. cofra.com GSE liner technical specifications Physical characteristics Standard Unit GSE-HD GSE-HD GSE- GSE-VFPE MRS/DRS VFPE MRS/DRS Material HDPE HDPE rough LLDPE LLDPE rough Carbon Black content ASTM D1603 % Thermal stability ASTM D3895 min Environmental Stress Crack ASTM D1693 hours >1,500 >1,500 >1,500 >1,500 Dimensional stability DIN % ±2 ±2 ±2 ±2 Mass DIN g/cc Mechanical characteristics Breaking strength DIN N/mm Tensile strength DIN N/mm Maximum elasticity DIN % Biaxial elasticity DIN % Tear strength DIN N/mm Puncture resistance FTMS 101 N/mm Water absorption DIN % < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 Dimensions Roll length (2 mm) m Roll width m Roll weight kg 1,430 1,200 1,400 1,200

A m s t e r d a m B r a t i s l a v a S i n g a p o r e S t o c k h o l m Sensor DDS leak detection SENSOR Leak detection systems that permanently check the integrity of the liner are being made

8 A m s t e r d a m B r a t i s l a v a S i n g a p o r e S t o c k h o l m Sensor DDS leak detection SENSOR Leak detection systems that permanently check the integrity of the liner are being made compulsory on more and more projects. One of the most commonly applied systems is the Sensor DDS system. The Sensor DDS system consists of a web of flexible sensors placed under the liner. All sensors are connected to a portable logger placed in a central registration box alongside the project. After the liner has been installed, a positive electrical charge Advantages of Sensor DDS - Additional quality control is possible - Early detection of damage prevents expensive repairs - Simple detection through advanced technology - Clear location of defects using advanced software - Additional costs are minimal compared to the total investment - Any contamination is quickly detected is placed into the refuse dump and activated. Any deviation in the tension field caused by a leak in the liner will be detected. All details registered by the logger will be translated into three-dimensional graphs using special software showing the exact location of damage. These points can be detected and repaired within a few hours. With the Sensor DDS system, it is possible to detect leaks either while installing the liner or afterwards. The system can thus be used as a permanent liner sealant surveillance system. An automatic alarm system directly reports damage to an incident room so that immediate action can be taken to prevent contamination of the vicinity. Sensor DDS is the perfect defense against contamination for: - Legal authorities - Liner sealant users - Quality control organizations A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Deviation in the electric field

Applications In principle, DDS can be used for all types of synthetic liners aimed at

The system can be used in depots where either solid or liquid substances are stored.

DDS has been used successfully as a liner damage detection system on more than 300

Meanwhile, more than three million square meters of liner have been tested with a

9 Applications In principle, DDS can be used for all types of synthetic liners aimed at installing an impermeable underground layer. The system can be used in depots where either solid or liquid substances are stored. Some common applications are: - Basins for wastewater - Dam liners References Sensor DDS has been used successfully as a liner damage detection system on more than 300 projects in 16 countries since Meanwhile, more than three million square meters of liner have been tested with a permanent surveillance system being applied to more than 2.5 million meters of liner. - Landfills - Lowered railways and roads (+) (-) Cross section Sensor technology Building worldwide on our strength

A m s t e r d a m B r a t i s l a v a S i n g a p o r e S t o c k h o l m Geolock cut-off walls Vertical cut-off walls for civil and environmental engineering The number of contaminated sites

10 A m s t e r d a m B r a t i s l a v a S i n g a p o r e S t o c k h o l m Geolock cut-off walls Vertical cut-off walls for civil and environmental engineering The number of contaminated sites discovered in the Netherlands is still rising daily. The ground is also contaminated in many places as a result of industrial work or leaking storage tanks. Cleaning up the contaminated ground is very expensive, and technically and financially not always feasible. Geolock is a synthetic HDPE-liner cut-off wall with a welded HDPE extruded locking construction. This locking construction guarantees optimum waterproofing, preventing the leaking of contaminated groundwater. Geolock is not only suitable for isolating contaminated ground, but can also be applied to several other cut-off wall constructions for civil engineering. Contaminated ground can also be decontaminated on location by flushing with water or steam. This solution is also not financially attractive for large areas of contamination. An alternative, in these cases, is enclosing the contaminated ground, whereby the contamination cannot spread. In answer to this problem, Cofra has developed a watertight system called Geolock. Synthetic cut-off walls Strict demands are placed on synthetic damming screens for isolating landfills: - Complete water and/or gas impermeability also for the underside - Flexibility in connection with settlement of the ground - Suitable for installation in all types of ground - Simple installation procedure Outside Landfill - Tear proof - Chemically resistant - Long life (at least 100 years) - Suitable for installation to a depth of 40 meters Testing tube - Resistant to the harmful effects of plant growth and rodents - Resistant to the harmful effects of decay and micro-organisms Inside landfill It is not easy to develop a screen satisfying all of these demands.

The number of materials that may be used for this purpose is very limited: only clay, bentonite and a number of synthetics may be considered.

section. This in no way affects the permeability of the entire construction. The locking section is welded to the liner by hot wedge welding.

Bearing in mind transport and storage, a maximum length of 15 m has been set. Geolock The cross section of the locking section is based on 2 four different characteristics: 1.

The female section surrounding the male section of the already installed screen, thereby ensuring 3 1 4 a tensile connection. 4. An expansion section that expands on contact with water producing a watertight seal.

11 The number of materials that may be used for this purpose is very limited: only clay, bentonite and a number of synthetics may be considered. Cofra s vast experience with the application of synthetics in civil engineering simplified the choice; a synthetic HDPE liner (high-density polyethylene) dam wall construction and an HDPE locking section. This in no way affects the permeability of the entire construction. The locking section is welded to the liner by hot wedge welding. This hot wedge method has also been successfully applied to liner constructions for refuse dumps. In principle, the screens can be produced to any required length. Bearing in mind transport and storage, a maximum length of 15 m has been set. Geolock The cross section of the locking section is based on 2 four different characteristics: 1. The male section with two barbed hooks. 2. An HDPE liner panel with a thickness of 1.5 to 2.5 mm welded to the locking section. 3. The female section surrounding the male section of the already installed screen, thereby ensuring a tensile connection. 4. An expansion section that expands on contact with water producing a watertight seal. Normally, a liner of just 2 mm thickness is sufficient for a good seal. The locking section is 5 mm thick so that a connection occurs that is stronger than the liner, and tensions during or after installation can be absorbed. Even if the subsoil is considerably deformed, the locking section will not let go, but will elongate the liner. Larger panel lengths of up to 40 m are assembled on the construction site. A unique characteristic of Geolock is that the lock can be made completely watertight. For this purpose, an expansion section is made in the groove of the lock. This expansion section is made of rubber, neoprene synthetic compound that expands on contact with water. Building worldwide on our strength

Depending on the condition of the groundwater, Meanwhile, the system has been applied in a large the section can expand to ten times its original number of countries including Japan, US, UK and

As well as isolation systems for refuse dumps, it has been used with cut-off walls for lowered Chemical resistance highways, aquaducts and dams as well as gas- Geolock is resistant to a large number

A number of tests have also been carried effective vertical sealant for vacuum drainage. out on leakages from refuse dumps and chemical waste depots.

combination with a vibrator to place the panels at the correct depth. This system is only suitable for Applications installation in relatively soft subsoil.

12 Depending on the condition of the groundwater, Meanwhile, the system has been applied in a large the section can expand to ten times its original number of countries including Japan, US, UK and volume. Italy. As well as isolation systems for refuse dumps, it has been used with cut-off walls for lowered Chemical resistance highways, aquaducts and dams as well as gas- Geolock is resistant to a large number of chemicals, proof screens in places where methane gas has including acids, salts, bases, alcohol, oils and hydro- penetrated surrounding buildings. It is also an carbons. A number of tests have also been carried effective vertical sealant for vacuum drainage. out on leakages from refuse dumps and chemical waste depots. It appeared that Geolock is resistant Installation methods to a number of combinations of chemicals as used Geolock can be installed using a steel plate in in practice. combination with a vibrator to place the panels at the correct depth. This system is only suitable for Applications installation in relatively soft subsoil. For installation In principle, Geolock s range of application is divided at greater depths, a bentonite/cement wall is always into three groups: constructed beforehand in which the Geolock screen - Vertical isolation of contaminated ground can be installed. The advantage of this method is that - Cut-off walls in civil engineering a completely waterproof construction is produced. - Gastight screens at lower groundwater levels In this way, installation is also possible in any type of ground and to a greater depth. A check on the Thickness Depth k - value (m/year) locking connection is possible with the application of a precursor during installation or by using an Geolock Bentonite/cement Geolock/bentonite Bentonite screen electronic control system Building worldwide on our strength

Geolock cut-off walls All values are based on averages. There are standard variations of 10% for mechanical and 20% for hydraulic characteristics.

13 Geolock cut-off walls All values are based on averages. There are standard variations of 10% for mechanical and 20% for hydraulic characteristics. All information, illustrations and specifications are based on the most recent product information at the time of printing. All rights reserved. For the most recent details, see Geolock technical specifications Physical properties ASTM Unit Required Geolock Material HDPE HDPE Carbon black content D1603 % >2 2.5 Thermal stability D3895 min > Environmental stress crack D1693 hours Resistance to low temperatures D746 C Dimensional stability D1204 % ± 2 ± 2 Mass D1505 g/cc Melt index D1238 g/10min Mechanical properties Breaking strength (2 mm liner) D638 kn/m Lock strength D638 kn/m Liner elasticity D638 % >400 >660 Tear strength D1004 N > Puncture resistance N Impact tensile strength MJ/mm Biaxial elasticity D638 % Hydraulic properties HDPE permeability D96 m/s *10-14 Permeability of 2 mm liner at 10 kpa D96 m 3 /m 2 /s 5* *10-12 Permeability of lock at 10 kpa m 3 /m/s *10-10 In 50 mm bentonite/cement at 10kPa m 3 /m/s *10-11 Dimensions Liner thickness mm 2 Panel width m 2.5 Panel length m 40

Liner Constructions GSE-liner, geomembranes Cofra is the leading fitter of liner sealants in the Netherlands.

detection A sophisticated and accurate leak detection system based on electrical conductivity in the ground.

Vertical cut-off walls for environmental and civil engineering.

14 Liner Constructions GSE-liner, geomembranes Cofra is the leading fitter of liner sealants in the Netherlands. - Greater rip and tensile strength than other materials - Resistant to a large number of chemicals - The width of the liner (7.5 m) considerably reduces the number of welds - Checking of materials and welds in own laboratory Sensor DDS, leak detection A sophisticated and accurate leak detection system based on electrical conductivity in the ground. - Permanent and mobile systems - Early warning leak detection - Accurate damage localization Geolock cut-off walls Vertical cut-off walls for environmental and civil engineering. - Simple installation procedure - The installation is suitable for all raw materials - The lock construction ensures optimum waterproofing Cofra B.V. Kwadrantweg 9, 1042 AG Amsterdam - The Netherlands P.O. Box 20694, 1001 NR Amsterdam - The Netherlands Tel: +31 (0) Fax: +31 (0)

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