Epidemics and control of early & late blight, 2013 & 14 in Europe Jens Grønbech Hansen & Hans Hausladen

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1 Epidemics and control of early & late blight, 2013 & 14 in Europe Jens Grønbech Hansen & Hans Hausladen

2 Objective: Late Blight Country Reports Objective To provide an overview of the late blight seasons in Europe Support of The EuroBlight Monitoring initiative, Improvement of DSS Full Report in the EuroBlight workshop proceedings

3 Country Profile Editors (2014) Country Belgium (Flanders) Czech Republic Denmark England/Wales Estonia Finland France Germany Ireland Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Russia Scotland Slovakia Sweden Switzerland Name Pieter Vanhaverbeke Ervin Hausvater Jens G. Hansen & Bent Nielsen Faye Ritchie Mati Koppel & Eve Runno-Paurson Asko Hannukkala Catherine Chatot Hans Hausladen & Jürgen Leiminger Steven Kildea Linda Editors Bucena Antanas Ronis Kees Vogelar & Jan Spoelder Louise Cooke & Gillian Young Ragnhild Nærstad Jozefa Kapsa Alexey Filippov Ruairidh Bain & Alison Lees Peter Vrabček Bjorn Andersson, Erling Liljeröth & Eva Edin Tomke Musa Thank you for information!

4 Late blight country reports - Questions EuroBlight Country Profile Data Summary Early outbreaks of potato late blight Weather conditions and late blight development Use of fungicides and control strategies Tuber blight Alternaria ssp Characteristics of Phytophthora infestans Use of DSS +

5 Date when Blight observed in > 5 conventional fields

6 About the 2014 Blight season Norway The P. infestans population is diverse, with no dominant clones. SSR-fingerprinting of early attacks shows that genotypes clusters like families within fields. Very late epidemics Finland The season 2014 was mostly very unfavourable for late blight development. Increasing number of farmers started to add azoxystrobin in tank mixture with late blight fungicides to improve early blight control. Sweden Very early and widespread attacks. Stem symptoms located low in the crop, suspected oospores. There are indications that the oospores as inoculum source is very important. Denmark Potato fields were planted 2-3 weeks earlier than normal + warm spring = early crop emergence (5-15 May) Rain + blight weather during Crop emergence = the highest amount ever recorded of fields with attacks from oospores in Denmark Lithuania Sexual reproduction of P. infestans and possible oospore production in Lithuanian potato fields (incl. SSR study) Latvia Today the late blight is only disease Nr. 2 in Latvia. First place for last years is Colletotrichum coccodes (Black dot) Estonia During period , both mating types were present most of fields (80%) where more than one isolate was tested. Metalaxyl-sensitive isolates prevailed (in average 66.3%) in the research period. The race structure was diverse and complex. Most pathotypes were unique, appearing only once.

7 Germany North: Blight season. South: not a blight season The use of fungicides was high in All kind of products were used; especially mixtures were used in the Northern part of Germany. Research: P. infestans populations have a latent period between 2-3 days (earlier 5-7 days) Netherlands Difficult start Weather shift in June plus fungicides (as InFinito, Revus, Proxamil) everything under control More sprays in 2014 than 2013 (15-16 sprays as a mean in 2014) DSS: Dacom (PlantPlus) and Agrovision (Prophy). The use of App s on Smartphones for late blight is low until now. Belgium Warm winter, early planting and warm spring = Dumps and volunteers with blight. 18 sprays in ware potatoes France Blight season but high yields Clonal populations confirm that the asexual reproduction of P. infestans is still prevalent in the country. Switzerland Late blight year. In general, farmers are aware of the possible infection sources and avoid waste piles and volunteer plants. This year, we will start a monitoring with P. infestans isolates for characterisation, in order to obtain information about the current P. infestans population in Switzerland.

8 Russia The development of Late blight in the European part of Russia was rather weak. The main sources of the primary infection were infected seed tubers and, in some cases, allotment gardens with soil contaminated with oospores Poland Survey among 160 potato growers, all country. The late blight was observed on 95.6% of potato fields. Stem blight was noticed only on 34.5 % and Early blight on 82.7% of the assessed potato crops. Czeck Republic Rainy May and warm June. 33 % of isolates resistant to metalaxyl were found Romania Big farmers used often mixtures of fungicides at short intervals between applications, main control strategy was based on mandipropamid, fluopicolide+propamocarb, fenamidon+ propamocarb, fluazinam, cymoxanil sprays Ireland The weather conditions during 2014 were generally more favourable to late blight development than Northern Ireland In 2014, the weather was more conducive to late blight with mild night temperatures and more rainfall early in the season. Dedicated presentation from Louise Scotland 2014 was in sharp contrast to There were many outbreaks of late blight in Scotland. England & Wales Planting progress was good in 2014, with temperatures above average from March to June. LB came early

9 Date when Blight observed in > 5 conventional fields

10 First infections, 2014 Norway Finland Lithuania Czeck Republic Estonia Latvia Russia Scotland Northern Ireland Romania Poland Switzerland Ireland Belgium Denmark Sweden England&Wales Germany Netherlands France = First attack = Attack in > 5 conventional fields Attacks in early potatoes >5 fields attacked Date

11 Compare 2014 with 2013 = 2014, Attack in > 5 conventional fields = 2013, Attack in > 5 conventional fields Norway Finland Lithuania Czeck Republic Estonia Latvia Russia Scotland Northern Ireland Romania Poland Switzerland Ireland Belgium Denmark Sweden England&Wales Germany Netherlands France Date

12 When blight appeared in Denmark 1999 to 2014 = First attack = Attack in > 5 conventional fields Year Denmark Days after 1 June (0 ref line)

13 Problems with tuber blight, 2014 (compared to normal) Medium Medium Medium

14 Indications of oospores, 2014 No No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No

15 Use of DSSs Belgium Improved Guntz-Divoux, GIS + surveillance Czech Republic Negative prognosis, NegFry and NoBlight Denmark Blight Management on web + APP England & Wales Blight-Watch, Plant Plus and BlightCAST Estonia Fieldclimate.com + Estonian Crop Research Inst.(13 met stat.) France Germany Netherlands Mileos PhytophthoraModel Weihenstephan, ISIP ProPhy, Plant Plus and Phytophthora App N. Ireland DARD Blight-Net, and Plant Plus Ireland Irish metrological service based on Bourke s Laws Norway VIPS Poland Negative Prognosis, NegFry and ProPlant Russia Plant Plus, VNIIFBlight Sweden Plant Plus, DK Blight Management and NO VIPS Switzerland PhytoPRE+2000, PhytoPRE Web App Service

16 Early blight

17 First observation of early blight august late june end of aug

18 Disease epidemic of early blight epidemic beg of aug (south) epidemic 07.15

19 First observation of early blight september

20 Disease epidemic of early blight epidemic epidemic

21 EB specific disease severity <20% Medium 20-50% High >50% no data Finland (2013) Finland (2014) Norway Sweden Denmark Estonia Lithuania Scotland Northern Ireland England and Wales Belgium Netherlands Germany Poland Switzerland Czech republic (2014) France disease severity May June July August September

22 identified Alternaria species A. solani Jun Jul Aug Sep remark A. alternata Jun Jul Aug Sep remark Finland Norway Sweden with low frequency Denmark not found Estonia not found Lithuania Scotland Northern Ireland Ireland England & Wales no data Belgium dominating species Netherlands Germany Poland no data no data 3 times more than A. solani Switzerland Czech republic France

23 applied fungicides to control EB no specific EB control mancozeb azoxystrobin azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil boscalid + Pyraclostrobin difenoconazol mandipropamid + difenoconazole Finland since 2013 since 2014 Norway Sweden Denmark Estonia Lithuania Scotland Northern Ireland Ireland England & Wales Belgium Netherlands Germany Poland Switzerland Czech republic France

24 occurence of G143A & F129L isolates F129L G143A

25 use of DSS models to control EB DACOM yes DACOM Weather based model togehter with Phythophthora Modell Weihenstephan

26 Yield loss due to EB 15% 3x Revus + 2 Shirlan compared to Revus Top + 2x azoxystrobin 6,5% (16t/ha) 10% (5,8 t/ha) No significant loss 10-40% (late varieties) 10%

27 observed tuber infections not observed not observed not observed no data no data not observed rare no data rare no data rare rare not observed not observed

28 Development in fungicide use, Denmark 1944: 2 * Bordeaux 1962: 2 * Dithane : 8-14 * several types of fungicides Sporulation hours [HSPO] June July August September TFI Treatment Frequency index

29 The European metapopulation of P. infestans is diverse and aggressive

30 Thank you for your attention! And thanks to all country editors