Cyclonic Area. Design Manual. Using TOPSPAN profiles and LYSAGHT roofing and walling claddings in cyclonic areas

Transcription

1 Cyclonic Area Design Manual Using TOPSPAN profiles and LYSAGHT roofing and walling claddings in cyclonic areas This manual has been prepared to assist architects, engineers and builders in the correct specification and installation of LYSAGHT TOPSPAN profiles and roofing & walling claddings in cyclonic areas. It is a supplement to the LYSAGHT Roofing & Walling Manual and individual product brochures, and should be used in conjunction with those publications. Cyclonic Area Design Manual 1

2 Contents 1. Using this manual 2 2. L-H-L testing procedures used for this design manual 3 3. Residential & non residential design capacity tables Residential selection tables - roofing Residential selection tables - walling Cladding span selection tables TOPSPAN profiles TOPSPAN Capacity tables TOPSPAN section properties Material specifications Recommended fastener locations and lap details Fastener selection Fastening to supports Impact loading by wind-borne debris 27 Appendices Appendix 1) Wind classification 28 Appendix 2) Topographic classification 29 Appendix 3) Tropical cyclones and wind forces on buildings 30 Appendix 4) Local pressure areas Using this manual All information in this manual should be read in conjunction with the relevant Australian Standards and Amendments: AS1170.2:2002 Wind Loads on Housing: Structural Design Actions, Part 2: Wind Actions and AS4055:2006. The Wind Pressure Capacity tables are determined by full scale tests conducted at BlueScope Lysaght s NATAaccredited testing laboratory, using the direct pressuretesting rig. This offers the full benefits of the latest methods for modelling wind pressures. Testing was conducted in accordance with the low-high-low requirements of the Building Code of Australia. Appropriate reduction factors have been applied to capacities as tested to generate the design capacities presented in this Manual. Fasteners, cyclonic washers and fastening pattern all form an integrated roofing/walling system prescribed in this manual. This manual contains the following technical information: Ultimate limit state design capacity tables are provided to allow engineers designing larger non-residential structures to perform the necessary calculations based on their specific designs in accordance with AS1170.2: Residential tables are supplied to provide quick and easy look up of the suitability of products in residential roofing and walling, according to AS4055:2006. Data is supplied in Ultimate Limit State design capacity tables for a range of LYSAGHT TOPSPAN steel sections. Specific technical information such as Material Specifications, Section Properties and recommended fasteners and connection details are provided. General technical information such as Wind Classifications and Topographic Classifications are provided in appendices. BlueScope Steel has been a long time supporter of the Cyclone Testing Station at James Cook University. Through our involvement with this important research facility, we have contributed to safer building practices in cyclone prone areas. 2 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

3 2.L-H-L testing procedures used for this design manual The information in this document includes cyclonic capacities for a range of LYSAGHT claddings and TOPSPAN profiles. Types of failures These capacities are derived from extensive full scale cyclonic tests conducted at BlueScope Lysaght s NATAaccredited materials science testing laboratory. Low-High-Low Pressure Sequence in Cyclonic Areas The Building Code of Australia (BCA) currently requires all roof claddings, fixing connections and immediate supporting members to withstand a low-high-low (LHL) cyclonic testing regime. TOPSPAN profiles are immediate supporting members according to the BCA definition, and as such, must be tested using the LHL cyclonic testing methodology to determine the outward capacity. BlueScope Lysaght Research & Technology has performed comprehensive full scale tests of the entire range of claddings and TOPSPAN profiles. These tests were conducted on our direct air pressure rig in our testing laboratory. L-H-L Loading regime from BCA Pt High Figure 2.2 Direct Air Pressure test rig showing cladding failure Our extensive testing has revealed that battens can be subject to fatigue failure. When design is based on values within the published capacity tables, failure due to fatigue will not occur, as our tests are performed according to the L-H-L regime. Non-LYSAGHT products cannot be substituted using these test values. Because our products have been subjected to full scale L-H-L testing, you can rely on the performance data we supply for genuine LYSAGHT products. Substituting non- LYSAGHT products using these test values could cause failure due to fatigue. Low Low 5000 cycles cycles 4500 cycles Pt 600 cycles - 0.6Pt 80 cycles - 0.8Pt 1 cycle - Pt Figure 2.1 Low-high-low testing The sequence L-H-L loading regime is shown in the graph above where Pt is the ultimate limit state wind pressure. Figure 2.3 topspan steel section (batten) fatigue crack Cyclonic Area Design Manual 3

4 3. residential & non-residential design capacity tables klip-lok 700 Hi-Strength Overlap Underlap 43 mm klip-lok 700HS clip 700 mm cover Table 3.1: klip-lok 700HS 0.42 BMT - Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Roofing or Walling Span Clip fastened mm Single End Internal Table 3.2: klip-lok 700HS 0.48 BMT - Ultimate Limit State Limit wind State pressure wind pressure (kpa) (kpa) Roofing or Walling Span Clip fastened mm Single End Internal NOTES i) More detailed information is available in the individual product brochures, and/or the current LYSAGHT Roofing & Walling Manual which are available at: We also refer you to the relevant Australian Standards. ii) The design tables in the manual are valid for KLIP-LOK 700HS overhang lengths not exceeding 100mm. Longer overhangs are possible subject to additional testing. Roofing & Walling profiles Step Walling profiles only iii) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm G450 steel. iv) klip-lok 700HS overhangs shall be fixed as shown on Figure 6.1 (page 14) when pressure exceeds 4.0kPa for 0.42 BMT and 6.6kPa for 0.48 BMT O ES IS IS ES O Spacing definitions ES = End span IS = Internal span O = Overhang Single span 4 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

5 custom orb Overlap Underlap 17 mm 762 mm cover Table 3.3: custom orb 0.42 BMT - Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Roofing or Walling Walling only Span Crest fastened without Crest fastened with (mm) cyclonic washers cyclonic washers Valley fastened Single End Internal Single End Internal Single End Internal Table 3.4: custom orb 0.48 BMT - Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Roofing or Walling Walling only Span Crest fastened without Crest fastened with (mm) cyclonic washers cyclonic washers Valley fastened Single End Internal Single End Internal Single End Internal Roofing & Walling profiles Step NOTES i) More detailed information (including overhangs) is available in the individual product brochures, and/or the current LYSAGHT Roofing & Walling Manual which are available at: We also refer you to the relevant Australian Standards. ii) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm G450 steel. O ES IS IS ES O Walling profiles only Spacing definitions ES = End span IS = Internal span O = Overhang Single span Cyclonic Area Design Manual 5

6 custom blue orb Overlap Underlap 17 mm 762 mm cover Table 3.5: custom blue orb 0.60 BMT - Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Roofing or Walling Walling only Span Crest fastened without Crest fastened with (mm) cyclonic washers cyclonic washers Valley fastened Single End Internal Single End Internal Single End Internal Roofing & Walling profiles Step NOTES i) More detailed information (including overhangs) is available in the individual product brochures, and/or the current LYSAGHT Roofing & Walling Manual which are available at: We also refer you to the relevant Australian Standards. ii) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm G450 steel. O ES IS IS ES O Walling profiles only Spacing definitions ES = End span IS = Internal span O = Overhang Single span 6 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

7 trimdek Overlap Underlap 29 mm 762 mm cover Table 3.6: trimdek 0.42 BMT - Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Roofing or Walling Walling only Span Crest fastened without Crest fastened with (mm) cyclonic washers cyclonic washers Valley fastened Single End Internal Single End Internal Single End Internal Table 3.7: trimdek 0.48 BMT - Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Roofing or Walling Walling Span Crest fastened without Crest fastened with (mm) cyclonic washers cyclonic washers Valley fastened Single End Internal Single End Internal Single End Internal Roofing & Walling profiles Step NOTES i) More detailed information (including overhangs) is available in the individual product brochures, and/or the current LYSAGHT Roofing & Walling Manual which are available at: We also refer you to the relevant Australian Standards. ii) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm G450 steel. O ES IS IS ES O Walling profiles only Spacing definitions ES = End span IS = Internal span O = Overhang Single span Cyclonic Area Design Manual 7

8 spandek 24 mm 700 mm cover Table 3.8: SPAndek 0.42 BMT - Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Roofing or Walling Walling only Span Crest fastened without Crest fastened with (mm) cyclonic washers cyclonic washers Valley fastened Single End Internal Single End Internal Single End Internal Table 3.9: spandek 0.48 BMT - Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Roofing or Walling Walling only Span Crest fastened without Crest fastened with (mm) cyclonic washers cyclonic washers Valley fastened Single End Internal Single End Internal Single End Internal Roofing & Walling profiles Step NOTES i) More detailed information (including overhangs) is available in the individual product brochures, and/or the current LYSAGHT Roofing & Walling Manual which are available at: We also refer you to the relevant Australian Standards. ii) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm G450 steel. O ES IS IS ES O Walling profiles only Spacing definitions ES = End span IS = Internal span O = Overhang Single span 8 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

9 klip-lok 406 high wind (Northern Territory and W.A. only) 41 mm KLIP-LOK 406 High Wind 406 mm cover Table 3.10: KLIP-lok 406 High Wind 0.55 BMT - Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Roofing or Walling Span mm Crest fastened with cyclonic washers End Internal Table 3.11: KLIP-lok 406 High Wind 0.70 BMT - Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Roofing or Walling Crest fastened with Span cyclonic washers mm End Internal NOTES Roofing & Walling profiles i) Refer to the current LYSAGHT Roofing & Walling Manual which is available on our website: We also refer you to the relevant Australian Standards. ii) The design tables in the manual are valid for KLIP-LOK 406 High Wind overhang lengths not exceeding 100mm. Longer overhangs are possible subject to additional testing. Step Walling profiles only iii) For Klip-lok 406 High Wind detailed information, refer to Northern Territory Deemed to comply documentation. This data is also available on our website: iv) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm G450 steel. O ES IS IS ES O Spacing definitions ES = End span IS = Internal span O = Overhang Single span Cyclonic Area Design Manual 9

10 flatdek ii (Home Improvements roof profile) Flatdek differs from other roofing products because it is fixed to supports through the pans. It is coloured both sides and is recommended for applications such as carports and patios and is not recommended for residential roofs. Underlap Overlap mm (nominal) Table 3.11: flatdek ii 0.42 BMT Ultimate Limit State wind pressure (kpa) Span (mm) Single Span Double Span Note: Reduction Factor of 0.8 has been applied. NOTES i) More detailed information (including overhangs) is available in the individual product brochures, and/or the current LYSAGHT Roofing & Walling Manual which are available at: com. We also refer you to the relevant Australian Standards. ii) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of two thicknesses of 0.55mm (total 1.10mm) G450 steel or a single thickness of 1.50mm G450. iii) The design tables in the manual are valid for FLATDek ii overhang lengths not exceeding 100mm. Double span Single span Span definitions Overhang Overhang 10 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

11 4. Residential selection tables - ROOFING Table 4.1 CUSTOM ORB 0.42mm BMT Roofs Crest fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK OK 600 OK OK 750 OK OK 900 OK 1200 Table 4.2 CUSTOM ORB 0.42mm BMT Roofs Crest fixed With cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK 1200 OK Table 4.3 CUSTOM ORB 0.48mm BMT Roofs Crest fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK 1200 OK Overlap 762 mm cover custom orb custom blue orb Underlap 16 mm / 17 mm Residential tables are supplied to provide quick and easy look up of the suitability of products in residential roofing and walling, according to AS4055:2006. To use these tables, turn to the product you are thinking of using, look up the span width you want to use and the Wind Classification according to AS4055:2006. An OK means this product can be used, a cross (7) means it is not suitable. Table 4.4 CUSTOM ORB 0.48mm BMT Roofs Crest fixed With cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK OK 1200 OK OK Table 4.5 CUSTOM BLUE ORB 0.60mm BMT Roofs Crest fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK OK 1200 OK OK Table 4.6 CUSTOM BLUE ORB 0.60mm BMT Roofs Crest fixed With cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK OK 1200 OK OK OK Note: 1. Maximum pressure of 10.8 kpa for C4 category is limited by testing equipment. It is necessary to use AS for houses to check if maximum wind pressure does not exceed 10.8 kpa. 2. Wind pressures corresponding to C wind categories are taken for areas within 1200mm of roof edges with load pressure coefficient K l =2.0. Other areas with lower pressures can be conservatively designed using these tables. Use tables in Sections 3 and 6 of this manual for more economical designs. 3. Eend span length should be 0.8 times the values given in these continuous span tables, in the case where a maximum possible roof span is chosen. 4) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm BMT G450 steel. Cyclonic Area Design Manual 11

12 Residential selection tables - ROOFING Table 4.7 TRIMDEK 0.42 BMT Roofs Crest fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK OK 600 OK OK 750 OK 900 OK 1200 Table 4.8 TRIMDEK 0.42 BMT Roofs Crest fixed With cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK 1200 OK OK Table 4.9 TRIMDEK 0.48 BMT Roofs Crest fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK OK 600 OK OK 750 OK OK 900 OK 1200 OK 762 mm cover trimdek 29 mm Residential tables are supplied to provide quick and easy look up of the suitability of products in residential roofing and walling, according to AS4055:2006. To use these tables, turn to the product you are thinking of using, look up the span width you want to use and the Wind Classification according to AS4055:2006. An OK means this product can be used, a cross (7) means it is not suitable. Table 4.10 TRIMDEK 0.48 BMT Roofs Crest fixed With cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK OK 1200 OK OK Note: 1. Maximum pressure of 10.8 kpa for C4 category is limited by testing equipment. It is necessary to use AS for houses to check if maximum wind pressure does not exceed 10.8 kpa. 2. Wind pressures corresponding to C wind categories are taken for areas within 1200mm of roof edges with load pressure coefficient K l =2.0. Other areas with lower pressures can be conservatively designed using these tables. Use tables in Sections 3 and 6 of this manual for more economical designs. 3. Eend span length should be 0.8 times the values given in these continuous span tables, in the case where a maximum possible roof span is chosen. 4) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm BMT G450 steel. 12 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

13 Residential selection tables - ROOFING Table 4.11 SPANDEK 0.42 BMT Roofs Crest fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK 600 OK 750 OK 900 OK mm cover spandek 24 mm Table 4.12 SPANDEK 0.42 BMT Roofs Crest fixed With cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK 1200 OK OK Table 4.13 SPANDEK 0.48 BMT Roofs Crest fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK OK 600 OK OK 750 OK OK 900 OK 1200 OK Residential tables are supplied to provide quick and easy look up of the suitability of products in residential roofing and walling, according to AS4055:2006. To use these tables, turn to the product you are thinking of using, look up the span width you want to use and the Wind Classification according to AS4055:2006. An OK means this product can be used, a cross (7) means it is not suitable. Table 4.14 SPANDEK 0.48 BMT Roofs Crest fixed With cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK OK 1200 OK OK Note: 1. Maximum pressure of 10.8 kpa for C4 category is limited by testing equipment. It is necessary to use AS for houses to check if maximum wind pressure does not exceed 10.8 kpa. 2. Wind pressures corresponding to C wind categories are taken for areas within 1200mm of roof edges with load pressure coefficient K l =2.0. Other areas with lower pressures can be conservatively designed using these tables. Use tables in Sections 3 and 6 of this manual for more economical designs. 3. Eend span length should be 0.8 times the values given in these continuous span tables, in the case where a maximum possible roof span is chosen. 4) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm BMT G450 steel. Cyclonic Area Design Manual 13

14 5. Residential selection tables - WALLING Table 5.1 CUSTOM ORB 0.42 BMT Walls Valley fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK 1200 OK OK Overlap Underlap 16 mm / 17 mm Table 5.2 CUSTOM ORB 0.48 BMT Walls Valley fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK 900 OK OK OK 1200 OK OK Table 5.3 TRIMDEK 0.42 BMT Walls Valley fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK 750 OK OK 900 OK OK 1200 OK Table 5.4 TRIMDEK 0.48 BMT Walls Valley fixed No cyclonic washers 450 OK OK OK OK 600 OK OK OK OK 750 OK OK OK OK 900 OK OK OK 1200 OK OK Overlap 762 mm cover custom orb custom blue orb Residential tables are supplied to provide quick and easy look up of the suitability of products in residential roofing and walling, according to AS4055:2006. To use these tables, turn to the product you are thinking of using, look up the span width you want to use and the Wind Classification according to AS4055:2006. An OK means this product can be used, a cross (7) means it is not suitable. 762 mm cover trimdek Underlap 29 mm Note: 1. Maximum pressure of 10.8 kpa for C4 category is limited by testing equipment. It is necessary to use AS for houses to check if maximum wind pressure does not exceed 10.8 kpa. 2. Wind pressures corresponding to C wind categories are taken for areas within 1200mm of roof edges with load pressure coefficient K l =2.0. Other areas with lower pressures can be conservatively designed using these tables. Use tables in Sections 3 and 6 of this manual for more economical designs. 3. Eend span length should be 0.8 times the values given in these continuous span tables, in the case where a maximum possible roof span is chosen. 4) The pressures supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm BMT G450 steel. 14 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

15 6. Cladding span selection tables Table 6.1 Maximum cladding span tables (mm) for various LYSAGHT claddings and cyclonic winds WITHOUT cyclonic washers Cladding CUSTOM ORB CUSTOM ORB CUSTOM BLUE ORB BMT (mm) TRIMDEK 0.42 TRIMDEK 0.48 SPANDEK SPANDEK KLIP-LOK 700HS KLIP-LOK 700HS C1 (W41C) C2 (W50C) C3 (W60C) C4 (W70C) Span Away from edges Within 1200 mm of edges Type 2.40 kpa 3.75 kpa 5.58 kpa 8.21 kpa 10.8 kpa End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal Notes: Table Fastening shall comply with Sections 12 & 13 of this Manual. 2. Fixing to steel supports with thickness between 0.75 and 1.5mm may also result in reduced maximum spans due to reduced screw pull-out capacity. 3. Ultimate Limit State Wind pressure corresponding to AS 4055:2006 wind classification in this table refers to roof areas within 1200mm. (K l = 2.0) according to AS 4055:2006 Table 3.3. Except for C4 wind category where pressures are given for areas away from edges and within 1200mm of edges. Different pressures will apply on other roof and wall areas. 4. When pressure is calculated in accordance to AS/NZS :2002 following parameters shall be used: C pi = +0.7 and K c = 1.0 K l = 1.5 and 2.0. K l = 3.0 may be necessary for walls of tall (>25m) buildings. 5. Outdated W classification is given as approximate reference only. 6. Maximum pressure of 10.8 kpa for C4 category is limited by testing equipment. It is necessary to use AS/NZS for houses to check if maximum wind pressure does not exceed 10.8 kpa. 7. No washers are required for KLIP-LOK-700 Hi-Strength since it is used as a concealed fixed cladding. 8. The spans supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm G450 steel. Klip-lok 700HS requires stiffened overhangs When fixing klip-lok 700 Hi-Strength in cyclonic conditions for wind pressures exceeding 4.0kPa for 0.42BMT and 6.6kPa for 0.48BMT, it is essential to fix the sheets at the ends, as shown in the alternatives illustrated in the figure at right. Gutter can be fixed through the return lip to the underside of the roof sheeting at mid-span between the ribs, and this will provide the required stiffening. Alternatively, fix a 50 x 50 x 1.2mm steel angle approximately 50mm from the end of the klip-lok sheet and at mid-span between ribs. The gutter may then be fixed to the angle, if required. If an overhang stiffening is not an option, maximum pressures shall not exceed 4.0kPa for 0.42 BMT and 6.6kPa for 0.48 BMT. Gutter fixed to underside of roofing (at mid-span between ribs) Steel angle 50 x 50 x 1.2 mm fixed to underside of roofing (200 mm centres). Gutter may be fixed to angle. Figure 6.1 Overhang Overhang Cyclonic Area Design Manual 15

16 Table 6.2 Maximum cladding span tables (mm) for various LYSAGHT claddings and cyclonic winds WITH cyclonic washers Cladding CUSTOM ORB CUSTOM ORB CUSTOM BLUE ORB TRIMDEK TRIMDEK SPANDEK SPANDEK KLIP-LOK 700HS KLIP-LOK 700HS BMT (mm) C1 (W41C) C2 (W50C) C3 (W60C) C4 (W70C) Span Away from edges Within 1200 mm of edges Type 2.40 kpa 3.75 kpa 5.58 kpa 8.21 kpa 10.8 kpa End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal End Internal Notes: 1. Fastening shall comply with Sections 12 & 13 of this Manual. 2. Fixing to steel supports with thickness between 0.75 and 1.5mm may also result in reduced maximum spans due to reduced screw pull-out capacity. 3. Ultimate Limit State Wind pressure corresponding to AS 4055:2006 wind classification in this table refers to roof areas within 1200mm. (K l = 2.0) according to AS 4055:2006 Table 3.3. Except for C4 wind category where pressures are given for areas away from edges and within 1200mm of edges. Different pressures will apply on other roof and wall areas. 4. When pressure is calculated in accordance to AS/NZS :2002 following parameters shall be used: C pi = +0.7 and K c = 1.0 K l = 1.5 and 2.0. K l = 3.0 may be necessary for walls of tall (>25m) buildings. 5. Outdated W classification is given as approximate reference only. 6. Maximum pressure of 10.8 kpa for C4 category is limited by testing equipment. It is necessary to use AS/NZS for houses to check if maximum wind pressure does not exceed 10.8 kpa. 7. No washers are required for KLIP-LOK-700 High Strength since it is used as a concealed fixed cladding. 8. The spans supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm G450 steel. 16 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

17 Table 6.3 KLIP-LOK 406 HIGH WIND Maximum Span Tables WITH cyclonic washers ULTIMATE LIMIT BUILDING HEIGHT UP TO 5M UP TO 10M TERRAIN CATEGORY 1 & 2 K l pz (kpa) & & & CREST FASTENED WITH CYCLONIC WASHERS M t = 1.0 M t = 1.3 pz 0.55 BMT 0.70 BMT 0.55 BMT 0.70 BMT (kpa) END INTERNAL END INTERNAL END INTERNAL END INTERNAL N/A N/A N/A NOTES: 1. Fastening shall comply with Sections 12 & 13 of this Manual. 2. Fixing to steel supports with thickness between 0.75 and 1.5mm may also result in reduced maximum spans due to reduced screw pull-out capacity. 3. The spans supplied are applicable when the cladding is fixed to a minimum of 1.5mm G450 steel. 4. Design Criteria :The following criteria from AS/NZS :2002 have been used to generate the tables: a) Importance Level 2 with return period of 500 years b) VR = 66 m/sec., Fc = 1.05 c) Ms = Md = 1.0 d) Mt = 1.0 & e) Cpe = -0.9; Cpi = +0.7 f) Height multipliers from table 6.4 Table 6.4 HEIGHT TERRAIN / HEIGHT MULTIPLIER (Mz,cat) (m) 1 & & N/A Cyclonic Area Design Manual 17

18 7. Topspan profiles Topspan 40 ToPSPAn 61 ToPSPAn 96 ToPSPAn mm BMT 0.75mm BMT 0.75mm BMT 0.90mm BMT 1.00mm BMT 1.00mm BMT 1.00mm BMT Figure mm BMT 1.20mm BMT TOPSPAN sections 8. topspan Capacity tables TOPSPAN 40 Capacity table 96 Table 8.1 TOPSPAN 40 - Continuous Span - Outward Ultimate Limit State Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Table 7.1: Key to product codes Availability Cyclonic Tested TS2242 = TOPSPAN 22, 0.42mm BMT All states No TS4055 = TOPSPAN 40, 0.55mm BMT All states Yes TS4075 = TOPSPAN 40, 0.75mm BMT Queensland Yes TS6160 = TOPSPAN 61, 0.60mm BMT Queensland# No TS6175 = TOPSPAN 61, 0.75mm BMT All states Yes TS6110 = TOPSPAN 61, 1.0mm BMT All states Yes TS6112 = TOPSPAN 61, 1.2mm BMT Queensland Yes TS9675 = TOPSPAN 96, 0.75mm BMT Queensland Yes TS9610 = TOPSPAN 96, 1.0mm BMT Queensland Yes TS9612 = TOPSPAN 96, 1.2mm BMT Queensland Yes TS12070 = TOPSPAN 120, 0.70mm BMT All states No TS12090 = TOPSPAN 120, 0.90mm BMT All states Yes TS12010 = TOPSPAN 120, 1.0mm BMT All states# Yes # Availability subject to enquiry Top flange Bottom flange Notes: 1) Support members: 1.0mm BMT: G550; 1.2mm BMT: G500; 1.5 & 1.9mm BMT: G450 2) Outward capacity is limited by the minimum value between member strength and screw capacity. 3) Interpolation of capacity values in the table is permitted. 4) Laps are 40mm long. Refer Figure 11.5 and 11.6 in this manual. 5) Design capacity tables can be used to design TOPSPAN with timber supports: 2 fastener connections with M5.5-11x40 BattenZips - 1.5mm BMT steel support is equivalent to softwood timber, 1.9mm BMT steel support is equivalent to hardwood timber. 4 fastener connections with M5.5-11x40 BattenZips - 1.9mm BMT steel support is equivalent to both hardwood and softwood timber supports. Capacities for softwood Capacities for hardwood Capacities for softwood and hardwood 18 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

19 TOPSPAN 61 Capacity tables Table 8.2 TOPSPAN 61-2 Span Lapped - Outward Ultimate Limit State Connection Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS6175 TS6110 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Table 8.3 TOPSPAN 61-3 Span Lapped - Outward Ultimate Limit State Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS6175 TS6110 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Table 8.4 TOPSPAN 61-2 Span Continuous - Outward Ultimate Limit State Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS6175 TS6110 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Table 8.5 TOPSPAN 61 - Single Span - Outward Ultimate Limit State Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS6175 TS6110 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Notes: 1) Support members: 1.0mm BMT: G550; 1.2mm BMT: G500; 1.5 & 1.9mm BMT: G450 2) Outward capacity is limited by the minimum value between member strength and screw capacity. 3) Interpolation of capacity values in the table is permitted. 4) Laps 15% of the span. (Refer to Figure 11.6) 5) Design capacity tables can be used to design TOPSPAN with timber supports: 2 fastener connections with M5.5-11x40 BattenZips - 1.5mm BMT steel support is equivalent to softwood timber, 1.9mm BMT steel support is equivalent to hardwood timber. 4 fastener connections with M5.5-11x40 BattenZips - 1.9mm BMT steel support is equivalent to both hardwood and softwood timber supports. Capacities for softwood Capacities for hardwood Capacities for softwood and hardwood Cyclonic Area Design Manual 19

20 TOPSPAN 96 Capacity tables Table 8.5 TOPSPAN 96-2 Span Lapped - Outward Ultimate Limit State Connection Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS9675 TS9610 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Table 8.6 TOPSPAN 96-3 Span Lapped - Outward Ultimate Limit State Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS9675 TS9610 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Table 8.7 TOPSPAN 96-2 Span Continuous - Outward Ultimate Limit State Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS9675 TS9610 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Table 8.8 TOPSPAN 96 - Single Span - Outward Ultimate Limit State Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS9675 TS9610 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Notes: 1) Support members: 1.0mm BMT: G550; 1.2mm BMT: G500; 1.5 & 1.9mm BMT: G450 2) Outward capacity is limited by the minimum value between member strength and screw capacity. 3) Interpolation of capacity values in the table is permitted. 4) Laps 15% of the span. (Refer to Figures 11.6 & 11.7) 5) Design capacity tables can be used to design TOPSPAN with timber supports: 2 fastener connections with M5.5-11x40 BattenZips - 1.5mm BMT steel support is equivalent to softwood timber, 1.9mm BMT steel support is equivalent to hardwood timber. 4 fastener connections with M5.5-11x40 BattenZips - 1.9mm BMT steel support is equivalent to both hardwood and softwood timber supports Capacities for softwood Capacities for hardwood Capacities for softwood and hardwood 20 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

21 TOPSPAN 120 Capacity tables Table 8.9 TOPSPAN Span Lapped - Outward Ultimate Limit State Connection Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS12090 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Table 8.10 TOPSPAN Span Lapped - Outward Ultimate Limit State Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS12090 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Table 8.11 TOPSPAN Span Continuous - Outward Ultimate Limit State Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS12090 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Table 8.12 TOPSPAN Single Span - Outward Ultimate Limit State Capacity (kn/m) Member Strength 2 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) 4 Screw Connection Capacity (kn/m) (kn/m) Support Thickness Support Thickness 2, # , # , # , #14-10 Span (mm) TS12090 TS mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9mm 1.0mm 1.2mm 1.5mm 1.9 mm Notes: 1) Support members: 1.0mm BMT: G550; 1.2mm BMT: G500; 1.5 & 1.9mm BMT: G450 2) Outward capacity is limited by the minimum value between member strength and screw capacity. 3) Interpolation of capacity values in the table is permitted. 4) Laps 15% of the span. (Refer to Figures 11.6 & 11.7) 5) Design capacity tables can be used to design TOPSPAN with timber supports: 2 fastener connections with M5.5-11x40 BattenZips - 1.5mm BMT steel support is equivalent to softwood timber, 1.9mm BMT steel support is equivalent to hardwood timber. 4 fastener connections with M5.5-11x40 BattenZips - 1.9mm BMT steel support is equivalent to both hardwood and softwood timber supports. Capacities for softwood Capacities for hardwood Capacities for softwood and hardwood Cyclonic Area Design Manual 21

22 9. Topspan section properties º Shear centre 32 º Shear centre Y Y 61 Y Y Centroid Centroid Figure 9.1 TOPSPAN 40 Figure 9.2 TOPSPAN Shear centre 32 Shear centre o Table 9.1 TOPSPAN 40 Section Properties Product TS4055 TS4075 Product Cyclonic Area Design Manual Shear centre to centroid distance 0 Radius of Gyration r r x y Table 9.2 TOPSPAN 61 Section Properties Shear centre to centroid distance º TS TS Table 9.3 topspan 96 Section Properties Product TS9610 TS9612 Product Y Centroid Shear centre to centroid distance Radius of Gyration r x r y Table 9.4 TOPSPAN 120 Section Properties 117 Figure 9.3 TOPSPAN 96 Y 120 Y Centroid Shear centre to centroid distance º Figure 9.4 TOPSPAN 120 Y All dimensions are in mm

23 10. Material specifications Material specifications - Cladding (except KL-406HW and Custom Blue Orb) ZINCALUMe aluminium/zinc alloy-coated steel complying with AS 1397:2011 G550, AZ150 (550MPa minimum yield stress,150g/m 2 minimum coating mass); or Stainless steel standard grade designation is AISI/ASTM Type 430; UNS No. S43000 Stainless steel is available in a limited range of colours, and is available subject to enquiry. Design data on stainless steel material is available subject to additional testing. Material specifications - Klip-lok 406 High Wind and Custom Blue Orb ZINCALUMe aluminium/zinc alloy-coated steel complying with AS 1397:2011 G300, AZ150 (300MPa minimum yield stress, 150g/m 2 minimum coating mass) Material specifications - Topspan topspan profiles are made from high tensile zincalume steel (aluminium/zinc alloy coated) complying with AS1397:2011 with AZ150 (150 g/m 2 minimum coating mass). TOPSPAN mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 550 CUSTOM ORB 0.42mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 550 CUSTOM BLUE ORB 0.60mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 300 flatdek ii 0.42mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 550 KLIP-LOK 406 HIGH WIND 0.55mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 300 KLIP-LOK 700 HI STRENGTH 0.42mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 550 SPANDEK 0.42mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 550 TRIMDEK 0.42mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 550 TOPSPAN mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 500 TOPSPAN mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 500 TOPSPAN mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) mm BMT Yield Strength (MPa) 550 Cyclonic Area Design Manual 23

24 11. Recommended fastener locations and lap details TOPSPAN (side view) 20mm max. MIN DIST. FROM EDGE - 1 SCREW EACH SIDE OF TOPSPAN One screw each bottom flange Figure 11.1 Two screw connection Typical steel support 1.0mm BMT minimum = = Figure11.6 Two screw connection (timber) 10 TOPSPAN (side view) Two screws each bottom flange Figure 11.2 Four screw connection 20mm max. 15mm max. Typical steel support 1.0mm BMT minimum = = Figure11.7 Four screw connection (timber) 25 LAP = 15% OF SPAN MIN DIST. FROM EACH EDGE - 2 SCREWS EACH SIDE OF TOPSPAN Support Fastener location-screws must be located in the mid-region of the flat portion of both flanges = = For connection to supports, see Figures 11.1 and Figure 11.3 Fastener location Figure11.8 Typical structural lap for TOPSPAN 61 Figure 11.4 End support 40 mm minimum lap 20mm min. Lap is 15% of span 25mm 15mm TOPSPAN mm TOPSPAN 96 4 fasteners at lap each side For connection to supports, see Figure 11.1, 11.2, 11.6 & 11.7 Lap must be supported on rafter or truss Figure Typical non-structural 11.5 lap Typical non-structural lap for TOPSPAN 40 Figure 11.9 Typical structural lap TopSPAN 96/ Cyclonic Area Design Manual

25 12. Fastener selection Cladding fastener selection Table 12.1: Fastener Selection - Cladding to supports Profile CUSTOM ORB FIING TO STEEL FIING TO STEEL FIING TO STEEL FIING TO TIMBER Single & Lapped (Total 2.0mm) Single Lapped (Total 3.8mm) Hardwood J1-J up to 1.0mm BMT 1.0mm up to 3.0mm BMT 1.0mm up to 1.9mm BMT #15-15x47 HH, M6.5-12x55 CyclonicZIPS #14-10x42 HH #14-10x42 HH #12-11x50 T17 HG/TG HH FIING TO TIMBER Softwood J4 M6-11x50 ROOFZIPS #14-10x50 T17 HH CUSTOM BLUE ORB #15-15x47 HH, M6.5-12x55 CyclonicZIPS #14-10x42 HH #14-10x42 HH #12-11x50 T17 HG/TG HH M6-11x50 ROOFZIPS #14-10x50 T17 HH TRIMDEK SPANDEK Crest fixed on roof #15-15x55 HH, M6.5-12x55 CyclonicZIPS #15-15x55 HH, M6.5-12x55 CyclonicZIPS #14-10x50 HH #14-10x50 HH #12-11x65 T17 HG/TG HH #14-10x50 HH #14-10x50 HH #12-11x65 T17 HG/TG HH M6-11x65 ROOFZIPS #14-10x65 T17 HH M6-11x65 ROOFZIPS #14-10x65 T17 HH KLIP-LOK 406HW #14-10x65 HH #14-10x65 HH #12-11x75 T17 HH #14-10x75 T17 HH KLIP-LOK 700HS Clip fixed on roof #12-14x20 HH #12-14x20 HH #12-14x20 HH #12-11x45 T17 HH M5.5-11x40 BATTENZIPS #12-11x45 T17 HH M5.5-11x40 BATTENZIPS FLATDEK II Pan fixed on roof M5.5-14x25 AutoTek or M5.5-14x35 AutoTek with 14g 25mm x 1.2mm EPDM Seal bonded aluminium washer M5.5-14x25 AutoTek or M5.5-14x35 AutoTek with 14g 25mm x 1.2mm EPDM Seal bonded aluminium washer M5.5-14x25 AutoTek or M5.5-14x35 AutoTek with 14g 25mm x 1.2mm EPDM Seal bonded aluminium washer #12-11x45 T17 HH or M5.5-11x40 BATTENZIPS with 14g 25mm x 1.2mm EPDM Seal bonded aluminium washer #12-11x45 T17 HH or M5.5-11x40 BATTENZIPS with 14g 25mm x 1.2mm EPDM Seal bonded aluminium washer CUSTOM ORB CUSTOM BLUE ORB TRIMDEK Valley fixed on wall #15-15x25 HH #14-10x25 HH #14-10x25 HH #12-11x25 T17 HH #14-10x39 T17 HH #15-15x25 HH #14-10x25 HH #14-10x25 HH #12-11x25 T17 HH #14-10x39 T17 HH #15-15x25 HH #14-10x25 HH #14-10x25 HH #12-11x25 T17 HH #14-10x39 T17 HH SPANDEK #15-15x25 HH #14-10x25 HH #14-10x25 HH #12-11x25 T17 HH #14-10x39 T17 HH Notes: 1) HH = Hex Head, HG = HIGH GRIP, TG = TOP GRIP, T17 = TYPE 17 TIMBER SCREW 2) All fasteners to steel supports are to be self drilling self tapping screws. 3) All fasteners to timber supports are to be self drilling screws. 4) All fasteners exposed directly to the weather should be fitted with sealing washers. 5) For cyclonic washer requirements, see Selection Tables and Cladding Capacity Tables. 6) Side lap screws (as specified in the product brochures) should always be located over supports as a minimum, with additional side lap screws positioned as specified in Section 14 of this manual. 7) No pre-bored holes permitted. 8) For strength groups of timber, refer to AS ) Increase screw length if fixing over insulation to maintain minimum 3 screw threats protruding far side of support. 10) For FLATDEK 2, the 25mm Tek is used to fix to steel beams where the sheeting is flat against the beam eg a purlin. The 35mm Tek is used to fix to steel where the sheeting is at a slope against the beam, usually a rail in a pitched structure. This length is satisfactory for pitched roof with a slope up to 23º (degrees). The Tek length should be checked where the roof slope is higher than 23º (degrees). TOPSPAN fastener selection Steel supports: 1.0mm thick No x 25mm hex.head self-drilling screws 1.0mm-1.9mm No x 25mm hex.head self-drilling screws Timber Supports: M5.5-11x40mm BattenZips Structural laps: No x 25mm hex.head self-drilling screws Cyclonic Area Design Manual 25

26 13. Fastening to supports spandek trimdek custom orb & custom blue orb SPANDEK Crest: 4 fasteners per sheet Crest: 4 fasteners per sheet Crest: 5 fasteners per sheet Valley: 4 fasteners per sheet S Valley: 4 fasteners per sheet S Valley: 5 fasteners per sheet S S = Side lap Crest fixing for roof or walls S = Side lap Crest fixing for roofs or walls S = Side lap Crest fixing for roof or walls Valley fixing for walls only Valley fixing for walls only Valley fixing for walls only Cyclonic washer Class 4 G x 34.5 x 1.0mm Buildex or equiv. Cyclonic washer Class 4 G x 35 x 1.0mm Buildex or equiv. Cyclonic washer Class 4 G x 35 x 1.0mm Buildex or equiv. Crest fixing with cyclonic washer at lap Crest fixing with cyclonic washer Crest fixing with cyclonic washer at lap Crest fixing with cyclonic washer Crest fixing with cyclonic washer at lap Crest fixing with cyclonic washer KLIP-LOK 406 HIGH WIND UNDERLAP END OVERLAP END CYCLONIC WASHER CLASS-4 G mm 'BUILDE'. CREST FIING (FINAL POSITION) CREST FIING WITH CYCLONIC WASHER CREST FIING WITH CYCLONIC WASHER AT LAP flatdek ii 25mm max. Centre of pan 25mm max. Supports: 6 fasteners per sheet Figure 13.1 Fastening to Supports: Cyclonic Areas RAFTER FIRMLOK beam Typical FLATDEK ll connection: A longer Tek would be used on the rail of a pitched structure. 26 Cyclonic Area Design Manual

27 14. Impact loading by wind-borne debris The above photographs are copyright James Cook University - Cyclone Testing Station. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission. Parts of a building envelope (cladding, doors, windows) may be required to resist windborne debris according to AS/NZS :2011 and Design Guidelines for Queensland Public Cyclone Shelters: Impact test regimes for vertical trajectories (2006). Testing has shown the following roof sheeting materials are capable of resisting the Queensland Public Cyclone Shelter vertical trajectory debris load and are deemed-to-comply for roofs slopes of 15 degrees or flatter, which are subject to negative wind pressures (suction). These Standards specify debris impact loading by timber member of 4kg mass with nominal cross-section of 100 mm x 50 mm and spherical steel balls 8 mm diameter (approximately 3 grams mass). Spandek has been tested for maximum speeds: - Timber members = 8.5 m/sec - Spherical balls = 25.5 m/sec Corrugated profile: - Timber members = 25.5 m/sec - Spherical balls = 34.0 m/sec Custom Orb complies with requirements for corrugated profiles according to AS 1445:1986. Refer further to Queensland Government website Custom Orb and SPANDek 0.48BMT are deemed to satisfy the vertical trajectory impact load performance requirements detailed in the Design Guidelines for Queensland Public Cyclone Shelters, Sept Although not specifically tested, BlueScope Lysaght engineers believe Lysaght Trimdek and some other profiles will perform in a similar way. For more information, contact Steel Direct. Cyclonic Area Design Manual 27

28 Appendix 1: Wind classification Wind Classification System for Cyclonic Conditions Region C D Terrain Category TC3 TC2.5 TC1, TC2 TC3 TC2.5 TC1, TC2 Topographic Classification T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 FS PS NS FS PS NS FS PS NS FS PS NS FS PS NS C1 C1 C2 C2 C2 C3 C2 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C4 C4 C1 C2 C2 C2 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C4 C4 C4 C4 NA C2 C2 C2 C2 C3 C3 C3 C4 C4 C3 C4 C4 C4 NA NA C2 C3 C3 C3 C4 C4 C3 C4 C4 C4 NA NA NA NA NA C2 C3 C3 C3 C4 C4 C4 C4 NA NA C4 NA NA NA NA C3 C3 C4 C4 NA NA C4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Legend: FS = Full Shielding PS = Partial Shielding NS = No Shielding N/A = Not applicable, see note 2. Notes: 1. Above table is an excerpt from Table 2.2 of AS 4055: C1, C2, C3 and C4 are the design wind speed classifications. Where N/A appears, conditions are beyond the scope of AS 4055: For topographic classification see Appendix 2, also excerpted from AS 4055: Cyclonic Area Design Manual

29 Appendix 2: Topographic classification d d d d Notes: 1. An escarpment has one average slope less than 1 in 20 and another average slope greater than 1 in The location of a site on a hill, ridge or escarpment is shown in the illustration above. 3. The average slope (a) is the slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment. The average slope will not often occur at the actual proposed building site and should be appraised by considering the adjacent topography (see appendix D for the calculation of topography - Refer to AS 4055). 4. The top-third zone extends for an equal distance, d, either side of the crest of an escarpment as shown above. The distance d is the average horizontal distance measured from the crest of the escarpment to the near top-third zone. 5. The over-top zone of an escarpment is considered to extend to a distance of 5H past the crest of an escarpment. 6. The bottom of a hill, ridge or escarpment is that area at the base of a hill, ridge or escarpment where the average slope is less than 1 in 20, e.g. creek, river valley or flat area. 7. Above data is an excerpt from AS 4055: Cyclonic Area Design Manual 29

30 Appendix 3: Tropical cyclones and wind forces on buildings Tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones are warm cored wind systems which affect the coastal regions of Northern Australia. They are formed over warm tropical waters, where the temperature must be >27ºC when severe barometric depressions occur. High speed winds blow spirally inward from all sides to form a roughly circular core or eye which can range in size up to about 50km in diameter. Overall, a cyclonic wind system can have a diameter as large as 650km. The spiralling action is caused by the earth s rotation and is clockwise in the southern hemisphere, anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere. Air drawn into the eye of a cyclone is carried vertically by convection and a pumping action generated by high altitude winds. This core activity extends up to 12km above the sea. The air rising in the core of the cyclone carries with it substantial amounts of water vapour which condenses to form heavy cloud and rain in the area of maximum wind force around the core. The condensing water vapour releases vast amounts of heat energy which is expended enlarging the system. As cyclones extract their energy from the warm water, they dissipate fairly quickly on reaching land, but often not before doing tremendous damage. Cyclones usually move at speeds of between 2 and 15 m/sec and because of their size, high wind speeds can last for many hours. These winds are of a cyclic nature, causing significant dynamic forces on building components. These cyclic forces can induce fatigue in roofing materials, their supports and fixings; fatigue which often limits the performance of a component or system. In addition, because of the rotation of the wind system, the wind direction at a particular point can change 180º as the cyclone passes. This requires that building designs should not take shielding into account unless it is roughly equal on all sides. Wind Forces on Buildings Wind creates a number of forces on both internal and external surfaces of a building; forces which must be considered when designing or selecting cladding materials, their fasteners and supports. These forces produce both positive pressure and negative pressure (suction) and their magnitude is affected by the velocity of the wind and the building s degree of exposure and configuration. The resultant pressures are calculated using AS/NZS : 2002 Structural Design Actions Part 2: Wind Actions. In cyclonic areas, particular note should be taken of the effects of internal pressures on roof and wall cladding and the importance of local pressure areas. Flying debris is a significant problem in tropical cyclones and there are numerous instances of buildings appearing to stand up to the wind forces until debris broke windows or penetrated wall cladding, thus allowing pressure from the wind to build up inside. The internal pressure, acting with suction on the outside of the roof, was then sufficient to cause failure of the roof system - a sort of explosion. Failure of the roofing can be due to inadequate fastening of roof sheeting, in which case the fixings pull out or the sheeting cracks around the fasteners. It can be equally due to inadequate fixing of the roof framing, either the connection between the battens and rafters or the connection of the rafters to the building frame. Irrespective of the reason for the loss of roof, the result is usually catastrophic. Water damage commonly results in the destruction of furniture and furnishings. In addition, framed buildings lose the bracing effect cause by the roof membrane, resulting in the collapse of some external walls. Wind Forces on Awnings The Wind Classification for awnings and carports can be taken from AS4055 Wind Loads on housing. The wind pressure multipliers to apply to the basic wind pressure should come from the coefficients in ASNZS 1170:2002 for freestanding and attached awnings. Design Wind Speeds The various conditions which affect the design wind speeds, such as geographic location, terrain category, etc., are to be taken from the ASNZS : Cyclonic Area Design Manual

31 Appendix 4: Local pressure areas Local pressure areas Where external pressures are negative, buildings are subject to localised areas of increased pressure at all significant external discontinuities such as roof or wall edges including roof ridges where the roof pitch exceeds 10º. Consequently, all roof and wall claddings, their supports and fixings, must be designed to take into account these increased external pressures. The areas affected by these factors are shown in the illustration above (taken from the AS/NZS : 2002). The extent of the local pressure areas is given by the dimension a, which should be determined as indicated in the illustrations above (also taken from AS/NZS : 2002). Due care must be taken by the engineer when designing claddings and their supports. The effect on both areas of increased pressure must be considered. Notes: 1. Above illustration is taken from AS/NZS :2002. a x a subject to local pressure factor of 1.5. Such areas lie within a zone of width a from edges. 2. Area 0.5 a x 0.5 a subject to a local pressure factor of 2.0. Such areas lie within a zone of width 0.5 a from edges. Cyclonic Area Design Manual 31

32 Product Descriptions All descriptions, specifications, illustrations, drawings, data, dimensions and weights contained in this catalogue, all technical literature and websites containing information from BlueScope Lysaght are approximations only. They are intended by BlueScope Lysaght to be a general description for information and identification purposes and do not create a sale by description. BlueScope Lysaght reserves the right at any time to: (a) supply Goods with such minor modifications from its drawings and specifications as it sees fit; and (b) alter specifications shown in its promotional literature to reflect changes made after the date of such publication. Disclaimer, warranties and limitation of liability This publication is intended to be an aid for all trades and professionals involved with specifying and installing Lysaght products and not to be a substitute for professional judgement. Terms and conditions of sale available at local BlueScope Lysaght sales offices. Except to the extent to which liability may not lawfully be excluded or limited, BlueScope Steel Limited will not be under or incur any liability to you for any direct or indirect loss or damage (including, without limitation, consequential loss or damage such as loss of profit or anticipated profit, loss of use, damage to goodwill and loss due to delay) however caused (including, without limitation, breach of contract, negligence and/or breach of statute), which you may suffer or incur in connection with this publication. Copyright BlueScope Steel Limited June 14, 2012 Technical enquiries: steeldirect@bluescopesteel.com or call Please check the latest information which is always available on our website. lysaght, TOPSPAN, klip-lok, SPANDek, trimdek, custom orb, custom blue orb, FLATDek, colorbond & zincalume are registered trademarks of BlueScope Steel Limited, ABN Teks, AutoTeks, RoofZips and BattenZips are registered trademarks of ITW Buildex. The LYSAGHT range of products is made by or for BlueScope Steel Limited trading as BlueScope Lysaght. Printed by PM 1M 32 Cyclonic Area Design Manual 14/6/12