FUEGORED 2010 Santiago de Compostela, 6-8 de octubre de 2010
|
|
- Amberly Wade
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 FUEGORED 2010 Santiago de Compostela, 6-8 de octubre de 2010 Jornadas Internacionales INVESTIGACIÓN Y GESTIÓN PARA LA PROTECCIÓN DEL SUELO Y RESTAURACIÓN DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS FORESTALES AFECTADOS POR INCENDIOS FORESTALES International Workshop RESEARCH AND POST-FIRE MANAGEMENT: SOIL PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES FOR BURNT FOREST ECOSYSTEMS M. Díaz Raviña, E. Benito, T. Carballas, M. T. Fontúrbel, J. A. Vega (eds.)
2 The study and measurement of overland flow and soil erosion on slopes affected by forest fires in Lousã Mountain main results A. Bento Gonçalves a*, L. Lourenço b** a Centro de Estudos em Geografia e Ordenamento do Território (CEGOT), Núcleo de Investigação em Geografia e Planeamento (NIGP), Departamento de Geografia, Minho University, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães (Portugal); b Centro de Estudos em Geografia e Ordenamento do Território (CEGOT), Núcleo de Investigação Científica de Incêndios Florestais (NICIF), Departamento de Geografia da Faculdade de Letras, Coimbra University, Coimbra (Portugal) *bento@geografia.uminho.pt,**luciano@uc.pt Introduction In Portugal, forest fires are becoming increasingly frequent as a result of socio-economic change and poor forest planning, with impacts on soil fertility and structure. Wet Mediterranean regions are characterized by ecosystems with dense vegetation covers, which allow the fast spread of fire. The Portuguese mountain are, in general, characterized by poorly developed Humic Cambisols where the only nutrient pool is located at the L, F and where present, H organic layers, which are burned down by the forest fires. The recurrent forest fires are degrading an important part of Portuguese patrimony, the soils, which suffer important losses in sediments and nutrients after burn. It erodes the top soil layers, where is located the only nutrient pool of the majority of Portuguese soils. The loss of nutrients could affect soil fertility and have important implications for forest management. Objectives The aim of this poster is to present the main results relative to an old 2 years research in Lousã mountain (central Portugal) (Figure 1), about the erosion produced as a direct and/or indirect consequence of forest fires and its confrontation with other situations where the soils are protected both by forest and by undergrowth. Figure 1. Field study area (Serra da Lousã) Methodology The study is based upon thirteen plots (Figure 2) that include the situations supposed to be the most representative of the Lousã mountain and with different declivities: burned areas, lands prepared for reforestation through three different techniques (brush cutting, brush cutting and raking, harrowing), fire-breaks, forest stands and undergrowth [1]
3 RESEARCH AND POST FIRE MANAGEMENT: SOIL PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES FOR BURNT FOREST ECOSYSTEMS Figure 2. Plot scheme Sums up, in general features, to the periodical visits to the experimental areas where the values were registered, the material collected and processed in the laboratory and statistical processing. Results and conclusions Rainfall. Throughout the studied period in the second year of analysis the occurred precipitation (953.5 mm) reached 94.4% of the normal precipitation in Coimbra 2 ( mm, between ) and that quantitative got divided on a heterogeneous way into space and into time. Overland flow. In spite of the fact that the overland flow depends directly upon the occurred precipitation, it also depends upon a series of other factors, such as the slope's declivity, the constitutive material of the slope, density of that material, the proximity of the rocky substratum, the existence of ravines, the existence and type of vegetation, the infiltration, the kind of overland flow, the drainage speed, etc. Furthermore, the precipitation, recorded during a week or fortnight had, very often, different intensities thus originating, for the same precipitation quantities, different values of overland flow and of erosion material. Thus, it is easily understood that to identical precipitation values had corresponded overland flow's values as different as the ones we found. In this way, the largest water quantity of overland flow (l/m 2 ) was observed in the burned areas being followed by fire-breaks and soils made ready for reforestation, through the earth clearing techniques: brush cutting and subsequent raking
4 INVESTIGACIÓN Y GESTIÓN PARA LA PROTECCIÓN DEL SUELO Y RESTAURACIÓN DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS FORESTALES AFECTADOS POR INCENDIOS FORESTALES The plots that presented a lower surface flow were the ones set under shrub or tree cover. Temperatures at soil level. As might be expected, due to a greater insulation, in a general way, the temperatures were higher in the slopes exposed to South and the minimum temperatures were lower in the slopes exposed to North. The lowest temperatures, in certain conditions, might have helped the phenomenon s of rocks disintegration at soil level, such as the crioclasty, or help the phenomena of individual dislocation of the particles in the slope, such as the creeping namely through the pipkrakes formation. During the studied period, the minimum temperatures, though sometimes have reached negative values, situated themselves, in the coldest season, between zero and one positive. For this reason, the activity of the referred processes was minimum throughout the considered time. The slopes exposed to South helped mainly the processes connected to high temperatures, which, eventually during summer, can originate thermoclasty processes that help to prepare the material to be afterwards mobilized by the first rains. For that reason, the slopes with this exposure can present, in the beginning of the rainy season, a largest concentration of erosion material, than the slopes turned to North. In the same manner, they can present higher concentrations than the ones registered, with equal precipitation, at the end of the winter. Among these two cases, there are more complex situations, where the fundamental seems to have been the alternating temperatures. The daily thermal amplitudes, with the consequent materials contraction and distension, led to the breaking of the rocks, namely when the temperatures were lower than 0 C and when there was ice and thaw formation. The phenomena above mentioned have a particular importance in dry periods, mainly very cold or very hot. Eroded material. When the eroded material was analyzed, collected in the boxes and in suspension on the water of overland flow, in each plot of the different experimental areas, it was verified that, inside the same area, the differences were often significant, for similar conditions of rainfall and temperature. Such as the overland flow, also the eroded material depended directly on the rainfall, though each plot, representing a very well defined situation, has answered with different amounts of material. It was verified that the most serious situations, on erosion terms, were the ones of soil preparation for reforestation based upon the processes of brush cutting and of brush cutting associated with raking. It was also observed that the harrowing did not reveal itself dangerous, on erosive terms, and for this reason it should be more and more utilized. Equally serious, though having less fine loose material was the situation noted in the firebreaks, but, since the occupied area is more restricted, their consequences were lesser. The less serious situation have been registered in the plots that had a vegetal cover, which not only reduces the effect of "splash", but also helps to settle down the land through its radicular systems. The burned area presented a preoccupying situation, reaching identical values to the ones verified in the most fire-breaks, but with the aggravation of having suffered an accentuated increase relatively to the first year. Calculation of the erosion normal rates. When this present calculation was performed, it was expected to give an idea, the most approached that can be possible, of the annual average rates of erosion, which allows among other analysis, a more accurate comparison between the different plots. The normal precipitation ( ) referring to the period from September to June was, on average, 97.3% ( mm) of the annual totality ( mm). In the 2 year period it was 91.83%, not differing too much from the normal one. On the basis of these quantities we tried to calculated erosion rates in the different plots, for a
5 RESEARCH AND POST FIRE MANAGEMENT: SOIL PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES FOR BURNT FOREST ECOSYSTEMS year with normal precipitation, believing that there was a linear relation between precipitation and eroded material, what can contain some error due to the ignorance of the variables behavior to such high values because the erosiveness of the summer rains, generally intense, seems to be superior than the calculated annual average. The risk of erosion is considered serious, according to [2], when values are superior to 100 Ton / ha / year, moderate, when they are situated between 30 and 100 Ton / ha / year, light, when they varied between 11 and 30 Ton / ha / year and fairly good when they are inferior to 11 Ton / ha / year. According to the referred limits, it was verified that there are three situations requiring preservation measures. We dealt, as might be expected, with the plots set up in lands made ready for reforestation through the brush cutting clearing technique and the brush cutting associated with the raking. The same happened in the plot set up in fire-break in the East side, which, contrarily to the two previously referred, saw its erosion rate for a normal year increase, relatively to the first year [3], near 5.5 Ton/ha/year, what have revealed to be very preoccupying. Though not reaching the 30 Ton/ha/year, there were situations which, either by approaching this limit (fire-break in the South side), or by having suffered an important addition in a year's time (burnt West side Ton/ha/year and burnt East side Ton/ha/year), revealed themselves equally preoccupying. Insignificant were the values of the plots set up both on undergrowth and on forest. Conclusion. The forest fires and the consequent mechanical preparation of the lands for reforestation can cause serious consequences due to the acceleration of soils destruction. The existence of a generalized increase of the erosion values relatively to the first year was proved, as a consequence of the precipitation's increase, the same was not verified regarding the erosion rates for a normal year, when only three situations saw an aggravation of their values. The few situations where it was noted a diminishing of the values relatively to the first year, were due to the vegetation growth inside and outside some plots or to the progressive soil exhaustion, remaining over only the bare rock. References 1. Lourenço, L., Monteiro, R Quantificação da erosão produzida na serra da Lousã na sequência de incêndios florestais. Resultados preliminares. Grupo Mecânica de Fluidos, Coimbra, 45 p. 2. Díaz-Fierros, F. et al Efectos erosivos de los incendios forestales en suelos de Galicia. Anales de Edafología y Agrobiología, 41: Lourenço, L., Bento Gonçalves, A The study and measurement of surface flow and soil erosion on slopes affected by forest fires in the serra da Lousã. Proceedings, International Conference on Forest Fire Research, Coimbra p. C Lourenço, L., Bento Gonçalves, A., Monteiro, R Avaliação da erosão dos solos produzida na sequência de incêndios florestais. II Congresso Florestal Nacional, Porto, 1990, II vol, p Lourenço, L Fenómenos de erosión/acumulación como consecuencia de incêndios forestales. El Cuaternario en España y Portugal. Actas de la II Reunión del Cuaternario Ibérico, Madrid, 1993, vol. II, p Lourenço, L Manifestações do Risco Dendrocaustológico. Colectâneas Cindínicas IV, Colecção Estudos nº 50. Núcleo de Investigação Científica de Incêndios Florestais e Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 174 p
CARTOGRAPHY OF FOREST FIRES RECORDED IN CENTRAL PORTUGAL FROM 1983 TO 1989
Int.Conf. FOREST FIRE RESEARCH Coimbra (1990) - Proceedings CARTOGRAPHY OF FOREST FIRES RECORDED IN CENTRAL PORTUGAL FROM 1983 TO 1989 LUCIANO LOURENÇO & A. BENTO GONÇALVES lnstituto de Estudos Geográficos,
More informationUnit E: Basic Principles of Soil Science. Lesson 7: Understanding Soil Erosion and Management Practices
Unit E: Basic Principles of Soil Science Lesson 7: Understanding Soil Erosion and Management Practices 1 Important Terms Accelerated erosion Conservation tillage Cover crops Diversion ditches Geologic
More informationRepeated experimental fires and window of disturbance in relation to runoff in a Mediterranean shrubland
FLAMMA, 4 (2), 91-95, 213 ISSN 2171-665X CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3. License Repeated experimental fires and window of disturbance in relation to runoff in a Mediterranean shrubland E. Gimeno-García
More informationRecommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this lesson:
Unit E: Basic Principles of Soil Science Lesson 7: Understanding Soil Erosion and Management Practices Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following
More informationWhat causes wildfires?
What is fire? Fire is a chemical reaction between three elements: oxygen, heat and fuel. If any of the three elements disappear, the fire will disappear too. If conditions are right, a fire can start almost
More informationWater balance and observed flows in the Anllóns river basin (NW Spain).
Water balance and observed flows in the Anllóns river basin (NW Spain). M.ERMITAS 1 RIAL RIVAS, MANUEL ALÍ ÁLVAREZ ENJO 2 & FRANCISCO DÍAZ-FIERROS VIQUEIRA 3 Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola,
More informationBench terraces on loess soil China - 土坎梯田, 梯地
Bench terraces on loess soil China - 土坎梯田, 梯地 A Terrace is a structural SLM practice with a raised flat platform built on the slope to reduce soil loss and runoff on the slope, increase the rainfall infiltration
More informationGrassed Waterway Improvement and Gully Restoration
Revised April 2007 Agdex 573-5 Grassed Waterway Improvement and Gully Restoration Each year, tonnes of topsoil are eroded from localized areas on some Alberta farms. This loss is serious for several reasons:
More informationUnderstanding Soil Erosion and Management Practices
Lesson C6 8 Understanding Soil Erosion and Management Practices Unit C. Plant and Soil Science Problem Area 6. Basic Principles of Soil Science Lesson 8. Understanding Soil Erosion and Management Practices
More informationGreen cane trash blanket Australia - Trash blanket
Green cane trash blanket Australia - Trash blanket Elimination of burning as a pre-harvest treatment of sugar cane, and managing the resultant trash as a protective blanket to give multiple on and off-site
More informationMechanical Site Preparation
Mechanical Site Preparation 1 Mechanical Site Preparation Introduction...3 CONTENTS The Benefits of Guidelines...3 Considerations...5 Design Outcomes To Maintain Soil Productivity...6 Planning...7 Planning
More informationLower Mission Creek Watershed Status Survey 2002
Lower Mission Creek Watershed Status Survey 2002 Prepared For: Mosquito Creek Stewardship Society Prepared By: Fernando F. Junqueira, Ph.D. August 16, 2002 North Vancouver, August 16, 2002 ENVIRONMENTAL
More informationWater Budget IV: Soil Water Processes P = Q + ET + G + ΔS
Water Budget IV: Soil Water Processes P = Q + ET + G + ΔS Infiltration Infiltration capacity: The maximum rate at which water can enter soil. Infiltration capacity curve: A graph showing the time-variation
More informationProtection of Rangeland and Pastures from Wildfire
Protection of Rangeland and Pastures from Wildfire Grazing lands are subject to wildfire because of an abundance of fine fuel (grass), frequent dry conditions, and proximity to an ignition source -usually
More informationAbstract
The effect of afforestation as a restoration measure in a degraded area in a Mediterranean environment near Lorca (Spain) Anja M.W. de Wit & Leo C. Brouwer Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University,
More informationSherman Library Maintenance Handbook for Porous Asphalt
Sherman Library Maintenance Handbook for Porous Asphalt Porous asphalt systems are an effective means of stormwater management. Unlike traditional pavements, rainfall drains through the pavement surface
More informationGRAYBACK THINNING KV PROJECT ROAD REHABILITATION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL
Maureen Joplin, Hydrologist June 25, 2009 Background GRAYBACK THINNING KV PROJECT ROAD REHABILITATION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL Thinning and fuels reduction activities were completed in a managed stand located
More information27 March 2014, Lefkosia (Nicosia), Cyprus
Agriculture and forestry adaptation challenges of EU Eastern Partnership countries in the South Caucasus under the auspices of the Clima East project Mr Zsolt Lengyel, Team Leader & Key Expert 1. 27 March
More informationFire Management CONTENTS. The Benefits of Guidelines...3 Considerations...4
Fire Management CONTENTS Fire Management 1 Introduction...3 The Benefits of Guidelines...3 Considerations...4 Planning...5 Burn Plan Development...5 Operational Activities...8 Pre-Ignition Activities...8
More information5.2 PES in Ecuador: experiences and lessons
5.2 PES in Ecuador: experiences and lessons DORIS CORDERO Most forest owners, forest dwellers and rural communities do not get any revenue from the full range of goods and services provided by the forest.
More informationSoil degradation risks and prevention measures in planted forests. The case of eucalyptus plantations in Portugal
Soil degradation risks and prevention measures in planted forests. The case of eucalyptus plantations in Portugal Manuel Madeira 1 & Clara Araújo 2 1 Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de
More informationErosion, Erosion, Everywhere
Erosion, Erosion, Everywhere Main Objectives 1.Capable of describing the magnitude of accelerated soil erosion in the past and at the present. 2.Comprehend the mechanics and the factors influencing water
More informationOf vital importance..
Soil moisture Of vital importance.. Low and erratic rainfall form a significant cause of low crop production and crop failure in rainfed agriculture in the tropics However, crop and land management do
More information7-4 Soil. By Cyndee Crawford September 2014
7-4 Soil By Cyndee Crawford September 2014 Soil Table of Contents 28.Chemical Weathering Lab 29.What is a Watershed? / Watershed Demo 30.Groundwater Layers Book 31.Groundwater Notes 32.What is an aquifer?
More informationAssessment of Replacement Cost of Soil Erosion in Uva High Lands Tea Plantations of Sri Lanka
Current World Environment Vol. 6(2), 241-246 (2011) Assessment of Replacement Cost of Soil Erosion in Uva High Lands Tea Plantations of Sri Lanka PRASAD DHARMASENA and M.S. BHAT Department of Geography
More informationThe Social and Economic Importance of Canada s Privately Owned Forest Lands
The Social and Economic Importance of Canada s Privately Owned Forest Lands Key Points n Private forests make up 6% of Canada s 402 million ha of forested land and 13% of the managed forest. n Private
More informationNew techniques for stabilizing, amending and revegetating mine waste
New techniques for stabilizing, amending and revegetating mine waste Including soil regeneration, erosion resistance and revegetation treatments in mined land remediation designs Vic Claassen Soils and
More informationINDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABILITY AT SPANISH UNIVERSITIES ABSTRACT
INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABILITY AT SPANISH UNIVERSITIES DAVID ALBA 1, DORA BLANCO 2 ABSTRACT The paper describes the situation in terms of sustainability concern at Spanish universities. In particular we
More informationForest and climate change
Forest and climate change Seppo Kellomäki University of Eastern Finland School of Forest Sciences Joensuu Campus Finland 1 Contents Forests in the world Global climate change and impacts on forests Climate
More informationWake Acceleration Academy Earth & Environmental Science: Semester B Note Guide Unit 2: Earth s Changing Climate
1 Wake Acceleration Academy Earth & Environmental Science: Semester B Note Guide Unit 2: Earth s Changing Extra Resources Website: http://waa-science.weebly.com Module 1: The Mechanics of Change 1. What
More informationVery slight to negligible limitations no special land management practices required.
Land Capability Classes Land and Soil Capability Class 1 Class 1 Definition Very slight to negligible limitations no special land management practices required. On-site impact of land management practices
More informationSustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services
LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT, 18e G. TYLER MILLER SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN 10 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services Core Case Study: Costa Rica A Global Conservation Leader
More informationStudy Questions Exam 5
Study Questions Exam 5 1. List three best management practices intended to reduce the loss of nutrients from agroecosystems. No problem. 2. Explain how buffer strips work. Runoff enters at higher velocity,
More informationDESIRE WB 4&5 - Workshop report
DESIRE WB 3 DESIRE REPORT series DESIRE WB 4&5 - Workshop report WB4&5 Workshop 3 report - held in Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Portugal, September 20, 2011 Authors: António Dinis Ferreira, Celeste
More informationDevelopment of a simple and efficient method for field assessment of fire severity (ForFireS) Contract Number FISC.
Direction 152 rue de Cantaben Maurin BP 1001 34972 LATTES CEDEX France Tél. : +33 4 67 07 80 78 ; Fax : +33 4 67 07 80 91 E-mail : francois.bergeot@ifn.fr. Development of a simple and efficient method
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 7574-1 - Page 1 1) The diagram below shows the result of leaving an empty, dry clay flowerpot in a full container of water for a period of time. The water level in the container dropped to level
More informationClimate and Biodiversity
LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT, 18e G. TYLER MILLER SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN 7 Climate and Biodiversity Core Case Study: A Temperate Deciduous Forest Why do forests grow in some areas and not others? Climate Tropical
More informationEnergy and Thermal Comfort Management in a Kindergarten School Building in the South of Portugal in Winter Conditions
4th IASME/WSEAS International Conference on ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS and SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (EEESD'8) Algarve, Portugal, June 11-13, 8 Energy and Thermal Comfort Management in a Kindergarten
More informationForest fires in the Mediterranean:
Background information Forest fires in the Mediterranean: The Mediterranean has been identified by WWF and IUCN as one of the most important regions in the world for its outstanding biodiversity features.
More informationHow climate effects who lives where. The World s Terrestrial Biomes
How climate effects who lives where. The World s Terrestrial Biomes Widely separated regions share similarities Biome = major regional complex of similar communities recognized by Plant type Vegetation
More informationRole of Kenyan Women s Groups in Community Based Soil and Water Conservation: A Case Study
This paper was peer-reviewed for scientific content. Pages 229-233. In: D.E. Stott, R.H. Mohtar and G.C. Steinhardt (eds). 2001. Sustaining the Global Farm. Selected papers from the 10th International
More informationObjective 1: Manage the demonstration site using common agricultural practices and monitor runoff quantity and quality.
Appendix B Objectives/Tasks Accomplishments By T. Trooien and J. Kjaersgaard, South Dakota State University. Objective 1: Manage the demonstration site using common agricultural practices and monitor runoff
More informationStayin Alive!: Examining the Winter Adaptation of Chlorophyll in the Bark of Quaking Aspen Trees. Kelly Knapp. University of Idaho
CHLOROPHYLL IN THE BARK OF ASPEN TREES 1 Running head: CHLOROPHYLL IN THE BARK OF ASPEN TREES Stayin Alive!: Examining the Winter Adaptation of Chlorophyll in the Bark of Quaking Aspen Trees Kelly Knapp
More informationSoil Organic Matter. Soil degradation has become a major concern in. What is organic matter? Organic matter in virgin and cultivated soils
Agdex 6- Soil degradation has become a major concern in Canada. Erosion, salinization, acidification and loss of organic matter are the main forms of soil deterioration. This factsheet deals with the role
More informationNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATOR S GUIDE
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATOR S GUIDE NEXT GENERATION SCIENCE ALIGNMENTS 1145 17th ST NW Washington, DC Visit us at www.ngchildrensbooks.org Follow us on NGKidsBks E TREME WEATHER Instructional Note The
More informationIn Spain, the potato occupies third place in annual consumption per head, after fresh vegetables and milk (Manual de Estadística Agraria 1986).
Scientific registration nº :1491 Symposium nº :12 Presentacion : poster Soil evaluation in the cultivation of the potato in Granada, Spain Evaluation de l'aptitude des sols pour la culture de pomme de
More informationAcid deposition accumulation of potential acid-forming particles on a surface acids can result from natural causes
1 Air Quality Issues: Part 2 - Acid Deposition, Greenhouse Gases EVPP 111 Lecture Dr. Largen 2 Air Quality Issues Air Pollution Indoor Air Pollution Acid Deposition Greenhouse Gases & Global Warming 3
More informationAgronomy Guide. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service SOILS (TILLAGE) AY-285. Vegetated Filter Strips for Improved Water Quality
Agronomy Guide Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service SOILS (TILLAGE) AY-285 Vegetated Filter Strips for Improved Water Quality Kenneth J. Eck, Purdue T by 2000 Education Specialist Filter strips
More informationNo-tillage as technology to prevent desertification
No-tillage as technology to prevent desertification Dr. Rachid MRABET INRA Morocco Agenda Desertification: extent, cause and consequence No-tillage: extent and importance No-tillage and erosion No-tillage
More informationEcosystems: Nutrient Cycles
Ecosystems: Nutrient Cycles Greeks, Native Peoples, Buddhism, Hinduism use(d) Earth, Air, Fire, and Water as the main elements of their faith/culture Cycling in Ecosystems the Hydrologic Cycle What are
More information7.014 Lecture 20: Biogeochemical Cycles April 1, 2007
Global Nutrient Cycling - Biogeochemical Cycles 7.14 Lecture 2: Biogeochemical Cycles April 1, 27 Uptake Bioelements in Solution Weathering Precipitation Terrestrial Biomass Decomposition Volatile Elements
More informationScience 14: Chapter # 14 Ecosystems and Biomes. Baier's Science 14 1
Science 14: Chapter # 14 Ecosystems and Biomes Baier's Science 14 1 14.1 - Ecosystems An ecosystem is made up of both the living and non-living components of an environment All of the living components
More informationBIOMES. Living World
BIOMES Living World Biomes Biomes are large regions of the world with distinctive climate, wildlife and vegetation. They are divided by terrestrial (land) or aquatic biomes. Terrestrial Biomes Terrestrial
More informationCarbonic Imbalance in the atmosphere main cause of the Global Warming and Climate Change
*K.Iskandarova, **M.Karabayev *National Center for Biotechnology, Kazakhstan **International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center CIMMYT, KazAgroInnovation JSC of the Ministry of Agriculture of Kazakhstan
More informationBush Encroachment and Control
1 Module # 2 Component # 4 Bush Encroachment and Control Objectives To understand the threat that bush encroachment represents and to be able to recommend and implement effective control measures Expected
More informationRiparian landscapes downstream dams: effects of historical land-use change and altered flows
Riparian landscapes downstream dams: effects of historical land-use change and altered flows Maria Rosário Fernandes Maria João Martins, Pedro Silva, Francisca C. Aguiar Centro de Estudos Florestais, Universidade
More informationWHY DO WE NEED NITROGEN?? Nitrogen is needed to make up DNA and protein!
Nitrogen Cycle 2.2 WHY DO WE NEED NITROGEN?? Nitrogen is needed to make up DNA and protein! In animals, proteins are vital for muscle function. In plants, nitrogen is important for growth. NITROGEN Nitrogen
More informationChapter 6 Section 1: Interconnected Planet. Key Vocabulary Terms 1
Chapter 6 Section 1: Interconnected Planet Key Vocabulary Terms 1 Adapted from Holt Biology 2008 Nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago; oil coal and natural
More informationUNIT HYDROGRAPH AND EFFECTIVE RAINFALL S INFLUENCE OVER THE STORM RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH
UNIT HYDROGRAPH AND EFFECTIVE RAINFALL S INFLUENCE OVER THE STORM RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH INTRODUCTION Water is a common chemical substance essential for the existence of life and exhibits many notable and unique
More informationFire & Characteristics of Wildfire
Fire & Characteristics of Wildfire Curriculum Links: Grade 7 Physical Science--Heat and Temperature (HT) Objectives In this lesson students will develop an operational definition of wildfires. They will
More informationEnergy, Greenhouse Gases and the Carbon Cycle
Energy, Greenhouse Gases and the Carbon Cycle David Allen Gertz Regents Professor in Chemical Engineering, and Director, Center for Energy and Environmental Resources Concepts for today Greenhouse Effect
More informationTHE CONCEPT OF ORGANIC FARMING:
INTRODUCTION : Agriculture is one of the oldest and most fundamental primary occupation of all human beings since stone age. It is a foundation of all social Cultural and Economical condition of mankind.
More informationStudy of the North-facing Slope. of the Grand Valley State University Ravines. B.M. Hussey. K.J. Sylvester
Study of the North-facing Slope of the Grand Valley State University Ravines B.M. Hussey K.J. Sylvester Bio 215 Dr. Shontz I. INTRODUCTION The beech-maple climax forest, found in North America, grows only
More informationRainy Days Newsletter
SCS Engineers - Your Protection from the Stormwater Permitting Storm Rainy Days Newsletter Welcome to the Rainy Days - SCS Engineers newsletter on everything Stormwater! We have shared some information
More informationMODELING SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS YIELDS USING THE HSPF MODEL IN THE DEEP HOLLOW WATERSHED, MISSISSIPPI
MODELING SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS YIELDS USING THE HSPF MODEL IN THE DEEP HOLLOW WATERSHED, MISSISSIPPI Jairo Diaz-Ramirez, James Martin, William McAnally, and Richard A. Rebich Outline Background Objectives
More informationThe Geography of Russia
The Geography of Russia Russia is HUMONGOUS! It is the largest country in the world. It is more than twice the size of the United States. It contains a sixth of the earth s land. Russia has three major
More informationOrleans Southwest and Lamoille North Science Curriculum (Grade Cluster 3-5)
Orleans Southwest and Lamoille North Science Curriculum (Grade Cluster 3-5) Big Idea: Life Science 1. Structure and Functions 2. Changes in Living Systems 3. Ecosystems and Energy Big Idea: Scientific
More informationSoil Degradation. Lesson Plan NRES B2-9
Soil Degradation Lesson Plan NRES B2-9 Objectives 1. What is soil degradation? 2. How can construction result in soil degradation? 3. What are the sources of contamination, and how do they result in soil
More informationHow Ecosystems Work Section 1. Chapter 5 How Ecosystems Work Section 1: Energy Flow in Ecosystems DAY 1
Chapter 5 How Ecosystems Work Section 1: Energy Flow in Ecosystems DAY 1 Life Depends on the Sun Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem when plants use sunlight to make sugar molecules. This happens through
More informationHow Ecosystems Work Section 1. Chapter 5 How Ecosystems Work Section 1: Energy Flow in Ecosystems DAY 1
Chapter 5 How Ecosystems Work Section 1: Energy Flow in Ecosystems DAY 1 Life Depends on the Sun Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem when plants use sunlight to make sugar molecules. This happens through
More informationErosion and Sediment Control Plan for a Timber Harvesting Operation
3930-FM-WM0155 Rev. 7/2004 Erosion and Sediment Control Plan for a Timber Harvesting Operation 1. GENERAL INFORMATION A. Location Municipality B. Timber sale area = acres Date County C. Landowner Name
More informationSection 4 The Air We Breathe
Section 4 The Air We Breathe Key Concept Air is an important natural resource that is affected by human activities. What You Will Learn Air pollution is caused by human activities, such as burning fossil
More informationDefining and Evaluating Ecosystem Recovery. Jeanne Chambers USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Reno
Defining and Evaluating Ecosystem Recovery Jeanne Chambers USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Reno Components of Ecosystem Recovery Eliminate invasive or reduce abundance to acceptable
More informationName: Class: Date: 6. Most air pollution is produced by a. thermal inversions. c. ozone layer depletion. b. fuel burning. d. volcanic eruptions.
Name: Class: Date: Air Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is often used to remove poisonous gases from industrial
More informationAgriculture A GRICULTURE
Agriculture Throughout Europe, the intensification and specialisation of agricultural production have resulted in considerable environmental pressures. Among the most important consequences are soil erosion,
More informationWATERSHED. Maitland Valley. Report Card 201
Maitland Valley WATERSHED Report Card 201 The Maitland Valley Conservation Authority has prepared this report card as a summary on the state of our forests, wetlands, surface water, and ground water resources.
More informationLUCAS edition THE EU S LAND USE AND LAND COVER SURVEY COMPACT GUIDES. Administrative boundaries: EuroGeographics UN-FAO Turkstat
THE EU S LAND USE AND LAND COVER SURVEY 2017 edition Administrative boundaries: EuroGeographics UN-FAO Turkstat COMPACT GUIDES Survey land use and land cover across the European Union: Monitoring socio-environmental
More informationChapter 5: How Ecosystems Work Section 1, Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Life Depends on the Sun Chapter 5: How Ecosystems Work Section 1, Energy Flow in Ecosystems Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem when plants use sunlight to make sugar molecules. This happens through
More informationLIMITATION FACTORS OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN CACICA VILLAGE, SUCEAVA
LIMITATION FACTORS OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN CACICA VILLAGE, SUCEAVA Elena-Viorica ROTARU 1, * Ioan GONTARIU 2 1,2 Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University, Street. Universitatii
More informationClass IX Chapter 14 Natural Resources Science
Question 1: How is our atmosphere different from the atmospheres on Venus and Mars? Earth s atmosphere is different from those of Venus and Mars. This difference lies essentially in their compositions.
More informationChallenges of Maintaining the Terraces in the Highlands
YEMEN Challenges of Maintaining the Terraces in the Highlands Current Status of Water Resources Extremely Scarce Average annual water consumption YEMEN:125 m 3 /person/year MENA Average: 1,250 m 3 /person/year
More informationBrush layering construction
Brush layering construction Brush layering consists of embedding live branches on successive horizontal rows along contours on the face of a slope. Rooted plants can also be placed among the live branches.
More information3. Forests and water quality
Forests and water quality 13 3. Forests and water quality Forests most significant contribution to water for all living things is in maintaining high water quality. They achieve this through minimizing
More informationclarity terc.ucdavis.edu 11
clarity 11 Annual average Secchi depth Yearly since 1968 The Secchi depth is the depth at which a 10-inch white disk, called a Secchi disk, remains visible when lowered into the water. In 2015, the annual
More informationWildlife Management Concepts
The Maryland Envirothon Wildlife Management Concepts Before an individual can evaluate wildlife habitat and make management recommendations, some basic concepts about habitat and its relation to different
More informationConservation Practices. Conservation Choices. These five icons will show the benefits each practice offers... 6/4/2014
Conservation Choices Your guide to conservation and environmental farming practices. Conservation Choices These five icons will show the benefits each practice offers... The practice reduces soil erosion
More informationEVALUATION OF Centrosema rotundifolium FOR SAND-SOIL SAVANNAS IN EASTERN VENEZUELA. Stuttgart, Germany. Abstract
ID # 14-08 EVALUATION OF Centrosema rotundifolium FOR SAND-SOIL SAVANNAS IN EASTERN VENEZUELA I. Rodríguez 1, R. Schultze-Kraft 2 and S. González 1 1 Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (FONAIAP),
More informationEcology Part 2: How Ecosystems Work
Ecology Part 2: How Ecosystems Work Name: Unit 2 1 In this second part of Unit 2, our big idea questions are: SECTION 1 How is energy transferred from the Sun to producers and then to consumers? Why do
More informationRe-plumbing Roadside Ditch Networks
Re-plumbing Roadside Ditch Networks Ditches Improving management to reduce flooding, water pollution, and in-stream erosion and habitat degradation Rebecca Schneider Dept. Natural Resources Cornell University,
More informationFactors affecting evaporation 3/16/2010. GG22A: GEOSPHERE & HYDROSPHERE Hydrology. Several factors affect the rate of evaporation from surfaces:
GG22A: GEOSPHERE & HYDROSPHERE Hydrology Some definitions Evaporation conversion of a liquid to a vapour Transpiration that part of evaporation which enters the atmosphere through plants Total Evaporation
More informationVulnerability of hydrological ecosystem services to climatic extremes in a Mediterranean river basin
Vulnerability of hydrological ecosystem services to climatic extremes in a Mediterranean river basin Marta Terrado, Vicenç Acuña, Driss Ennaanay, Heather Tallis, Sergi Sabater CLIMATIC EXTREMES AND HYDROLOGICAL
More informationABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tmpikn Vol. V. No. 1 : 31-46 (1999) ArtiU (Article) FOREST FIRE THREATEN INDONESIA FOREST PLANTATION: A Case Study in Acacia mangium Plantation ABSTRACT Fire in Indonesia in 1994fiom
More informationFuture vulnerability assessment of forest fire sector to climate change impacts in Cyprus
Future vulnerability assessment of forest fire sector to climate change impacts in Cyprus G. Lemesios, A. Karali, C. Papadaskalopoulou, S. Pitsari, D. Malamis, K. Ioannou, M. Zachariou-Dodou, C. Giannakopoulos,
More informationThe Iberian Electricity Market - Impacts on power producer profits, consumer surplus and social welfare in the wholesale market
ENERGEX 10 th International Energy Forum 2004 Energy & Society: 3 6 May 2004, Lisbon, Portugal The Iberian Electricity Market - Impacts on power producer profits, consumer surplus and social welfare in
More informationSustainable management of human water consumption: a preliminary case study in North-eastern Portugal
Sustainable Development and Planning II, Vol. 1 661 Sustainable management of human water consumption: a preliminary case study in North-eastern Portugal N. Haie 1, J. E. R. Queirós 2 & L. F. Fernandes
More information15.1 Life in the Earth System. KEY CONCEPT The biosphere is one of Earth s four interconnected systems.
15.1 Life in the Earth System KEY CONCEPT The biosphere is one of Earth s four interconnected systems. 15.1 Life in the Earth System The biosphere is the portion of Earth that is inhabited by life. The
More informationLOSS AND RUNOFF. Background. 2 Soil Loss and Runoff
2 SOIL LOSS AND RUNOFF Background One of the underlying assumptions behind the PARDYP research was that soil erosion is a major problem, leading to environmental degradation, lower yield, and ultimately
More information20 Global Climate Change
20 Global Climate Change Overview of Chapter 20 Introduction to Climate Change Causes of Global Climate Change Effects of Climate Change Melting Ice and Rising Sea Level Changes in Precipitation Patterns
More information