Agrilus planipennis-fairmaire (Buprestidae)

Transcription

1 Agrilus planipennis-fairmaire (Buprestidae) Paul J Szwedo SFR 557

2 Introduction The Emerald Ash Borer aggressively kills healthy and stressed ash trees >99% mortality within two to three years after becoming infested. 7 billion stems at risk 38 million stems in urban/suburban areas at risk Bill Mcnee 2013 (Wisconsin)

3 Economic Importance Ash sawtimber value $25.1 billion (McPartlan et al. 2006) Ash nursery stock value $ million annually (McPartlan et al. 2006) Discounted cost of treatment through 2019 $10.7 billion (Kovacs et. al 2009) Total value loss $20-60 billion (McPartlan et al. 2006) PA DCNR

4 Current Distribution USDA 2013

5 Projected Distribution USDA 2013

6 Management Objectives Natural regeneration of Fraxinus americana in forest stands Fraxinus pennsylvanica plantings in urban/suburban areas

7 Tree Species Adapatations Fraxinus americana Up to 80 ft. hgt max dbh 3ft. Seed crops every 3-5 years Few seeds annually Intermediate shade tolerance Competitors -Quercus rubra -Betula alleghaniensis -Acer saccharum Saplings susceptible to herbivory Fs.fed.us

8 Deep Moist Well drained upland Medium textured Loamy Will colonize abandoned farm fields Soils ISA 2008

9 Native Range Fraxinus americana USGS 2013

10 Tree Species Adaptations Fraxinus pennsylvanica Up to 60ft hgt. max dbh ~30in Seed produced annually Shade intolerant Good form Highly adaptable to various conditions Commonly planted in urban settings Competitors -Acer negundo -Acer rubrum -Populus tremuloides

11 Soils Deep Moist Mostly bottomland Will grow well on uplands Medium textured Loamy Will adapt to a variety of soil conditions ISA 2008

12 Native Range Fraxinus pennsylvanica USGS 2013

13 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Family: Buprestidae Genus: Agrilus Species: planipennis Emerald Ash Borer Disease Complex Biology nps.gov

14 Symptoms Crown dieback If symptoms identified, mortality likely Joseph O brien 2003

15 Eggs Eggs are 1.0 mm long x 0.6 mm wide and oblate Creamy white turning to amber before hatching Extremely difficult to observe with the naked eye -On bark, branch crotches, upper canopy May-September Houping Lou 2004 David Cappaert 2003

16 Larva Larvae bore into cambium layer to feed on phloem tissue (late spring-fall; 4 instars; overwinter) Serpentine galleries filled with frass PA DCNR 2006 Kenneth R. Law 2012

17 Signs Serpentine larval galleries Edward Czerwinski 2002

18 Pupa Pupal development is dependent upon humidity and temperature ( growing degree days) Approximately 28 days (June) Debbie Miller 2011

19 Adult Mature in 3 weeks (late May-August) growing degree days Emerge through D-shaped exit holes Capable of immediate flight Capable of long distance flight >20km Leah Bower 2012

20 Wisconsin.gov

21 Signs 3-4 mm D-shaped exit holes Daniel Herms 2007

22 Signs Woodpecker damage David Cappaert 2005

23 Disease Development

24 Predisposing Factors All North American tree species in Fraxinus Non-native pest No genetic resistance High density plantings Poor site quality Cultural practices Brian Lockhart 2005 Steven Katovich 2008

25 Life Cycle USDA 2011

26 Inciting Factor Larval feeding on phloem tissue (girdling) David Cappaert 2003

27 Secondary Factors None

28 Health Management Plan Fraxinus americana

29 Preemptive Strategy Pre-salvage harvest Brian Lockhart 2005

30 Preemptive Quarantine

31 Monitor & Survey Artificial traps Dawn Dailey O Brien 2012

32 Monitor & Survey Visual survey Michigan Dept. of Ag. 2004

33 Monitor & Survey Girdled trap tree PA DCNR 2006

34 Monitor & Survey Peeling ash logs Kenneth R. Law 2012

35 Reactive Sl.ow A.sh M.ortality -Integrated options -Slow the spread asets.msu.edu

36 Reactive Parasitoid release Tetrastichus planipennisi Oobius agrili Spathius agrili David Cappaert Debbie Miller Houping Lou

37 Reactive Favor other species nhdfl.org

38 Reactive Removal of infested material David Cappaert 2002

39 Health Management Plan Fraxinus pennsylvanica

40 Preemptive Strategy Remove green ash plantings PA DCNR 2005

41 Preemptive Injection of high value trees (imidacloprid/emamectin benzoate) Slameab.info

42 Monitor and Survey

43 Reactive Remove infested material Jeffrey Thompson 2009

44 Reactive Replant other species Dennis Haugan 2005

45 Conclusions The Emerald ash borer is a non-native phloem-feeding metallic wood-boring beetle (Buprestidae) affecting all species of trees in the genus Fraxinus. The ecological and economic impacts of EAB have been catastrophic. Control strategies have had almost no success. Tens of millions of stems killed A. planipennis has now been detected in twenty-two US states with additional states likely to follow. >99% mortality following 2-3 years of infestation

46 Works cited Aldean, Harry, Burns, Russell M. and Barbara H. Honkala, tech. coords. Silvics of North America, vol 2. Hardwoods ; Agriculture handbook no.654. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Anulewicz, A. C., D. G. McCullough, D. L. Cappaert, and T. M. Poland Host range of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America: results of multiple-choice field experiments. Environmental Entomology, 37(1): Cappaert, D., D. G. McCullough, T. M. Poland, and N.W. Siegert Emerald ash borer in North America: A research and regulatory challenge. American Entomologist, 51: Hardin, James, Leopold D., White F Harlow and Harrar s Textbook of Dendrology. McGraw Hill. Knight, K.S, Brown J.P, Long R.P Factors affecting the survival of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees infested by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis)-biological Invasions August. pp.1-14 Knight KS, Long RP, and Rebbeck J Predicting emerald ash borer-induced changes in forest tree species composition. Proceedings, Emerald ash borer and Asian longhorned beetle research and technology development meeting. pp Cincinnati, OH 29 Oct-2 Nov

47 Works Cited Kovacs, K.F., et al., Cost of potential ash borer damage in US communities, , Ecological Economics(2009),doi: /J.ecolecon McPartlan, D., P. D. Bell, C. Kellogg Eradication of emerald ash borer inmichigan, Ohio, and Indiana Implementation of the strategic plan. January 11, 2006 revision McCullough, D. M. and N. W. Siegert Using girdled trap trees effectively for emerald ash borer detection, delimitation, and survey. Taylor, R. A. J., T. M. Poland,, L. S. Bauer, K. N. Windell, and J. L. Kautz Emerald ash borer flight estimates revised. In: Emerald ash borer research and technology development meeting, Compiled by: V. Mastro, D. Lance, R. Reardon,and G. Parra.

48 Works Cited Timms, L. L., S. M. Smith, and P. de Groot Patterns in the withintreedistribution of the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) in young green-ash plantations of south-western Ontario, Canada. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 8: USDA-APHIS Emerald Ash Borer Program Manual, Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Emergency and Domestic Programs- Emergency Planning, Riverdale Maryland. Yu, C Agrilus marcopoli Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), pp In: Forest Insects of China (2nd edition) Ed. G. Xiao, China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.