Coggins, Marie; Broderick, Aine; Byrne, Miriam. /s8f92c

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1 Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title Indoor air quality and thermal comfort in Irish retrofitted energy efficient homes Author(s) Coggins, Marie; Broderick, Aine; Byrne, Miriam Publication Date Publication Information Coggins, Marie, Broderick, Aine, & Byrne, Miriam. (2017). Indoor air quality and thermal comfort in Irish retrofitted energy efficient homes. Paper presented at the AIVC (Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre) workshop on IAQ metrics, Brussels. Publisher School of Physics, NUI Galway Link to publisher's version Item record Downloaded T03:43:24Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above.

2 INDOOR AIR QUALITY & THERMAL COMFORT IN IRISH RETROFITTED ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES Dr Marie Coggins 1,

3 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND, GALWAY School of Physics

4 Presentation Outline Objective Background IAQ Study Results 3

5 Objective Energy retrofit of domestic dwellings IAQ Thermal comfort 4

6 Residential sector Energy 5

7 Residential sector Energy related CO 2 emissions Building Regulations Irish Government energy saving incentives Behavioural changes CO 2 emissions - 25% 6

8 National Energy Authority Better Energy Homes Scheme Warmer Homes Scheme Better Energy Communities ,000 homes Target 75,000 homes /yr

9 National Energy Authority Better Energy Homes Scheme Warmer Homes Scheme Better Energy Communities 8

10 Energy performance certificate Building Energy Rating kwm/hr/m 3 9

11 Selection criteria construction type Cavity wall (110 mm cavity, mm ) 15 homes, m 3 3 bedroomed semi detached 10 Picture from Technical Guidance Part F Ventilation, Housing.gov.ie

12 Selection criteria construction type Cavity wall (CW) (110 mm cavity, 50 mm ) 7 CW & 8 Hollow block/cw Hollow block Concrete block two hollow cores mm insulation studs -plasterboard lining 11 Picture from Technical Guidance Part F Ventilation, Housing.gov.ie

13 Pre Retrofit External wall / CW External wall/ HB/CW Attic Windows and doors Boiler Ventilation (Kitchen & Bathroom) Cavity wall 50 mm polystyrene insulation board (110 mm cavity) plaster board internal lining w/ mm insulation (cavity wall around front lower window) 100 mm thick mineral wool insulation Wood and PVC 12 mm double glazed units Balanced boiler (66% efficient),manual control - timer control for one zone Natural ventilation extract fan in kitchen 12 only Background wall vents (only HB)

14 Selection criteria (n=15) Average occupancy rate in Ireland is

15 Selecting pollutants to measure

16 What did we measure? Pollutant Particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) NO 2 Mould and dampness Radon TVOCs Indoor source Solid fuel combustion, outdoor air Gas/wood/oil/kerosene, traffic pollution Excess humidity, ventilation Natural source Cleaning products, furnishings, varnishes, glues etc

17 What did we measure? Pollutant BTEX CO Formaldehyde Dust mites Source Smoking, building materials, attached garages fossil fuels, incense, faulty appliances Cleaning products, furnishings, varnishes, glues etc Pets, outdoors, poor ventilation

18 What else did we measure? Building air tightness Room Air Exchange Rate Temperature Relative humidity 17

19 How did we measure? 24 hour period TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor logged real-time data on airborne PM 2.5 CO & CO 2 - GrayWolf IQ-610 TVOC - GrayWolf TG-502 Formaldehyde GrayWolf RM week period NO 2 & BTEX levels - Gradko passive diffusion tubes 18

20 How did we measure? 24 hour period Temperature & relative humidity GrayWolf IQ-610 Building air tightness (m 3.h.m 2 ) Blower door test ISEN13829:2000 Room air exchange rate CO 2 tracer gas 19

21 How did we measure? Grab sample Dust mites SKC Carpet Tester suction sampling kit 3 months Radon -passive alpha track radon detectors. 20

22 What other information did we collect? Building type Researcher Heating type Cooking fuel Occupant rate Occupant Thermal comfort Occupant behaviour

23 9am-10am 10am-11am 11am-12noon 12noon-1pm 1pm-2pm 2pm-3pm 3pm-4pm 4pm-5pm 5pm-6pm 6pm-7pm 7pm-8pm 8pm-9pm 9pm-10pm 10pm-11pm 11pm 7am THE OCCUPANTS ACTIVITY DIARY DAY ONE IN THE MAIN LIVING ROOM Did any of the following happen? (Please tick all that apply) COMMENTS Windows opened Coal/Wood/Peat fire burning Candles/incense burning Gas hob used Electric cooker used Toaster/grill used Extractor fan on Cleaning/polishing Vacuum cleaner used Pets were present 4 or more people were present Wall or window vents present open/closed

24 The retrofit - Cavity wall homes 300 mm thick mineral wool insulation Residual 110 mm cavity filled with extruded polystyrene beads 125 mm core wall vents Or vents were cleaned out and serviced 23

25 Retrofit specification Cavity wall Pre Retrofit Post Retrofit Windows and doors Boiler Ventilation (Kitchen & Bathroom) Wood/PVC 12 mm double glazed units Balanced boiler (66% efficient) Extract fans in kitchen PVC 24/28 mm double glazed units Condensing boiler (90% efficient), zoned heating w/thermostat, pipe work insulated Extract fan with humidity control 24

26 The retrofit - Hollow block/cw homes 300 mm thick mineral rock wool insulation extruded polystyrene beads only around the front wall vents were cleaned out and serviced 25

27 Building performance certificate Building Energy Rating kwm/hr/m 3 26

28 Indoor air pollutants comparison guidelines PM2.5 WHO 2006 Formaldehyde, CO, NO2, benzene WHO 2010 TVOCs UK building Regulations 27

29 Indoor Environmental Quality Pre retrofit Mean (n= 7) Post retrofit Mean (n= 7) p Air tightness (m 3.h.m 2 50 Pa - CW 9.3 (m 3 /(h.m 2 ) 5.5 (m 3 /(h.m 2 ) Air exchange rate CW 0.81 ACH 0.55 ACH <0.001 Pre retrofit Mean (n= 8) Post retrofit Mean (n= 8) Air tightness (m 3.h.m 2 50 Pa HB/CW 9.3 (m 3 /(h.m 2 ) 8.6 (m 3 /(h.m 2 ) Air exchange rate HB/CW 0.83 ACH (m 3 /h) 0.7 ACH (m 3 /h) < Significance level p < 0.05

30 Indoor Environmental Quality Cavity wall Pre retrofit Mean (n= 7) Temperature ( o C) 17.8 (0.9) 17.5 (0.8) Post retrofit Mean (n= 7) 18.6 (0.6) 18.6 (0.6) p Relative Humidity (%RH) 51.4 (3.0) 51.1 (2.0) Hollow Block/CW Post retrofit Mean (n= 8) Temperature ( o C) 17.3 (1.2) 16.8 (0.6) Relative Humidity (%RH) 50.7 (2.1) 51.0 (2.0) Significance level p < (0.9) 54.0 (0.9) Pre retrofit Mean (n= 8) 18.3 (0.8) 18.0 (0.5) < (0.8) 52.2 (1.0) 29

31 Indoor Air pollutants Concentrations of CO, BTEX, NO 2, no significant difference following the retrofit All within recommended Health Limits 30

32 Indoor Air pollutants Cavity wall Pre retrofit Mean (n= 7) (SD) Post retrofit Mean (n= 7) (SD) Formaldehyde (ppb) 15.4 ( 3.8) 24.3 (3.0) 0.001* p PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) 10.0 (2.0 ) 18.0 (2.6) 0.005* CO 2 (ppm) (94.0) (114.0) 0.014* TVOC (ppb) (73.0 ) (38.0) 0.009* 31 P value is significant at the 5% level of significance

33 PM hr average concentration (µg/m 3 ) before and after the retrofit Formaldehyde 24 hr average concentration (ppb) before and after the retrofit Before retrofit After retrofit Group CW Before retrofit After retrofit Group CW 32

34 TVOC (ppb) 24 hr average concentration (µg/m 3 ) before and after the retrofit CO2 (ppm) 24 hr average concentration (ppb) before and after the retrofit Before retrofit After retrofit Group CW Before retrofit After retrofit Group CW 33

35 Indoor Air pollutants Hollow block/cw Pre retrofit Mean (n= 7) (SD) Post retrofit Mean (n= 7) (SD) PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) 9.33 (2.6) (4.0) 0.008* p CO 2 (ppm) 566 (66.0) (59.0) 0.003* TVOC (ppb) (74.4 ) (52.2) 0.032* 34 P value is significant at the 5% level of significance

36 16:15:50 16:45:50 17:15:50 17:45:50 18:15:50 18:45:50 19:15:50 19:45:50 20:15:50 20:45:50 21:15:50 21:45:50 22:15:50 22:45:50 23:15:50 23:45:50 00:15:50 00:45:50 01:15:50 01:45:50 02:15:50 02:45:50 03:15:50 03:45:50 04:15:50 04:45:50 05:15:50 05:45:50 06:15:50 06:45:50 07:15:50 07:45:50 08:15:50 08:45:50 09:15:50 09:45:50 10:15:50 10:45:50 11:15:50 11:45:50 12:15:50 12:45:50 13:15:50 13:45:50 14:15:50 14:45:50 15:15:50 15:45:50 4, hour time series of TVOC (ppb) concentration 3, , cleaning 2, , , , perfume nail varnish

37 16:15:50 16:44:50 17:13:50 17:42:50 18:11:50 18:40:50 19:09:50 19:38:50 20:07:50 20:36:50 21:05:50 21:34:50 22:03:50 22:32:50 23:01:50 23:30:50 23:59:50 00:28:50 00:57:50 01:26:50 01:55:50 02:24:50 02:53:50 03:22:50 03:51:50 04:20:50 04:49:50 05:18:50 05:47:50 06:16:50 06:45:50 07:14:50 07:43:50 08:12:50 08:41:50 09:10:50 09:39:50 10:08:50 10:37:50 11:06:50 11:35:50 12:04:50 12:33:50 13:02:50 13:31:50 14:00:50 14:29:50 14:58:50 15:27: hour time series of PM2.5 (ug/m 3 ) concentration cooking/ burning window open candle sweeping cleaning

38 Room Air Exchange rate correlated ; PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) (R 2 = 0.4) Formaldehyde (ppb) (R 2 = 0.4) 37

39 CONCLUSION Increase in airtightness and reduced ACH Improved occupant comfort levels of all IAP increased post retrofit PM2.5, Formaldehyde, TVOC s What are IAP concentrations 12 months post retrofit? Education 38

40 Project team: Aine Broderick (PhD Candidate) Dr. Miriam Byrne, Mr. Sean Armstrong, Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (DECLG) 39

41 RESIDENTIAL FINAL ENERGY USE BY FUEL 40

42 PARTICULATE MATTER 41