Agroforestry in Europe and the European Agroforestry Federation

Transcription

1 Agroforestry in Europe and the European Agroforestry Federation Jaconette Mirck 1, Paul J. Burgess 2, and Michael den Herder 3 1 Department of Soil Protection and Recultivation, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany (jaconette.mirck@b-tu.de) 2 School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK 3 European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland Presentation at North American Agroforestry Conference, Ames Iowa, USA June European Union s Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no The views and opinions expressed in this presentation are purely those of the writers and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission Copyright 2015 AGFORWARD

2 Outline Define agroforestry AGFORWARD agroforestry quantification Uniqueness agroforestry in Europe High nature and cultural value systems High value tree systems Arable systems (silvoarable) Livestock systems (silvopastoral) European Agroforestry Federation Common Agricultural Policy Agroforestry in Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Role EURAF (CAP) Establishing natural regeneration of holm oak Montado, South Portugal, by João Palma Olive trees intercropped in Lesvos, Greece, by Vasileios Papanastasis Poplar and black locust alley cropping with wheat, Germany, by Dirk Freese. Fattening pigs in willow at Research Centre Foulum, Denmark by Anne Grete Kongsted

3 Define agroforestry In the FP7 funded project AGFORWARD agroforestry is defined as the deliberate integration of woody vegetation, crops and/or livestock on the same area of land to benefit from the resulting ecological and economic interactions. Trees can be inside parcels or on the boundaries (hedges). Holm oak Montado, South Portugal, by João Palma Wakelyns Agroforestry, Suffolk, UK, by Permaculture Association

4 Preliminary Stratification and Quantification of Agroforestry in Europe den Herder, M., Burgess, P.J, Mosquera- Losada, M.R., Herzog, F., Hartel, T., Upson, M., Viholainen, I. and Rosati, A. (2015). Preliminary stratification and quantification of agroforestry in Europe. Milestone Report 1.1 for EU FP7 Research Project: AGFORWARD pp Available at

5 Agroforestry comprises the integration of trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock Paul Burgess

6 Is grazed heathland agroforestry? Dwarf shrub heathland covers about 1,487,000 ha in Great Britain (Howard et al. 2003). Much of the area is grazed. If agroforestry is the integration of trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock is this agroforestry?

7 Agroforestry in Europe Unique heritage of traditional agroforestry systems with high nature and cultural value High potential for innovative modern agroforestry systems Silvopasture: Olives and Poultry, Italy by Adolfo Rosati

8 Agroforestry types in Europe High Value Tree Systems High Nature and Cultural Value Systems Den Herder TEI Arable Systems Livestock Systems Freese Burgess

9 Traditional Agroforestry with high nature and cultural value High Nature and Cultural Value (HNV) Proposed by European Environment Agency Farming practices that support high biodiversity levels Examples of HNV AF are oakdominated wood pastures in Mediterranean (dehesa/montado), other wood pastures, hedgerow systems, and reindeer husbandry João Palma Wakelyns Agroforestry Daana Fjällberg

10 Extent with high nature and cultural value System Local name and Country Extent (ha) 1 ha = 2.47 acres Mediterranean oak tree AF Other wood pastures Hedges and scattered trees Reindeer husbandry Dehesa in Spain Montado in Portugal Grazed oak woodlands in Greece Pyrenean oak in Spain and Portugal Grazed oak woodlands in Italy Sub-total 3,606,151 1,059,000 1,895, , ,263 6,961,997 Source Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente 2008; Inventário Florestal Nacional 2013a; Papanastasis et al. 2009; Castro 2009; Pardini 2009 Larix decidua 1 in Italy ha ,319 acres Pardini 2009; Statistics Sweden Lövängar, hagmarker in Sweden 100, ; Maddock 2008; Luick 2009; Other parklands, woodland, wood-pasture, 200,320 Glaser and Hauke 2004; Greif 1992; Hudewald, Haka and metsälaidun in UK, Herzog 1998; Bölöni et al. 2008; Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Finland Vainio et al Sub-total 402,639 France and parts of UK and Belgium 472,074 Bélouard and Coulon 2002; Forest Commission 2001a, 2001b, 2001c; Etat de l'environnement en Wallonie, 2010 Finland, Norway and Sweden 41,400,000 Jernsletten and Klokov 2002 Total Total (without reindeer) 48,764,636 7,364,636 Source: Den Herder, Burgess et al Milestone 1. Preliminary stratification and quantification of agroforestry in Europe.

11 High nature and cultural value Wood Pasture Systems Dehesa and Montado Practices: livestock, cereal, cork, firewood, hunting Tree component: Holm oak (Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia), cork oak (Q. subur) Livestock: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, etc. Crop: cereals Montado, Southeastern Portugal by João Palma

12 High nature and cultural value Wood Pasture Systems Dehesa and Montado Holm oak and cattle by João Palma Holm oak and Iberian pig by João Palma Holm oak and turkey by João Palma Cork oak and cereal by João Palma

13 High nature and cultural value Wood Pasture Systems Wood pastures and parklands Practices: livestock Tree component: beech (Fagus sylvatica), yew (Taxus baccata), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), oak (Quercus spp.), hornbeam (Carpinus betula) Livestock: ponies, deer, cattle, pigs Wood pastures in Glenamara, Cumbria, Lake District, UK by Matthew Upson

14 High nature and cultural value Wood Pasture Systems Wood pastures and parklands Deer in a traditional English parkland setting at Woburn Estate in Bedfordshire by Permaculture Association

15 High nature and cultural value Wood Pasture Systems Wood pastures Romania Ancient oak-dominated wood-pasture from southern Transylvania by Tibor Hartel

16 High nature and cultural value Wood Pasture Systems Valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis subsp. Macrolepis) Valonia oak stand on Kea Island by Anastasia Pantera Source: Practices: giant acorns for tanneries and flour for cookies Tree component: Valonia oak Livestock: Cattle

17 High nature and cultural value Hedge structures - Bocage Bocage or hedgerow system in Brittany, France

18 High nature and cultural value Hedge structures Wakelyns Agroforestry, Suffolk, UK, by Permaculture Association

19 High nature and cultural value - Hedge structures Spreewald Biosphere Spreewald, Brandenburg, Germany (Google Maps) Practices: livestock Tree: black alder (Alnus glutinosa), black poplar (Populus nigra), hackberry (Prunus padus), willow (Salix spp.), durmast oak (Quercus petrea) Livestock: cattle Spreewald Brandenburg Filower area by Michael den Herder

20 High nature and cultural value Reindeer husbandry Practices: livestock Tree component: white birch (Betula pubescens) and Scotts pine (Pinus sylvestris) Livestock: reindeer Reindeer round-up before movement to winter grazing area close to Åkroken, Sweden by Daana Fjällberg

21 If agroforestry is the integration of trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock is this agroforestry? Reindeer grazing, Enontekio, Finland Reindeer grazing on understory vegetation near the Pallasjärvi Research Station in Enontekio in Finnish Lapland by Michael den Herder

22 High value tree systems (traditional and modern) Randomly or systematically planted in cropland or pasture Fruit trees: apple (Malus), peach (Prunus), pear (Pyrus), apricot (Prunus), plum (Prunus), quince (Cydonia), fig (Ficus) and olive (Olea europaea) High value timber: walnut (Juglans), wild cherry (Prunus avium) Fruit trees largest area high value tree systems followed by olive trees Source: Pierluigi Paris

23 Extent with high value trees System Country Extent (ha) 1 ha = 2.47 acres Agroforestry with fruit trees Agroforestry with olive trees Agroforestry with pine trees Agroforestry with vines Agroforestry with chestnuts Agroforestry with carob trees Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Croatia, Romania, Poland, Czech Rep., France, UK, Denmark, Italy, Greece, Portugal Source 1, Eichhorn et al. 2006; Herzog 1998; Ducros et al. 2005; Robertson et al. 2010; Burrough et al 2010; Statistics Denmark 2013; Papanastasis et al. 2009; Anuario Vegetal 2006 Portugal, Greece, France, Italy, Spain 538,865 Eichhorn et al. 2006; Anuario Vegetal (2006); Papanastasis et al. 2009; Italy, Portugal 535,842 Pardini 2009;, Inventário Florestal Nacional 2013b Italy, Spain, Portugal 275,635 Eichhorn et al. 2006; Altieri & Nicolls 2002 Portugal, France, Italy, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland 111,083 Anuario Vegetal 2006; Conedera et al Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece 92,200 Anuario Vegetal 2006 Total 2,780,492 Source: Den Herder, Burgess et al Milestone 1. Preliminary stratification and quantification of agroforestry in Europe.

24 High value tree systems Fruit tree Systems Streuobst Practices: livestock, cereal Tree component: fruit trees Livestock: cattle, sheep, goats Crop: cereals (not common) Source:

25 High value tree systems Fruit tree Systems Pré-vergers Practices: meadows, livestock, cereal Tree component: fruit trees Livestock: cattle, sheep, goats Crop: cereals (first 5-15 years) Source:

26 High value tree systems Fruit tree Systems Olive tree Systems Practices: meadows, livestock, cereal Tree component: Olive trees Livestock: cattle, sheep, goats Crop: cereals Olive agro-silvo-pastoral system near the city of Viterbo, Central Italy, photo by P.ierluigi Paris

27 High value tree systems Fruit tree Systems Vine Agroforestry Piantata in Italy Source: Practices: vines with crops Tree component: Poplar (Populus spp.), Oak (Quercus lusitanica), elm (Ulmus spp.), cherry (Prunus spp.) Crop: cereals Vinho verde in Portugal by Feliciano Guimarães

28 Agroforestry in arable systems (modern) Integrate trees within arable systems Existing systems: Alley cropping Buffer strips Windbreaks/shelterbelts Hedgerows Found all over Europe Little knowledge of extent of practice Paul Burgess

29 Extent arable systems System Country Extent (ha) 1 ha = 2.47 acres Source Shelterbelts Hungary 16,415 Takács and Frank 2008 Alley cropping with poplar Trees in rows with livestock France 6,300 Segouin and Valadon (1997) quoted by Eichhorn et al 2006; Liagre Netherlands 3,000 Oosterbaan & Kuiters 2008 Total 25,715 Dirk Freese Source: Den Herder, Burgess et al Milestone 1. Preliminary stratification and quantification of agroforestry in Europe.

30 Agroforestry in arable systems (modern) Oak trees and lavender, South of France, Drôme AGROOF

31 Agroforestry in arable systems (modern) Alley cropping poplar and barley in Bedfordshire UK by Paul Burgess

32 Agroforestry in arable systems (modern) Alley cropping poplar and black locust and wheat, East Germany by Dirk Freese

33 Agroforestry in arable systems (modern) Willow and wheat at Wakelyns Agroforestry by Nick Fradgley

34 Agroforestry practices for livestock systems (modern) Also called silvopastoral systems Includes forest and woodland grazing Mitigates ammonia emissions Reduced methane and nitrous oxide emissions due to reduced air speed Area modern silvopastoral systems not known Paul Burgess Anne Grete Kongstet

35 Agroforestry practices for livestock systems (modern) Sheep grazing high value apple trees, Northern Ireland by Paul Burgess

36 Agroforestry practices for livestock systems (modern) Silvopastoral system at Loughall, Northern Ireland by Paul Burgess

37 Agroforestry practices for livestock systems (modern) Pigs in willow Research Center Foulum, Denmark by Anne Grete Kongstet

38 Agroforestry practices for livestock systems (modern) Woodland chickens for production of woodland eggs by Jo Smith

39 Extent of agroforestry reported in literature relative to the utilised agricultural area Country Estimated area covered by agroforestry (ha) Utilised agricultural area (ha) Estimated agroforestry area as a proportion of UAA (%) Austria 48,564 2,863, % Belgium 12,400 1,358, % Croatia 64,456 1,300, % Czech Republic 9,277 3,525, % Denmark 3,242 2,664, % Finland 1 7,320 2,285, % France 510,130 29,000, % Germany 480,500 16,667, % Greece 2,096,688 4,150, % Hungary 22,815 5,338, % Italy 967,038 13,133, % Netherlands 3,000 1,841, % Poland 200,000 14,529, % Portugal 1,842,320 3,597, % Romania 180,105 13,733, % Slovakia 92 1,927, % Slovenia , % Spain 3,839,949 23,463, % Sweden 100,000 3,031, % Switzerland 97,312 1,051, % UK 157,524 17,172, % Total 10,642, ,473, % At least 6.5% of the utilised agricultural area of Europe has been reported as agroforestry In Greece and Portugal 50%!

40 Summary extent agroforestry systems Known extent agroforestry: 10,642,917. Represents about 6.5% of the utilized agricultural area in Europe and is substantially more than the 3.3 million hectares categorized as agroforestry by the CORINE Land Cover classification. If reindeer husbandry is considered agroforestry: 52,042,917 (32%) If heathland is included the value will be even higher. Daana Fjällberg Source: Den Herder, Burgess et al Milestone 1. Preliminary stratification and quantification of agroforestry in Europe.

41 We need Agroforestry!!!!!!! What does EURAF do about this? Sheep "asking" for agroforestry trees. Photo taken by João HN Palma

42 European Agroforestry Federation - WHO is EURAF? Founded in 2011 EURAF aims to promote the adoption of agroforestry practices throughout Europe. ~ 280 members from 20 different European countries. Dehesa, Spain by Gerardo Moreno

43 European Agroforestry Federation - WHO is EURAF? Lobbying for agroforestry adapted policies at the European scale. Organizing a bi-annual congress. Participation in research projects Co-operation with (inter-) national agroforestry societies Monthly E-newsletter Agroforestry plots, Switzerland by F. Sereke

44 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) History: 1962: Affordable food (food security) for EU citizens and fair standard of living for farmers 1970s-1980s: Overproduction food mountains : Rio Earth Summit environmentally friendly production; food quality (organic farming) : Focus on economical, social and cultural development rural Europe; cut between subsidies and production (market oriented). 2005: EU gives free market access to all least developed countries 2007: EU farming population doubles and becomes more diverse because now 27 member states 2011: Economic and ecological competitiveness to combat climate change and support rural employment

45 Agroforestry in CAP EURAF accomplished introduction of incentives for agroforestry establishment in CAP CAP: agroforestry included as measure of the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD, Regulation (EU) 1698/2005, Article 44) (measure 222). Funding for establishment Combine trees with arable or pasture land Member States determined number of trees per ha Expectation that measure 222 could be applied on ha, but uptake limited Source:

46 Uptake agroforestry measure 222

47 Agroforestry in CAP Cause low uptake 1 st Pillar: Restrictive definition agroforestry; only tree alignments considered Groves, hedges, riparian vegetation, silvopastoral systems and grazed orchards left out. Max 50 trees/ha set by Member States 2 nd Pillar: Measure 222 doesn t recognize the diversity of agroforestry, only for establishment new systems Grazed orchards not considered

48 EURAF Lobby in Brussel EURAF Request New CAP Pillar 1 Inclusion AF in Ecological Focus Area Increase trees per ha (up to 250) Pillar 2 Inclusion definition of agroforestry Extension public support up to 5 years for establishment Deletion link between agroforestry and extensive agriculture AF listed in Ecological Focus Area Other measures such as landscape features (hedges, lines of trees, isolated trees etc.), buffer strips and short rotation coppice. Increase trees per ha up to 100 Inclusion definition of agroforestry (Regulation (EU) 1305/2013, Article 23) Maintenance cost up to 5 years for establishment All agricultural systems: organic, extensive, conventional Steps forward may remain unnoted if Member States do not seize these opportunities offered by the EU legislator! Lobbying at European and national level required!

49 EURAF Research Projects Participating Research Projects AGFORWARD & EURAF Policy, e.g. review of CAP measures dealing with agroforestry Dissemination, e.g. 2 nd European Agroforestry Conference: Integrating Science & Policy To Promote Agroforestry in Practice, platform to present, discuss and debate critical agroforestry issues AGROFE & EURAF Advisory role, e.g. for the development of educational material Provision of documents for training programs Dissemination of project results EURAF is one of the 26 partners of the AGFORWARD project

50 Acknowledgements Paul Burgess, Michael den Herder, Rosa Mosquera- Losada, Anja Chalmin Thank you for your attention! European Union s Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no jmirck@gmail.com