Restoring and Managing Prairies for Ecological Resilience. Chris Helzer Pla e River Prairies, Nebraska USA Prairieecologist.com

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1 Restoring and Managing Prairies for Ecological Resilience Chris Helzer Pla e River Prairies, Nebraska USA Prairieecologist.com

2 Central Pla e River, Nebraska

3 Pla e River Prairies - Nebraska (63-70 cm) annual rainfall Lowland tallgrass and upland mixed- grass prairie Sandy loam soils, some mes subirrigated. Mostly degraded remnant prairies.

4 Objec ves Restora on Objec ve: Enlarge and connect prairies along the Central Pla e River Increase species diversity and popula on viability Increase grassland func on and resilience Remnant Restora on Remnant Remnant

5 Objec ves Restora on Objec ve: Enlarge and connect prairies along the Central Pla e River Increase species diversity and popula on viability Increase grassland func on and resilience Remnant Restora on Remnant Remnant Management Objec ve: Maintain ecological resilience and biological diversity of grasslands

6 Objec ves Restora on Objec ve: Enlarge and connect prairies along the Central Pla e River Increase species diversity and popula on viability Increase grassland func on and resilience Remnant Restora on Remnant Remnant Management Objec ve: Maintain ecological resilience and biological diversity of grasslands Outreach Objec ve: Use TNC sites as experiment/demonstra on sites Test, develop, and export rest/mgt strategies. Research on biological diversity/resilience.

7 Prairie Restora on Methods Pla e River Prairies Seed Harvest Primarily hand harvesting or more species

8 Prairie Restora on Methods Pla e River Prairies Seed Cleaning/Storage Knock seeds apart Keep seeds dry

9 Prairie Restora on Methods Pla e River Prairies Site Prep/Plan ng Plant into soybean residue Disk ridges flat in corn fields Create wetlands if appropriate Broadcast seed light rates

10 1 Year Later

11 5 Years Later Upland Prairie Lowland Prairie

12 Wetlands

13

14 Plant Species Richness Established plan ngs have between plant species

15 Dahms/Derr Tract Wood River, NE - 5 Miles North $ acres of restoration - 4 linear miles of wetlands plant species found in seedings to date

16 Re-connecting the grassland landscape

17 What are we trying to accomplish with prairie restora on?

18 Goal = Educa on Historic Building Restora on Aim is to recreate a structure to help people understand and appreciate history

19 Goal = Educa on Historic Building Restora on Aim is to recreate a structure to help people understand and appreciate history - Replicate the look of the original structure as closely as possible - Allow people to experience what history was like so they will understand it. Ford s Theater Washington D.C. Capitolescapes.com

20 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons

21 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species

22 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species - Facilitate migra on/travel

23 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species - Facilitate migra on/travel - Provide essen al services (pollina on, seed dispersal, etc.)

24 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species - Facilitate migra on/travel - Provide essen al services (pollina on, seed dispersal, etc.) - Predator/prey rela onships, etc

25 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species - Facilitate migra on/travel - Provide essen al services (pollina on, seed dispersal, etc.) - Predator/prey rela onships, etc - Soil produc vity, microbial communi es

26 City Restora on Following a Disaster Goal Restore the essen al city structures and func ons - Provide habitat for all species - Facilitate migra on/travel - Provide essen al services (pollina on, seed dispersal, etc.) - Predator/prey rela onships, etc - Soil produc vity, microbial communi es - Ecological resilience (climate, pathogens, invasives)

27 Habitat Loss/Fragmenta on

28 Habitat Loss/Fragmenta on

29 Restored Landscape

30 Restored Landscape Expansion of Remnants

31 Restored Landscape Reduc on of Edge Exposure

32 Restored Landscape Reconnec on of Remnants

33 Restored Landscape Reconnec on of Remnants

34 Restored Landscape Increase of Overall Grassland in Landscape

35 Fragmented Landscape

36 Restored Landscape

37 Remove barriers to connec vity Restored Landscape

38 Restored Landscape Resist invaders that can spread

39 Restored Landscape Resist invaders that can spread

40 Restored Prairies Success Depends Upon Objec ves

41 Restored Prairies Success Depends Upon Objec ves Recreate Historic Prairie? Failure

42 Restored Prairies Success Depends Upon Objec ves Recreate Historic Prairie? Failure Replicate Reference Site? Failure

43 Restored Prairies Success Depends Upon Objec ves Recreate Historic Prairie? Failure Replicate Reference Site? Failure Enlarge/Connect Remnants? Success?

44 Success? At a minimum, our plan ngs have to: - maintain plant diversity over me. - be suitable habitat for prairie species in remnants

45 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) 12 Dahms '95 Restoration Mean Floristic Quality 10 Mean FQI

46 10 Dahms 2000 Restoration Mean FQI 8 6 Mean FQI Derr West Restoration Mean Floristic Quality Mean Floristic Quality Derr Pivot Restoration Mean Floristic Quality

47 70 60 % Occurrence Helianthus pauciflorus Helianthus maximillianii Desmanthus illioensis Dalea purpurea Dalea candida % Occurrence Andropogon gerardii Elymus canadensis Sorghastrum nutans Schizachyrium scoparium Spartina pectinata Panicum virgatum % Occurrence Solidago rigida Solidago canadensis Aster ericoides Ambrosia psilostachya Verbena stricta % Occurrence Conyza canadensis Bromus japonicus Medicago lupulina Helianthus annuus Descurainia pinnata

48 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) - Presence/persistence of similar faunal communi es in restored prairies as compared to adjacent remnants

49 30 ant species found Only 1 found exclusively in remnant prairie

50 72 bee species found in 2012 /13 Found in Both Remnants and Restorations = 42 Found only in Remnants = 13 Found only in Restorations = 17

51 2013 Small Mammals Pilot Study Data 5 species trapped in in both restored and remnant 1 in restored only

52 Regal Fritillary Butterflies

53 Regal Fritillary Butterflies Emergence/Mating Remnant (Unplowed) Prairie Restored Prairie

54 Regal Fritillary Butterflies Summer/Feeding Remnant (Unplowed) Prairie Restored Prairie

55 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) - Presence/persistence of similar faunal communi es in restored prairies as compared to adjacent remnants Obstacles to Measuring Success

56 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) - Presence/persistence of similar faunal communi es in restored prairies as compared to adjacent remnants Obstacles to Measuring Success - We don t know what prairie size supports viability for various taxonomic groups

57 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) - Presence/persistence of similar faunal communi es in restored prairies as compared to adjacent remnants Obstacles to Measuring Success - We don t know what prairie size supports viability for various taxonomic groups - What cons tutes connec vity?

58 Success? Ini al Measures - Persistence of diverse plant communi es and priority plant species through me. (Resilience) - Presence/persistence of similar faunal communi es in restored prairies as compared to adjacent remnants Obstacles to Measuring Success - We don t know what prairie size supports viability for various taxonomic groups - What cons tutes connec vity? - What are the essen al ecosystem services/ecological processes we should be measuring?

59 What ARE the essen al processes in a prairie? - Pollina on - Seed and animal dispersal - Predator/prey ra os - Soil microbial diversity/ac vity - Others?

60 Managing Prairies for Wildlife, Biological Diversity, and Ecological Resilience

61 The Importance of Biodiversity and Resilience

62 Engineering Resilience = Measure of Return Time to Equilibrium Prairie

63 Engineering Resilience = Measure of Return Time to Equilibrium Fire, Grazing, Drought, etc.

64 Engineering Resilience = Measure of Return Time to Equilibrium Prairie

65 Ecological Resilience = Ability to Remain Within a Stable State Prairie Range of Stability Domain

66 Disturbances move the prairie around in the bowl Fire, grazing, drought, rest

67 As long as it stays in the bowl

68 As long as it stays in the bowl It maintains its integrity (it s still a prairie)

69 But if it leaves the bowl

70 it becomes something different

71 and it s VERY difficult to get it back to the original bowl??

72 Stable State Thresholds

73 Stable State Thresholds

74 Stable State Thresholds

75 How Do We Build/Maintain Ecological Resilience in Prairies? 1. Species Diversity

76 How Do We Build/Maintain Ecological Resilience in Prairies? 2. Prairie Size/Connectivity

77 How Do We Build/Maintain Ecological Resilience in Prairies? 1. Species Diversity

78 Plant Diversity insect diversity Plant diversity diversity consistent/high productivity wildlife abundance/

79 Plant Diversity Consistent and diverse resources

80 Plant Diversity Drought resistance

81 Plant Diversity Drought resistance

82 Plant Diversity Invasive species resistance

83 Keys To Managing for Ecological Resilience 1. Create a shi ing mosaic of habitat patches. 2. Allow every plant species to go to seed periodically.

84 Shi ing mosaic of habitat patches

85 Shi ing mosaic of habitat patches - Provide patches of varying habitat structure. - Shi the loca on of those patch types every year - avoid simple repe ve pa erns.

86 Habitat Conditions Vegetation Structure Examples of Habitat Structure: - Tall dense vegeta on

87 Habitat Conditions Vegetation Structure Examples of Habitat Structure: - Tall dense vegeta on - Uniformly short vegeta on

88 Habitat Conditions Vegetation Structure Examples of Habitat Structure: - Tall dense vegeta on - Uniformly short vegeta on - Medium height, medium density vegeta on

89 Habitat Conditions Vegetation Structure Examples of Habitat Structure: - Tall dense vegeta on - Uniformly short vegeta on - Medium height, medium density vegeta on - Short grass, tall forbs

90 Habitat Conditions Vegetation Structure Examples of Habitat Structure: - Tall dense vegeta on - Uniformly short vegeta on - Medium height, medium density vegeta on - Short grass, tall forbs - Patchy height/density

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96 Look Across the Fence

97 Keys To Managing for Ecological Resilience 1. Create a shi ing mosaic of habitat patches. 2. Allow every plant species to go to seed periodically.

98 Allow All Plants to Bloom - Disturbance (fire, grazing, drought, etc.) needed for some plant species.

99 Allow All Plants to Bloom - Disturbance (fire, grazing, drought, etc.) needed for some plant species. - Complete rest (no grazing/haying) needed for others.

100 Allow All Plants to Bloom - Disturbance (fire, grazing, drought, etc.) needed for some plant species. - Complete rest (no grazing/haying) needed for others. - Alter timing and/of stocking rate of grazing, haying, burning between years.

101 Plant Diversity Growing Conditions Plants need to reproduce periodically. Indicator of success: seed head.

102 Plant Diversity Growing Conditions Plants need to reproduce periodically. Indicator of success: seed head.

103 Keys To Managing for Ecological Resilience 1. Create a shi ing mosaic of habitat patches. 2. Allow every plant species to go to seed periodically.

104 Prescribed Fire Grazing Invasive Species Control Prairie Management - Pla e River Prairies

105 Patch-Burn Grazing Last year s burn This year s burn Unburned

106 Patch-Burn Grazing Last year s burn This year s burn Unburned

107 Patch-Burn Grazing Unburned Last year s burn This year s burn

108 Adaptation Last year s burn Temporary Exclosure This year s burn Unburned

109

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115 Restora on: Objec ves and measures of success based on restoring func on

116 Restora on: Objec ves and measures of success based on restoring func on Management: Ecological resilience requires - Shi ing mosaic of habitats - Sustained plant diversity (indicated by periodic blooming of all species)

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