Chungbuk National University, Department of Wood and Paper Science, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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1 Tree-ring dating of Palsangjeon (five-story wooden pagoda) at Beopjusa Temple in Boeun, Korea Hyun-min Jeong 1, Won-Kyu Park 1, Yeong-seok Lee 2, Yojung Kim 1, Jeong-Wook Seo 1 1 Chungbuk National University, Department of Wood and Paper Science, Cheongju, Republic of Korea 2 Chungbuk National University, Department of conservation of culture heritage, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
2 Introduction Beopjusa : the name of temple Palsangjeon Main Building Boeun Map data 2015 AutoNavi, Google Twin-lion Stone Lantern Stone Lotus Basin 2005 Cultural Heritage Administration Beopjusa in Songni National Park located at the middle of South Korea was founded in A.D. 553 This cultural heritage has several valuable national treasures (e.g., Twin-lion Stone Lantern & Stone Lotus Basin )
3 Introduction Palsangjeon : The hall of Eight aspects of Sakyamuni Buddha s life Cultural Heritage Administration Palsangjeon designated as National Tresaure No. 55 is the only wooden pagoda in South Korea It is a five-story pagoda (22.7m in height) and its base covers 8m 2 According to historical document it was rebuilt in the early 17 th century
4 Introduction Palsangjeon : The hall of Eight aspects of Sakyamuni Buddha s life Relics of monks Casket used to store The relics Palsangjeon Its inside is designed has 8 paintings by three (Palsangdo) parts: about 8 important stages in the life of Sakyamuni Buddha first to save the the place lay persons to store in the the relics world of Buddha (sarira) second the place to enshrine the image of Buddha and 8 paintings third the place for prayer to Buddha
5 Objectives of the study To verify the reconstruction year using dendrochronological method Time difference between records on the surfaces of Saria* case (A.D. 1605) and on the surface purlin (A.D. 1626) : 21 years A.D : A Saria* case was discovered inside the foundation stone of the center pillar and the repaired year, A.D. 1605, was inscribed on the in- and outside cases. A.D * small crystals sometimes found among cremated remains of monks
6 Objectives of the study To verify the reconstruction year using dendrochronological method A.D : The letters were found on a Purlin on the 4 th story, This pagoda is made in A.D. 1626
7 Materials and Methods [Repairing Palsangjeon in 2013] Repaired in 2013 because final pillar tipped to one side and angled rafters fell out
8 Materials and Methods [Sampling for Tree-ring dating] No. Description Number of samples 1 Finial pillar 1 2 Center Pillar 2 3 Inner Pillar 8 4 Tall pillar 8 5 Angled rafter 3 6 Purilin 2 7 Beam Rafter supporter 2 9 Barcket Center Pillar supporter Roof-filling timber 1 10 Total 41
9 Materials and Methods [Sampling locations]
10 Materials and Methods To make the sample s surface clear with sanded the cores and polished Subgen. Quercus (Prinus section) Ring widths were measured using Lintab measurement system
11 Materials and Methods The measured ring-width plots were used in visual comparison with master chronology plots of main building in Bupjusa Temple for cross dating. BUBQU54 (A.D ) BUBJU02M (A.D ) BUBJU01M (A.D )
12 Materials and Methods The cross dating was also evaluated by statistical methods, t and G tests.
13 Results Description Species code n = number of rings n Bark Description Species code n Bark Finial Pillar PIDE 32 4th st. Inner Pillar (SW) QUSP(Cerris section) 111 5th st. Center Pillar Supporter PIDE 89 4th st. Beam (SE) PIDE 96 5th st. Angled rafter (SE) PIDE 79 4th st. Beam (SW) PIDE 68 5th st. Angled rafter (NE) PIDE 98 4th st. Beam (NE) PIDE 45 5th st. Angled rafter (SW) PIDE 44 4th st. Inner Pillar (SE) QUSP(Cerris section) 123 5th st. Barcket (S) PIDE 21 4th st. Inner Pillar (NW) QUSP(Prinus section) 74 5th st. Purilin (S) PIDE 68 4th st. Inner Pillar (NE) QUSP(Cerris section) 100 5th st. Rafter supporter 1(W) PIDE 84 3rd st. Center Pillar PIDE 73 5th st. Rafter supporter 2(W) PIDE 93 1st st. Tall Pillar1 QUSP(Cerris section) 82 5th st. Purilin (W) PIDE 21 1st st. Tall Pillar11 PIDE 84 5th st. Roof-filling timber1 PIDE 84 1st st. Tall Pillar3 PIDE 61 5th st. Roof-filling timbe2 PIDE 20 1st st. Tall Pillar4 QUSP(Prinus section) 111 5th st. Roof-filling timber3 PIDE 89 1st st. Tall Pillar5 PIDE 75 5th st. Roof-filling timber4 PIDE 87 1st st. Tall Pillar6 PIDE 84 5th st. Roof-filling timber5 PIDE 82 1st st. Tall Pillar7 QUSP(Cerris section) 160 5th st. Roof-filling timber6 PIDE 89 1st st. Tall Pillar8 ABSP 36 5th st. Roof-filling timber7 PIDE 94 1st st. Center Pillar QUSP(Cerris section) 149 5th st. Roof-filling timber8 PIDE 79 1st st. Inner Pillar (NW) QUSP(Cerris section) 63 5th st. Roof-filling timber9 PIDE 66 1st st. Inner Pillar (SW) QUSP(Cerris section) 115 5th st. Roof-filling timber10 PIDE 83 1st st. Inner Pillar (SE) QUSP(Cerris section) 168 1st st. Inner Pillar (NE) QUSP(Cerris section) 215
14 Results Description Species code n = number of rings n Bark Description Species code n Bark Finial Pillar PIDE 32 4th st. Inner Pillar (SW) QUSP(Cerris section) 111 5th st. Center Pillar Supporter PIDE 89 4th st. Beam (SE) PIDE 96 5th st. Angled rafter (SE) PIDE 79 4th st. Beam (SW) PIDE 68 5th st. Angled rafter (NE) PIDE 98 4th st. Beam (NE) PIDE 45 5th st. Angled rafter (SW) PIDE 44 4th st. Inner Pillar (SE) QUSP(Cerris section) 123 5th st. Barcket (S) PIDE 21 4th st. Inner Pillar (NW) QUSP(Prinus section) 74 5th st. Purilin (S) PIDE 68 4th st. Inner Pillar (NE) QUSP(Cerris section) 100 5th st. Rafter supporter 1(W) PIDE 84 3rd st. Center Pillar PIDE 73 5th st. Rafter supporter 2(W) PIDE 93 1st st. Tall Pillar1 QUSP(Cerris section) 82 5th st. Purilin (W) PIDE 21 1st st. Tall Pillar11 PIDE 84 5th st. Roof-filling timber1 PIDE 84 1st st. Tall Pillar3 PIDE 61 5th st. Roof-filling timbe2 PIDE 20 1st st. Tall Pillar4 QUSP(Prinus section) 111 5th st. Roof-filling timber3 PIDE 89 1st st. Tall Pillar5 PIDE 75 5th st. Roof-filling timber4 PIDE 87 1st st. Tall Pillar6 PIDE 84 5th st. Roof-filling timber5 PIDE 82 1st st. Tall Pillar7 QUSP(Cerris section) 160 5th st. Roof-filling timber6 PIDE 89 1st st. Tall Pillar8 ABSP 36 5th st. Roof-filling timber7 PIDE 94 1st st. Center Pillar QUSP(Cerris section) 149 5th st. Roof-filling timber8 PIDE 79 1st st. Inner Pillar (NW) QUSP(Cerris section) 63 5th st. Roof-filling timber9 PIDE 66 1st st. Inner Pillar (SW) QUSP(Cerris section) 115 5th st. Roof-filling timber10 PIDE 83 1st st. Inner Pillar (SE) QUSP(Cerris section) 168 1st st. Inner Pillar (NE) QUSP(Cerris section) 215
15 Results Description Species code n = number of rings n Bark Description Species code n Bark Finial Pillar PIDE 32 4th st. Inner Pillar (SW) QUSP(Cerris section) 111 5th st. Center Pillar Supporter PIDE 89 4th st. Beam (SE) PIDE 96 5th st. Angled rafter (SE) PIDE 79 4th st. Beam (SW) PIDE 68 5th st. Angled rafter (NE) PIDE 98 4th st. Beam (NE) PIDE 45 5th st. Angled rafter (SW) PIDE 44 4th st. Inner Pillar (SE) QUSP(Cerris section) 123 5th st. Barcket (S) PIDE 21 4th st. Inner Pillar (NW) QUSP(Prinus section) 74 5th st. Purilin (S) PIDE 68 4th st. Inner Pillar (NE) QUSP(Cerris section) 100 5th st. Rafter supporter 1(W) PIDE 84 3rd st. Center Pillar PIDE 73 5th st. Rafter supporter 2(W) PIDE 93 1st st. Tall Pillar1 QUSP(Cerris section) 82 5th st. Purilin (W) PIDE 21 1st st. Tall Pillar11 PIDE 84 5th st. Roof-filling timber1 PIDE 84 1st st. Tall Pillar3 PIDE 61 5th st. Roof-filling timbe2 PIDE 20 1st st. Tall Pillar4 QUSP(Prinus section) 111 5th st. Roof-filling timber3 PIDE 89 1st st. Tall Pillar5 PIDE 75 5th st. Roof-filling timber4 PIDE 87 1st st. Tall Pillar6 PIDE 84 5th st. Roof-filling timber5 PIDE 82 1st st. Tall Pillar7 QUSP(Cerris section) 160 5th st. Roof-filling timber6 PIDE 89 1st st. Tall Pillar8 ABSP 36 5th st. Roof-filling timber7 PIDE 94 1st st. Center Pillar QUSP(Cerris section) 149 5th st. Roof-filling timber8 PIDE 79 1st st. Inner Pillar (NW) QUSP(Cerris section) 63 5th st. Roof-filling timber9 PIDE 66 1st st. Inner Pillar (SW) QUSP(Cerris section) 115 5th st. Roof-filling timber10 PIDE 83 1st st. Inner Pillar (SE) QUSP(Cerris section) 168 1st st. Inner Pillar (NE) QUSP(Cerris section) 215
16 Quercus spp. in Korea Quercus subgen. Quercus in Korea Cerris section Q. acutissima Q. variabilis Prinus section Q. dentata Q. mongolica Q. aliena Q. serrata
17 Results BJPSJ PI1M [3 samples] Chronololgy Master chronology Overlapped year T BP value G lk Date last ring BJPSJ PI1M (96 rings) BUBJU02M (A.D ) Incomplete rings Incomplete earlywood band with the bark Complete latewood band with the bark % A.D (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) Red pine chronology I : they were cut down in A.D. 1624
18 Results (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) BJPSJ PI2M [10 samples] Chronololgy Master chronology Overlapped year T BP value G lk Date last ring BJPSJ PI2M (98 rings) BUBJU01M (A.D ) % A.D Red pine chronology II : they were cut down in A.D. 1851
19 Results (Quercus spp.) BJPSJ QU [10 samples] sw Chronololgy Master chronology Overlapped year T BP value G lk Date last ring BJPSJ QU (216 rings) BUBQU54 (A.D ) % A.D The oak chronology was well cross-dated with the oak chronology and red pine chronology. Oak trees were cut down in A.D. 1624
20 Results Quercus spp. Pinus densiflora S. et Z. 3rd st. Center Pillar th st. Beam (SE) th st. Inner Pillar (SW) 1622 W N E 1st st. Center Pillar 1624 E S(Front) W
21 Results Pinus densiflora S. et Z. All samples on the 5 th story are pine. Angled Rafter NE 1851 Center Pillar supporter S th Story 4 th Story Rafter supporter 1(W) rd Story E S(Front) W
22 Conclusions We were successfully verified using red pine chronology Ⅰ and oak chronology that the Palsangjeon was reconstructed in A.D We also found that the Palsangjeon was repaired in A.D using red pine chronology Ⅱ. In order to establish a long oak chronology first, this gap has to be connected
23 Thank you!
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