Restoring and Managing Prairies for Ecological Resilience. Chris Helzer Pla e River Prairies, Nebraska USA Prairieecologist.com
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1 Restoring and Managing Prairies for Ecological Resilience Chris Helzer Pla e River Prairies, Nebraska USA Prairieecologist.com
2 Central Pla e River, Nebraska
3 Pla e River Prairies - Nebraska (63-70 cm) annual rainfall Lowland tallgrass and upland mixed- grass prairie Sandy loam soils, some mes subirrigated. Mostly degraded remnant prairies.
4 Objec ves Restora on Objec ve: Enlarge and connect prairies along the Central Pla e River Increase species diversity and popula on viability Increase grassland func on and resilience Remnant Restora on Remnant Remnant
5 Objec ves Restora on Objec ve: Enlarge and connect prairies along the Central Pla e River Increase species diversity and popula on viability Increase grassland func on and resilience Remnant Restora on Remnant Remnant Management Objec ve: Maintain ecological resilience and biological diversity of grasslands
6 Objec ves Restora on Objec ve: Enlarge and connect prairies along the Central Pla e River Increase species diversity and popula on viability Increase grassland func on and resilience Remnant Restora on Remnant Remnant Management Objec ve: Maintain ecological resilience and biological diversity of grasslands Outreach Objec ve: Use TNC sites as experiment/demonstra on sites Test, develop, and export rest/mgt strategies. Research on biological diversity/resilience.
7 Prairie Restora on Methods Pla e River Prairies Seed Harvest Primarily hand harvesting or more species
8 Prairie Restora on Methods Pla e River Prairies Seed Cleaning/Storage Knock seeds apart Keep seeds dry
9 Prairie Restora on Methods Pla e River Prairies Site Prep/Plan ng Plant into soybean residue Disk ridges flat in corn fields Create wetlands if appropriate Broadcast seed light rates
10 1 Year Later
11 5 Years Later Upland Prairie Lowland Prairie
12 Wetlands
13
14 Plant Species Richness Established plan ngs have between plant species
15 Dahms/Derr Tract Wood River, NE - 5 Miles North $ acres of restoration - 4 linear miles of wetlands plant species found in seedings to date
16 Re-connecting the grassland landscape
17 What are we trying to accomplish with prairie restora on?
18 Goal = Educa on Historic Building Restora on Aim is to recreate a structure to help people understand and appreciate history
19 Goal = Educa on Historic Building Restora on Aim is to recreate a structure to help people understand and appreciate history - Replicate the look of the original structure as closely as possible - Allow people to experience what history was like so they will understand it. Ford s Theater Washington D.C. Capitolescapes.com
20 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons
21 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species
22 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species - Facilitate migra on/travel
23 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species - Facilitate migra on/travel - Provide essen al services (pollina on, seed dispersal, etc.)
24 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species - Facilitate migra on/travel - Provide essen al services (pollina on, seed dispersal, etc.) - Predator/prey rela onships, etc
25 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species - Facilitate migra on/travel - Provide essen al services (pollina on, seed dispersal, etc.) - Predator/prey rela onships, etc - Soil produc vity, microbial communi es
26 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species - Facilitate migra on/travel - Provide essen al services (pollina on, seed dispersal, etc.) - Predator/prey rela onships, etc - Soil produc vity, microbial communi es - Ecological resilience (climate, pathogens, invasives)
27 Habitat Loss/Fragmenta on
28 Habitat Loss/Fragmenta on
29 Restored Landscape
30 Restored Landscape Expansion of Remnants
31 Restored Landscape Reduc on of Edge Exposure
32 Restored Landscape Reconnec on of Remnants
33 Restored Landscape Reconnec on of Remnants
34 Restored Landscape Increase of Overall Grassland in Landscape
35 Fragmented Landscape
36 Restored Landscape
37 Remove barriers to connec vity Restored Landscape
38 Restored Landscape Resist invaders that can spread
39 Restored Landscape Resist invaders that can spread
40 Restored Prairies Success Depends Upon Objec ves
41 Restored Prairies Success Depends Upon Objec ves Recreate Historic Prairie? Failure
42 Restored Prairies Success Depends Upon Objec ves Recreate Historic Prairie? Failure Replicate Reference Site? Failure
43 Restored Prairies Success Depends Upon Objec ves Recreate Historic Prairie? Failure Replicate Reference Site? Failure Enlarge/Connect Remnants? Success?
44 Success? At a minimum, our plan ngs have to: - maintain plant diversity over me. - be suitable habitat for prairie species in remnants
45 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) 12 Dahms '95 Restoration Mean Floristic Quality 10 Mean FQI
46 10 Dahms 2000 Restoration Mean FQI 8 6 Mean FQI Derr West Restoration Mean Floristic Quality Mean Floristic Quality Derr Pivot Restoration Mean Floristic Quality
47 70 60 % Occurrence Helianthus pauciflorus Helianthus maximillianii Desmanthus illioensis Dalea purpurea Dalea candida % Occurrence Andropogon gerardii Elymus canadensis Sorghastrum nutans Schizachyrium scoparium Spartina pectinata Panicum virgatum % Occurrence Solidago rigida Solidago canadensis Aster ericoides Ambrosia psilostachya Verbena stricta % Occurrence Conyza canadensis Bromus japonicus Medicago lupulina Helianthus annuus Descurainia pinnata
48 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) - Presence/persistence of similar faunal communi es in restored prairies as compared to adjacent remnants
49 30 ant species found Only 1 found exclusively in remnant prairie
50 72 bee species found in 2012 /13 Found in Both Remnants and Restorations = 42 Found only in Remnants = 13 Found only in Restorations = 17
51 2013 Small Mammals Pilot Study Data 5 species trapped in in both restored and remnant 1 in restored only
52 Regal Fritillary Butterflies
53 Regal Fritillary Butterflies Emergence/Mating Remnant (Unplowed) Prairie Restored Prairie
54 Regal Fritillary Butterflies Summer/Feeding Remnant (Unplowed) Prairie Restored Prairie
55 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) - Presence/persistence of similar faunal communi es in restored prairies as compared to adjacent remnants Obstacles to Measuring Success
56 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) - Presence/persistence of similar faunal communi es in restored prairies as compared to adjacent remnants Obstacles to Measuring Success - We don t know what prairie size supports viability for various taxonomic groups
57 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) - Presence/persistence of similar faunal communi es in restored prairies as compared to adjacent remnants Obstacles to Measuring Success - We don t know what prairie size supports viability for various taxonomic groups - What cons tutes connec vity?
58 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) - Presence/persistence of similar faunal communi es in restored prairies as compared to adjacent remnants Obstacles to Measuring Success - We don t know what prairie size supports viability for various taxonomic groups - What cons tutes connec vity? - What are the essen al ecosystem services/ecological processes we should be measuring?
59 What ARE the essen al processes in a prairie? - Pollina on - Seed and animal dispersal - Predator/prey ra os - Soil microbial diversity/ac vity - Others?
60 Managing Prairies for Wildlife, Biological Diversity, and Ecological Resilience
61 The Importance of Biodiversity and Resilience
62 Engineering Resilience = Measure of Return Time to Equilibrium Prairie
63 Engineering Resilience = Measure of Return Time to Equilibrium Fire, Grazing, Drought, etc.
64 Engineering Resilience = Measure of Return Time to Equilibrium Prairie
65 Ecological Resilience = Ability to Remain Within a Stable State Prairie Range of Stability Domain
66 Disturbances move the prairie around in the bowl Fire, grazing, drought, rest
67 As long as it stays in the bowl
68 As long as it stays in the bowl It maintains its integrity (it s still a prairie)
69 But if it leaves the bowl
70 it becomes something different
71 and it s VERY difficult to get it back to the original bowl??
72 Stable State Thresholds
73 Stable State Thresholds
74 Stable State Thresholds
75 How Do We Build/Maintain Ecological Resilience in Prairies? 1. Species Diversity
76 How Do We Build/Maintain Ecological Resilience in Prairies? 2. Prairie Size/Connectivity
77 How Do We Build/Maintain Ecological Resilience in Prairies? 1. Species Diversity
78 Plant Diversity insect diversity Plant diversity diversity consistent/high productivity wildlife abundance/
79 Plant Diversity Consistent and diverse resources
80 Plant Diversity Drought resistance
81 Plant Diversity Drought resistance
82 Plant Diversity Invasive species resistance
83 Keys To Managing for Ecological Resilience 1. Create a shi ing mosaic of habitat patches. 2. Allow every plant species to go to seed periodically.
84 Shi ing mosaic of habitat patches
85 Shi ing mosaic of habitat patches - Provide patches of varying habitat structure. - Shi the loca on of those patch types every year - avoid simple repe ve pa erns.
86 Habitat Conditions Vegetation Structure Examples of Habitat Structure: - Tall dense vegeta on
87 Habitat Conditions Vegetation Structure Examples of Habitat Structure: - Tall dense vegeta on - Uniformly short vegeta on
88 Habitat Conditions Vegetation Structure Examples of Habitat Structure: - Tall dense vegeta on - Uniformly short vegeta on - Medium height, medium density vegeta on
89 Habitat Conditions Vegetation Structure Examples of Habitat Structure: - Tall dense vegeta on - Uniformly short vegeta on - Medium height, medium density vegeta on - Short grass, tall forbs
90 Habitat Conditions Vegetation Structure Examples of Habitat Structure: - Tall dense vegeta on - Uniformly short vegeta on - Medium height, medium density vegeta on - Short grass, tall forbs - Patchy height/density
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96 Look Across the Fence
97 Keys To Managing for Ecological Resilience 1. Create a shi ing mosaic of habitat patches. 2. Allow every plant species to go to seed periodically.
98 Allow All Plants to Bloom - Disturbance (fire, grazing, drought, etc.) needed for some plant species.
99 Allow All Plants to Bloom - Disturbance (fire, grazing, drought, etc.) needed for some plant species. - Complete rest (no grazing/haying) needed for others.
100 Allow All Plants to Bloom - Disturbance (fire, grazing, drought, etc.) needed for some plant species. - Complete rest (no grazing/haying) needed for others. - Alter timing and/of stocking rate of grazing, haying, burning between years.
101 Plant Diversity Growing Conditions Plants need to reproduce periodically. Indicator of success: seed head.
102 Plant Diversity Growing Conditions Plants need to reproduce periodically. Indicator of success: seed head.
103 Keys To Managing for Ecological Resilience 1. Create a shi ing mosaic of habitat patches. 2. Allow every plant species to go to seed periodically.
104 Prescribed Fire Grazing Invasive Species Control Prairie Management - Pla e River Prairies
105 Patch-Burn Grazing Last year s burn This year s burn Unburned
106 Patch-Burn Grazing Last year s burn This year s burn Unburned
107 Patch-Burn Grazing Unburned Last year s burn This year s burn
108 Adaptation Last year s burn Temporary Exclosure This year s burn Unburned
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115 Restora on: Objec ves and measures of success based on restoring func on
116 Restora on: Objec ves and measures of success based on restoring func on Management: Ecological resilience requires - Shi ing mosaic of habitats - Sustained plant diversity (indicated by periodic blooming of all species)
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