Chapter 6. Groups and Organizations
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1 Chapter 6 Groups and Organizations
2 Social Groups A collection of two or more people who: Aggregates and Categories Aggregates Ex: Airline passengers; shoppers; waiting at a traffic light Categories EX: Students; elderly; Native Americans
3 Cooley's Primary and Secondary Groups Primary groups are small, less specialized groups Secondary groups are impersonal, goal-oriented relationships
4 Sumner's Ingroups and Outgroups An ingroup is a group Feels a sense of identity with group An outgroup is a group Feels a sense of hostility towards group Ingroup/outgroup distinctions may encourage both social cohesion and prejudice
5 Reference Group Influences a person s behavior and attitudes, regardless of whether they are a member We may act more like members of a group that we want to join than members of groups to which we already belong In this case, reference groups are a source of anticipatory socialization
6 Network A network is a web of social relationships that links one person with other people, and through them, with other people that they know Group Size A small group is a collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously Dyad: Triad:
7 Group Leadership Functions Leadership refers to the ability to influence what goes on in a group or social system. Instrumental leadership is goal or task oriented. Expressive leadership provides emotional support for members. Authoritarian leaders make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members. Democratic leaders encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building. Laissez-faire leaders are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.
8 Group Conformity Group conformity is the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society or other group Milgram's Obedience Research Subjects were directed to deliver electric shocks to "learners" who made mistakes Many subjects delivered "high voltage" shocks even though learners were apparently in pain Groupthink is the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise
9 Types of Formal Organizations Normative: Organizations we join Examples: political parties, activist groups, churches, fraternities Coercive: Associations people Examples: prisons, boot camps Utilitarian: Organizations we join Examples: professional organizations, student clubs, store memberships
10 Bureaucracies Max Weber identified an ideal type of bureaucracy An abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon A bureaucracy is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters Rationality is the process by which traditional methods of social organization characterized by informality and spontaneity are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures Bureaucracies have both a formal and informal structure The informal side of bureaucracy refers to those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of a bureaucracy
11 Problems of Bureaucracies Inefficiency and rigidity Goal displacement occurs when the rules become an end in themselves A bureaucratic personality describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than getting the job done correctly Resistance to change Perpetuation of race, class, and gender inequalities Humanizing the Bureaucracy Greater sharing of power and responsibility Encouragement of participants to share their ideas and try new approaches Efforts to reduce the number of people in dead-end jobs and to help people meet family responsibilities
12 Organizations in the Future Socially sustainable organizations are those organizations that take into account the social effects of organizational activities on workers and other persons in the community. Globalization, technology, and smart working o Smart working is based on the assumption that innovation is crucial and that people should have flexibility in where, when, and how they work.
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