High Rise Buildings in Steel - from Past to Present
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1 Journée Construc-on Acier 2015 Mardi 10 novembre ArcelorMittal Chair of Steel and Façade Engineering High Rise Buildings in Steel - from Past to Present Prof. Dr. Ing. Christoph Odenbreit ArcelorMi:al Chair of Steel and Façade Engineering University of Luxembourg 1
2 Historical Considerations The First High Rise Buildings High Rise Buildings in Steel from Past to Present Newest Trends and Research Development Of Enhanced Bracing Systems 2
3 Historical Considerations The First High Rise Buildings High Rise Buildings in Steel from Past to Present Newest Trends and Research Development Of Enhanced Bracing Systems 3
4 The Tower of Babel ca. 700 B.C. Drawing of Peter Bruegel Sen. ( ) 4
5 Towers of Bologna 12th Century Hight ca. 97 m 5
6 The City of Shebam, South of Jemen ca A.D 500 buildings Max. 9 storeys Buildings out of Timber and Clay 6
7 Pre- Requisitions for the Modern High Rise Building: (1) Building Material 7
8 The Bessemer Process Air Henry Bessemer ( ) England Inventor of the Bessemer Converter & Process Patent in
9 Pre- Requisitions for the Modern High Rise Building: (1) Building Material (2) Elevator 9
10 The Elevator Otis Elevator with Steam- Powered Engine. Elisha Grave Otis Inventor of the Elevator 10
11 Historical Considerations The First High Rise Buildings High Rise Buildings in Steel from Past to Present Newest Trends and Research Development Of Enhanced Bracing Systems 11
12 The First High Rise Building The «Home Insurance Building» 1885 Chicago Hight 42 m The building is seen as the first High Rise Building Architect: William Le Baron Jenny Construction: Steel frame and two reinforced concrete walls 12
13 Steel Profiles Rivets No Welding 13
14 The «Empire State Building» New York Hight 443 m (for nearly 40 years the world s highest building) Architects : William F. Lamb of Shreve, Lamb and Harmon 14
15 15
16 Steel Consumption 16
17 Khan (1959) : Premium- For- Hight 17
18 Khan (1959) : Premium- For- Hight Vertical Load + Horizontal Bracing 317 kg/m 2 Only Verical Load Take Down 122 kg/m 2 18
19 Historical Considerations The First High Rise Buildings High Rise Buildings in Steel from Past to Present Newest Research and Trends Development Of Enhanced Bracing Systems 19
20 Staggered Truss Bracing Diagrid Structure Tube System with External X- Bracing Bundled Tubes Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls) Outrigger System Tube in Tube Bracing Space Truss Bracing 20
21 Staggered Truss Bracing Diagrid Structure Tube System with External X- Bracing Bundled Tubes Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls) Outrigger System Tube in Tube Bracing Space Truss Bracing 21
22 Staggered Truss Bracing Godfrey Hotel, Chicago 2014 Hight: 16 storeys Architect : Valerio Dewalt Train Structural Engineer : Structural Affiliates International 22
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25 Staggered Truss Bracing Diagrid Structure Tube System with External X- Bracing Bundled Tubes Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls) Outrigger System Tube in Tube Bracing Space Truss Bracing 25
26 30 St. Mary Axe, London 2004 Hight: 180 m Architects : Ken Shuttleworth & Norman Foster 26
27 27
28 Tour D2 Paris, La Défense 2014 Hight: 171 m Architects : Anthony Béchu / Tom Sheehan 28
29 29
30 Staggered Truss Bracing Diagrid Structure Tube System with External X- Bracing Bundled Tubes Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls) Outigger System Tube in Tube Bracing Space Truss Bracing 30
31 Tube System with External X- Bracing John Hancock Center Chicago Hight: 344 m (100 storeys) Architects : & Engineers : Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (F. Khan) Construction: Braced Tube (Steel frame & Megastructure X- bracing) 31
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37 Staggered Truss Bracing Diagrid Structure Tube System with External X- Bracing Bundled Tubes Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls) Outigger System Tube in Tube Bracing Space Truss Bracing 37
38 Bundled Tubes Sears Tower (Willis Tower) Chicago 1973 Architects & Engineers : SOM (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) Bruce Graham, Fazlur Khan Hight: 442 m, 108 storeys Construction: Bundled Tube System with Steel Frames. 38
39 Fazlur Khan Fazlur Khan with his doughter, Yasmin Sabina Khan 39
40 Bundled Tubes 40
41 Double - T- SecOon with Flange and Web 41
42 42
43 22.85 m 43
44 44
45 Staggered Truss Bracing Diagrid Structure Tube System with External X- Bracing Bundled Tubes Tube System with Shear Frames Outigger System Tube in Tube Bracing Space Truss Bracing 45
46 Tube System with Shear Frames World Trade Center, NY 1970 Hight: 417 m 46
47 47
48 Staggered Truss Bracing Diagrid Structure Tube System with External X- Bracing Bundled Tubes Tube System with Shear Frames Outrigger System Tube in Tube Bracing Space Truss Bracing 48
49 Outrigger System First Wisconsin Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1972 Hight: 183 m SOM and Fitzhugh Scott Architects 49
50 50
51 Effect in Terms of Deflection 51
52 M 3 Effect in Terms of Bending Moments M 3 M 2 M 2 M 1 Compression Tension M 1 52
53 Staggered Truss Bracing Diagrid Structure Tube System with External X- Bracing Bundled Tubes Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls) Outrigger System Tube in Tube Bracing Space Truss Bracing 53
54 Tube in Tube Bracing Petronas Towers Kuala Lumpur, 1999 Hight: 452 Architect: Cesar Pelli & Associates, New Haven, Structural Engineering : Thornton Thomasetti Construction: Mixed Steel- Concrete Structure 54
55 55
56 Shear Wall/Truss Frame Interac-on Forces Fazlur Khan 56
57 Shear Wall/Truss Frame Interac-on Forces Fazlur Khan 57
58 Shear Wall/Truss Frame Interac-on Forces Fazlur Khan 58
59 Staggered Truss Bracing Diagrid Structure Tube System with External X- Bracing Bundled Tubes Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls) Outrigger System Tube in Tube Bracing Space Truss Bracing 59
60 Space Truss Bracing Bank of China, Hong Kong Hong Kong, 1999 Hight: 315 m Architect: I.M Pei and Partners Structural Engineering : Leslie E. Robertson Associates Structures : Steel / Steel- Composite 60
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63 + ~ 63
64 Historical Considerations The First High Rise Buildings High Rise Buildings in Steel from Past to Present Newest Trends and Research Development Of Enhanced Bracing Systems 64
65 Research on Super Columns : ArcelorMittal China Academy of Building Research Tsinghua University Beijing 65
66 66
67 67
68 Principle 68
69 Core (Concrete/Composite) Outrigger & Shear Trusses Belt Truss Super Columns 69
70 Projects 70
71 Combined Core + Super Columns + Outrigger System International Finance Center Hong Kong 2003 Hight 412 m Architect 7 Engineers: Cesar Pelli / Ove Arup 71
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74 Super Columns + Outrigger + Super Frames Ping Anh Finance Center Shenzen Under Construction Hight 660 m Architect & Engineers: Kohn Pedersen Fox & Thornton Thomasetti 74
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79 Journée Construc-on Acier 2015 Mardi 10 novembre ArcelorMittal Chair of Steel and Façade Engineering High Rise Buildings in Steel - from Past to Present Thank You for Your Attention Prof. Dr. Ing. Christoph Odenbreit ArcelorMi:al Chair of Steel and Façade Engineering University of Luxembourg 79
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